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1.
Emilia T. Quinitio Joana Joy de la Cruz Maria Rowena R. Eguia Fe Dolores Parado-Estepa Gaudioso Pates Celia R. Lavilla-Pitogo 《Aquaculture International》2011,19(2):237-250
The significant decrease in wild mud crab population highlights the need to manage the resources and domesticate crabs. This
paper presents the initial results of the domestication of mud crab Scylla serrata aimed at producing good-quality captive broodstock. The analysis of the genetic structure of the base population was done
as a prerequisite for domestication. Adult S. serrata from the northern to southern parts of the Philippines (Cagayan, Camarines, Samar, and Surigao) were obtained for genetic
diversity analysis and domestication. Analysis of molecular variance showed that differences in the genetic variability between
the four populations were not significant. Moreover, no significant deviation from Hardy–Weinberg Equilibrium was observed
in each sample population and even in pooled populations. Body weight was positively correlated with the carapace width. Second
spawning occurred 41–46 days after the first spawning and 34 days from second to third spawning. However, there was a decrease
in the number of zoea in repeat spawnings. Twenty-four first-generation (F1) families were produced from the four sites. The duration from spawning of the base population (P0) to attainment of broodstock size F1 was 10–14 months. Four second-generation (F2) families were produced after 11–12 months. Up to the F2, crabs tested negative for six viruses: white spot syndrome virus, infectious hypodermal and hematopoietic necrosis virus,
gill-associated virus, yellow head virus, Taura syndrome virus, and infectious myonecrosis virus. The reproductive performance
of P0 was comparable to the succeeding generations. Several families were obtained from one population in a year. However, due
to the cannibalistic behavior of crabs, more space is required for the nursery and grow-out phase. The domestication of S. serrata is the first study done on any mud crab species in the Indo-west Pacific region. The initial results would serve as guide
to understand and eliminate the barriers to mud crab domestication. The breeding technology developed from this study will
support the production of good-quality seedstock for farming. 相似文献
2.
The ability of the probiotic bacterium Sulfitobacter to inhibit the growth of two virulent strains (psh-9019 and ATCC 43306) of the fish pathogenic bacterium Vibrio anguillarum was tested. Probiotic and pathogenic bacteria were inoculated individually or together in three different types of media.
Two of the phytoplankton media tested were filtrates of phytoplankton Chlorella vulgaris cultures, either the live phytoplankton (live-CV) or a condensed phytoplankton (condensed-CV). Phytoplankton culture medium,
ESM, was used as a control medium without phytoplankton. In ESM, Sulfitobacter decreased the viable cell counts of both V. anguillarum strains by tenfold. In the live-CV filtrate, V. anguillarum was eradicated by Sulfitobacter within one week. Although colony counts of strain ATCC 43306 declined during the two-week co-incubation with Sulfitobacter, its growth was not fully inhibited; however, the counts were tenfold lower than that in control ESM medium. Neither of the
pathogenic V. anguillarum strains were inhibited nor eradicated by Sulfitobacter in the condensed-CV filtrate medium. Our study indicates that commercially available condensed phytoplankton can enhance
the growth of V. anguillarum. Thus, the addition of live phytoplankton, including the introduction of Roseobacter clade bacteria to fish larvae tanks, leads to better biocontrol of the fish pathogen V. anguillarum. 相似文献
3.
The ability of an algicidal bacterium Marinobacter salsuginis strain BS2, isolated from shrimp pond water, to reduce shrimp mortality was investigated under laboratory conditions. When
two species of shrimp (Penaeus monodon and Litopenaeus vannamei) (body length 1.5–1.8 cm) were cultured together with the dinoflagellate Noctiluca scintillans, nearly 80 % of the shrimps died within 7 days. However, when bacterial strain BS2 was also added to the culture, N. scintillans was killed within 48 h, and shrimp survival rates on the 7th day improved from 23 to 87 % for both P. monodon and L. vannamei. The bacterium BS2 alone had no effect on shrimp condition. Under conditions of increased dissolved oxygen, the effect of
using BS2 was greater, and shrimp survival rates improved even more dramatically, from 26 to 98 %. These studies provide the
first evidence that the use of killing bacteria, isolated from shrimp culture water, can suppress harmful algal blooms (HABs)
and thus restore the efficiency of shrimp production. The control of HABs in this way in shrimp culture farms would be a major
benefit for shrimp production. 相似文献
4.
The immediate-early gene (egr-1) expression was used to examine the neuron’s response in telencephalon of goldfish during spatial learning in small space.
Fishes were pre-exposed in the experimental apparatus and trained to pick food from the tray in a rectangular-shaped arena.
The apparatus was divided into identical compartments comprising three gates to provide different spatial tasks. After the
fish learned to pass through the gate one, two more gates were introduced one by one. Fish made more number of attempts and
took longer time (P < 0.05) to pass through the first gate than the gate two or three. This active learning induces the expression of egr-1 in telencephalon as established by western blot analysis. Subsequently, the fish learn quickly to cross the similar type
of second and third gate and make fewer errors with a corresponding decline in the level of egr-1 expression. As the fish learned to pass through all the three gates, third gate was replaced by modified gate three. Interestingly,
the level of egr-1 expression increased again, when the fish exhibit a high exploratory behavior to cross the modified gate three. The present
study shows that egr-1 expression is induced in the telencephalon of goldfish while intensively acquiring geometric spatial information to pass
through the gates. 相似文献
5.
The present study was carried out to determine the antibacterial effect of caprylic acid in the culture system of Artemia franciscana nauplii inoculated with shrimp pathogens Vibrio harveyi and V. parahaemolyticus. To begin with, the antibacterial effect of different concentrations (1, 10 and 100 mM) of caprylic acid against V. harveyi and V. parahaemolyticus was assessed through bacterial growth study. This indicated that at 100 mM concentration, the growth of the pathogens was
completely inhibited within 5 h, whereas, in 1.0 and 10 mM concentrations, effective inhibition was observed with the extension
of time. Subsequently, the influence of pH variation on the growth inhibitory effect of 10 mM caprylic acid against V. harveyi and V. parahaemolyticus at different pH (5–7) was also made through bacterial growth study. At pH 5, the pathogen growth was very less, compared
with pH 6 and 7. The Artemia nauplii (instar II) reared in 10 mM caprylic acid supplemented medium were challenged with V. harveyi and V. parahaemolyticus, and the mortality was recorded at an interval of 6 h up to 60 h. In this study, the mortality of Artemia nauplii reduced to 20.61 and 16.30% in V. parahaemolyticus and V. harveyi challenged groups, respectively. The present results provide evidence for the potential antibacterial activity of caprylic
acid in aquaculture against luminescent vibrios. 相似文献
6.
Marianna Vaz Rodrigues Claire Juliana Francisco Gianmarco S. David Reinaldo José da Silva Maria Fernanda Falcone-Dias João Pessoa Araújo Júnior 《Aquaculture International》2018,26(1):127-138
Francisella noatunensis orientalis is a bacterium that causes emerging bacteriosis in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) in many parts of the world, including Brazil. It is a non-motile, Gram-negative, strictly aerobic, facultative intracellular coccobacillus. This species of bacteria is responsible for low to high mortality in fish farms, causing economic losses for fish farmers. This study aimed to detect the presence of F. noatunensis orientalis using qPCR (real-time polymerase chain reaction) and to describe lesions caused by the bacterium in O. niloticus in Brazilian aquaculture. For this purpose, 360 fish from six fish farms (30 per farm) were sampled at two time points (n = 180 per sampling). Necropsies and histopathology were performed for lesion observation, in addition to qPCR and sequencing for detection and identification of Francisella species. Environmental data were collected using a multiparameter sonde YSI EXO2. All measured limnological variables were within the optimum range for cultivation of Nile tilapia. The major lesions present were melanization of the skin, splenomegaly, granulomas, and inflammatory cell responses. The prevalence of francisellosis varied from 0 to 86.66% between time periods and fish farms analyzed, and an outbreak was observed during the second sampling period. This study describes the prevalence of francisellosis in O. niloticus and reports that the lesions found are not exclusively associated with this bacterial disease. 相似文献
7.
Ofelia S. Reyes Marietta N. Duray Corazon B. Santiago Manuele Ricci 《Aquaculture International》2011,19(1):155-164
The free-living nematode, Panagrellus redivivus, was tested as live food for grouper Epinephelus coioides larvae during the first feeding stage. A series of experiments were conducted to determine the acceptability of the free-living
nematodes in grouper larvae at first feeding, the optimum nematode density and the response of the larvae to nutritionally
enriched nematode. All experiments were conducted in 200-L conical tanks filled with 150-L filtered seawater and stocked at
15 larvae L−1. Duration of feeding experiments was up to day 21 (experiment 1) and 14 days (experiment 2 and 3). Brachionus plicatilis and Artemia (experiment 1) and Brachionus plicatilis alone (experiment 2 & 3) was used as the control treatment. Observations indicated that the grouper larvae readily fed on
free-living nematodes as early as 3 days posthatching, the start of exogenous feeding. Optimum feeding density for the larvae
was 75 nematodes ml−1. The enrichment of cod liver oil or sunflower oil influenced the total lipids and n-3 highly unsaturated fatty acids of P. redivivus, which in turn influenced those of the grouper larvae, however, growth and survival of the larvae were not affected (P > 0.05). The results from this investigation showed that the nematode, P. redivivus, can be used as first live food for grouper larvae from the onset of exogenous feeding until they could feed on Artemia nauplii. 相似文献
8.
Anukorn Boutson Chaichan Mahasawasde Songsri Mahasawasde Suriyan Tunkijjanukij Takafumi Arimoto 《Fisheries Science》2009,75(1):25-33
Laboratory experiments were firstly conducted to determine the possibility of modification of the collapsible pot for blue
swimming crab Portunus pelagicus by designing appropriate escape vents in terms of shape, position, and size to improve size selectivity by reducing the catch
of immature crabs. In laboratory observations, nearly square-shaped vents of 35 mm height and 45 mm length, located at the
lower part of the side panel, showed the best performance to allow the escape of immature-size crabs by side-crawling escape
behavior through the vents, with L
50% selection carapace length (CL) of 39.1, 44.4, and 48.7 mm CL for 40, 45, and 50 mm vent length, respectively. Comparative
fishing trials between conventional and vented pots with vents of 35 × 45 mm size were conducted to examine the crab size
and species selectivity. Use of the vented pots was found to reduce the number of immature crabs in the catch from 70.5% to
11.0% on average, while not affecting the catch efficiency of mature-size crabs. The vented pots also had a selective effect
for reducing the catch of bycatch species in comparative fishing trials. 相似文献
9.
In this study, four essential oils—cinnamon oil, leech lime oil, lemongrass oil, and turmeric oil—were examined for their
antimicrobial activities against Streptococcus iniae, a bacterium that is pathogenic in fish, in which it causes streptococcosis. Cinnamon oil was the most potent antimicrobial
agent among these oils, with a minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 40 μg/ml. By using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry
(GC–MS), it was found that the major components of cinnamon oil were cinnamaldehyde (90.24), limonene (2.42%), cinnamyl acetate
(2.03%), linalool (1.16%), and α-terpineol (0.87%). Of these compounds, only cinnamaldehyde exhibited antimicrobial activity
against S. iniae, with an MIC of 20 μg/ml. In an in vivo trial, no mortality was apparent in fish fed on fish diets supplemented with 0.4%
(w/w) of cinnamon oil and with 0.1% (w/w) of oxytetracycline 5 days prior to infection with S. iniae. These results indicate that cinnamon oil had a protective effect on experimental S. iniae infection in tilapia, and thus has the potential to replace the antibiotics used to control this disease. 相似文献
10.
Defeng Zhang Xiaoli Ke Lihui Liu Maixin Lu Cunbin Shi Zhigang Liu 《Aquaculture International》2018,26(3):885-897
Several outbreaks of Streptococcus agalactiae infection of bighead carp (Aristichthys nobilis) were observed in China. The molecular epidemiology and pathogenicity of S. agalactiae in bighead carp and tilapia (Oreochromis sp.) is poorly understood. In the present study, we identified S. agalactiae strains isolated from diseased bighead carp using the API 20 Strep kit and 16S rDNA sequencing and determined whether these strains came from tilapia. Of the 46 identified S. agalactiae strains, 24 strains were successfully isolated from diseased bighead carps, 20 S. agalactiae strains were isolated from tilapia, and two S. agalactiae strains were isolated from tiger frog (Hoplobatrachus chinensis). The results of molecular typing, including multilocus sequence typing, molecular serotyping, surface protein gene detection, and virulence-related gene detection showed that the 44 strains from bighead carp and tilapia were highly similar, whereas different from tiger frog GBS strains. Remarkably, the bighead carp strain Hn1404 showed high virulence in bighead carp and zebrafish. Moreover, this strain was pathogenic to Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). In addition, comparative genomic analysis showed that isolate Hn1404 had a close relationship with the bighead carp and tilapia S. agalactiae strains. All the analyses of the genetic characteristics of bighead carp and tilapia strains showed that tilapia S. agalactiae strains could be transmitted to other fish species such as bighead carp. 相似文献
11.
Sanjoy Banerjee Helena Khatoon Mohamed Shariff Fatimah Md. Yusoff 《Fisheries Science》2010,76(3):481-487
We have investigated the possibility of using a consortium of marine bacterium and periphytic microalgae to improve the water
quality and increase the growth and survival of the shrimp Penaeus monodon in a hatchery system. Three treatments were evaluated for their effect on P. monodon postlarvae (PL) when the culture water was not changed: Bacillus
pumilus alone (B); periphytic microalgae alone (M); B. pumilus + periphytic microalgae (BM). P. monodon PL raised in a tank of unchanged water without bacterium and periphytic microalgae served as the control. The water in tanks
of the M and BM treatments had significantly low levels of total ammonia-nitrogen (TAN) (0.03 and 0.01 mg l−1, respectively) and nitrite-nitrogen (NO2-N) (0.03, 0.01 mg l−1, respectively) than that in the B (TAN 0.80, NO2-N 0.68 mg l−1) and control (TAN 1.11, NO2-N 1.12 mg l−1) tanks. Moreover, PL cultured in tanks M and BM had significantly higher survival and specific growth rates and a significantly
higher resistance to the reverse salinity stress test than those in the B and control tanks. Compared to the control PL, the
PL cultured in the BM tanks had significantly higher levels of protein, lipid, polyunsaturated fatty acids, ecosapentaenoic
acid, and docosahexaenoic acid. The culture water in tanks BM also contained significantly less Vibrio than the control water. Our results illustrate the beneficial effects of a B. pumilus and periphytic microalgae consortium on improving the water quality and the growth and survival of shrimp PL grown in a hatchery
system. 相似文献
12.
Milky hemolymph syndrome (MHS) is a previously undescribed disease in snow crab Chionoecetes opilio. Outbreaks of this disease occurred in reared and wild populations from the Sea of Japan when the water temperature was 2–3°C.
The common symptom of the disease was a distinct milky or opaque coloration of the hemolymph. Some severely affected crabs
also showed yellow or ivory discoloration on the ventral shell and uncalcification of the arthrodial membranes of walking
legs. Histopathological changes consisted of widespread cellular degeneration characterized by enlarged nuclei with marginal
hyperchromatosis and basophilic intranuclear inclusions in the interstitial connective tissues of various organs. Electron
microscopy analyses of degenerated cells revealed a nonoccluded, enveloped bacilliform virus within the nuclei. The virus
morphologically resembles white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) or unassigned intranuclear bacilliform viruses (IBVs) reported
from other crustaceans. However, we could not detect WSSV from diseased tissues by PCR using WSSV-specific primers, and the
tissues targeted by the virus differed from those targeted by IBVs. This is the first report of a virus from the genus Chionoecetes. Thus, we have tentatively designated the virus presumably associated with MHS as Chionoecetes opilio bacilliform virus (CoBV) until its relationship with other crustacean viruses can be clarified. 相似文献
13.
Suchanit Ngamkala Kunihiko Futami Masato Endo Masashi Maita Takayuki Katagiri 《Fisheries Science》2010,76(5):833-840
The present study histologically examined the effects of glucan-containing and Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG)-containing diets on intestinal damages inflicted on Nile tilapia by Aeromonas challenges. Tilapia were fed control, glucan, and LGG diets for 2 weeks and were subsequently challenged with Aeromonas. The intestines were then histologically examined at 1, 7, 14, and 21 days post-infection. Mortality following the challenge
was lower for the fish fed the glucan and LGG diets. The intestines of these groups also showed increased inflammatory cell
infiltration and reduced intestinal damage from Aeromonas. Moreover, inflammatory cell infiltration occurred more rapidly in the glucan-fed than in the LGG-fed fish following the
challenge. Before the challenge, the dominant mucous cell was the acid type in all the tests. After the challenge, the main
mucus cell type in the proximal intestine of the glucan-fed fish shifted to AB-PAS double-staining cells, while in the LGG-fed
fish, it remained the acid type throughout the test period, and the number of double-staining cells was smaller than in the
control fish after the challenge. Thus, the different mucous cell and inflammatory cell responses show that glucan and LGG
might have different immunostimulative effects, although they both reduced the intestinal damage following Aeromonas challenges. 相似文献
14.
The effects of soy sauce koji and the lactic acid bacterium, Tetragenococcus halophilus, were studied on the fermentation of fish sauce prepared from Chinese silver carp. The fish sauce prepared without koji and the lactic acid bacterium contained low levels of organic materials, total nitrogen, and organic acids. The use of koji was effective in increasing these qualitative parameters and further improved the amino acid score of the fish sauce. Addition
of T. halophilus had an effect on lowering the pH value during the initial period of fermentation when the soy sauce koji was also supplemented. In contrast, T. halophilus-like bacteria were found to be predominant for all tanks fermented under the different starting conditions. Although it was
not examined whether the T. halophilus-like bacteria observed after fermentation were the same as the starter-bacterium or not, it was suggested that T. halophilus plays an important role in the successful fermentation of silver carp fish sauce. Sensory evaluation conducted with Japanese
and Chinese panelists also suggested the superiority of the use of koji for fermentation of silver carp fish sauce. 相似文献
15.
Pipadchaya Supannapong Teerayut Pimsalee Teerasak A-komol Arunee Engkagul Uthaiwan Kovitvadhi Satit Kovitvadhi Krisna Rungruangsak-Torrissen 《Aquaculture International》2008,16(5):437-453
Hyriopsis (Hyriopsis) bialatus has been cultured during the mussel life cycle from glochidia to the adult stage with a low total survival of 6% up to 130-day-old
juveniles. The main digestive enzymes (amylase and proteinases) were not detectable in one-day-old juveniles, and increased
during development. The stomach, including digestive glands, was the major digestive organ for both carbohydrate and protein.
The optimum conditions for amylase activity were 40°C and pH 7; for acidic proteinases they were 60°C and pH 5. Two main alkaline
proteinases were found in the intestine, with optimum conditions of 30°C and pH 8 and 60°C and pH 8. To improve mussel survival
by finding suitable phytoplankton species and age as food for juveniles and adults, an in-vitro digestibility test was performed
on ten algal species three and seven days old using amylase and proteinases in crude enzyme extracts from different mussel
life stages. Among the phytoplankton selected, the three most efficiently digested by juveniles were seven-day-old Chlorella sp.2, seven-day-old Chlorococcum sp. and seven-day-old Kirchneriella incurvata, in the ratio 1:1:3 for 30-day-old juveniles and 3:1:1 for 130-day-old juveniles. For the adult mussel, three-day-old Chlorella sp.2, seven-day-old Coccomyxa sp., and seven-day-old Monoraphidium sp., in the ratio 3:1:1, were the most digestible phytoplankton. Levels of in-vitro digestibility were related to the quality
(not the concentrations) of carbohydrate and protein in the phytoplankton mixtures, and protein digestibility seemed to be
the key factor determining food quality for the mussel. 相似文献
16.
Streptococcus dysgalactiae strains have been isolated from cultured amberjack Seriola dumerili and yellowtail Seriola quinqueradiata in Japan. To characterize the fish isolates, we performed genetic analysis and compared the biochemical properties of these
isolates with those of the S. dysgalactiae subsp. dysgalactiae and S. dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis strains isolated from mammals. The genetic analysis revealed that the fish isolates were genetically very similar to each
other with high DNA–DNA relatedness (>95.4%) and sequence homology. Meanwhile, the DNA relatedness between mammalian isolates
and the fish isolates was 73.4–82.6%. In biased sinusoidal gel electrophoresis (BSFGE) analysis, the restriction patterns
of mammalian isolates were different from those of fish isolates. The fish isolates did not show streptokinase activity in
plasminogen obtained from mammals. These characteristics enabled us to distinguish between the fish isolates and the Sdd and Sde strains isolated from mammals. In order to obtain epidemiological information on the fish isolates, BSFGE patterns from 284
S. dysgalactiae strains from fish in Japan were examined. Based on the results of BSFGE analysis, the fish isolates were classified into
16 groups (AP1–AP16) with restriction enzyme ApaI. The dendrogram based on BSFGE analysis indicated that all fish isolates using in this study were closely related. 相似文献
17.
Carlos Rosas Ariadna Sánchez Cristina Pascual Josué Aguila Teresita Maldonado Pedro Domingues 《Aquaculture International》2011,19(1):165-180
Octopus maya is a carnivorous species and protein is the main energy source. During the present study, two different dietary protein levels
(40 and 60% CP) were offered to octopuses as specifically designed artificial diets, to determine protein needs and the effects
on metabolism. Frozen crab (Callinectes spp.) was used as control. Results obtained demonstrated that crab remains as one of the best diets for O. maya. The artificial diet with 60% CP produced a low but positive growth rate, and at times, a physiological response similar
to that observed in octopuses fed crabs. The present results show the capacity of O. maya juveniles to adjust their digestive enzymes to different types of food and protein level, and this appears to be well correlated
with octopus growth. General proteases and trypsin from the pancreas were well correlated with growth rates. A low activity
was observed in octopuses fed 40% PC diet (negative growth rate), while a high activity was present in octopuses fed 60% CP
diet and crabs (low and high growth rate, respectively). In contrast, these same enzymes were inducted in the salivary glands
of octopuses fed with the diet that promoted weight loss (40% CP diet), while a reduced activity was observed in octopuses
fed crabs. Energy budget indicates that the animals ingested more than 1,000 kJ week−1 kg−1; with such energy, octopuses should satisfy their physiological demands such as was observed when animals were fed crab (I = 1,300 kJ week−1 kg−1; P = 834 kJ week−1 kg−1). However, a very low digested energy was observed in octopuses the fed artificial diets, indicating that these could have
a factor that limits digestibility. 相似文献
18.
19.
The effect of aqueous extract of Cratoxylum formosum on innate immune response and disease resistance in tilapia Oreochromis niloticus was investigated. The fish were fed diets containing 0% (control), 0.5% (diet 1), 1% (diet 2), and 1.5% (diet 3) of C. formosum aqueous extract for 30 days. At the end of the experimental period, parameters of innate immune response including phagocytosis
of blood leukocytes, lysozyme activity in plasma, and respiratory bust activity were examined. Feeding the fish with diet
2 and diet 3 for 20 days enhanced phagocytic activity and for 30 days stimulated lysozyme and respiratory burst activities.
Diet 1 increased the phagocytic activity at 30 days, but did not affect the other measured parameters. All parameters were
not significantly changed (P > 0.05) in the control group throughout the experiment. Following 30 days of feeding, fish were infected with S. agalactiae. The cumulative mortalities of bacterial-infected tilapia that were fed diet 1, diet 2, and diet 3 were 56, 12, and 10%,
respectively, compared with 85% in the control group. These results indicate that the aqueous extract of C. formosum may elevate the innate immune response and enhance disease resistance in tilapia. 相似文献
20.
Thomas H. Galley Frederico M. Batista Richard Braithwaite Jon King Andy R. Beaumont 《Aquaculture International》2010,18(3):315-325
The blue mussel Mytilus
edulis is a commercially important species whose fishery and culture generally relies on natural spat collection. Hatchery-production
could provide an alternative source of seed, enabling reliable expansion of the industry. Mussel spawning and larval rearing
trials were carried out to optimise elements of hatchery production. Culturing fertilised eggs at low density (20–200 eggs cm−2) rather than high density (400–720 eggs cm−2) significantly improved the quality of first veliger larvae and differences in this improvement were evident between the
eggs from different females (maternal effects). Veliger larval growth at 17 or 21°C was significantly faster than growth at
14°C. Feeding veliger larvae an identical total ration either daily or at 2–3 day intervals did not significantly affect their
growth. Different microalgal diets (1: Isochrysis sp. (clone T-ISO), 2: Chaetoceros
calcitrans forma pumilus, 3: C. muelleri, 4: mixed Isochrysis sp. (clone T-ISO) and C. calcitrans f. pumilus, and 5: mixed Isochrysis sp. (clone T-ISO) and C. muelleri) were tested on veliger larval growth and mixed diets outperformed single-species diets. 相似文献