不同改性生物炭及施用量对风沙土土壤团聚体及牧草产量的影响

为了探究不同改性生物炭及施用量对风沙土土壤结构、养分含量及牧草产量的影响，以 20% FeCl 3改性生物炭与 6%壳聚糖改性生物炭为供试材料，以未施加改性生物炭处理为对照 CK 0，分别设置0.75、1.5、2.25 t·hm -23个施用量梯度，研究其对土壤中团聚体含量、稳定性，有机碳含量，牧草产量的影响。结果表明，大于0.25 mm的机械稳定性团聚体含量、大于 0.25 mm的水稳定性团聚体含量、平均质量直径、有机碳含量、高羊茅生物量及干物质量均随着两种改性生物炭施用量的增大而增大，并在施用量为 2.25 t·hm -2时达到其最大值。团聚体破坏率与土壤不稳定团粒指数值随着生物炭施用量的增加呈现先减小后增大的趋势，当施用量为 1.5 t·hm -2时土壤团聚体最稳定。改性生物炭具有改良风沙土土壤团聚体结构、增加有机碳含量的作用。通过对比各处理牧草产量及土壤中团聚体含量、结构等指标，建议在风沙土中施加 1.5 t·hm -2的壳聚糖改性生物炭。     

4种生物炭对镉污染潮土钝化修复效果研究

以甘蔗叶、木薯秆、水稻秸秆和蚕沙为原材料,采用限氧热解法在500℃下制备生物炭,通过室内培养实验,研究在不同培养时间(0,15,30,45d)条件下,生物炭施入潮土(Cd浓度5mg/kg)后对土壤基本性质及土壤中镉(Cd)化学形态的影响,探讨了生物炭修复镉污染土壤的可行性。结果表明:添加生物炭后,土壤pH值和阳离子交换量(CEC)随着培养时间的增加而逐渐增加,而土壤有机碳(SOC)含量则呈先增加至最大值而后缓慢降低的趋势,但仍高于对照。同时,生物炭的施入显著降低了土壤中弱酸可提取态Cd和可还原态Cd含量,提高了可氧化态Cd和残渣态Cd含量,且随着培养时间的延长这种转化趋势更为明显。4种生物炭对潮土中Cd钝化效果表现为蚕沙生物炭水稻秸秆生物炭木薯秆生物炭甘蔗叶生物炭。培养结束(45d)时,与对照相比,添加蚕沙生物炭的土壤中弱酸可提取态Cd含量降低了42.07%,可还原态Cd含量降低了35.19%,可氧化态Cd和残渣态Cd含量分别增加了292.59%和339.29%,从而大大降低了Cd的生物有效性,由此可见,生物炭对镉污染土壤的修复是切实可行的。     

生物炭对侵蚀黑土团聚体的影响

[目的] 探讨生物炭对侵蚀黑土团聚体的修复效果,揭示生物炭对侵蚀黑土团聚体的影响机制,为修复侵蚀黑土提供科学依据。[方法] 以侵蚀黑土为研究对象,研究未剥离农田（CK）、未剥离农田施生物炭（CK+BC）、模拟侵蚀土壤（RS）、侵蚀土壤施生物炭（RS+BC）4个处理生物炭对黑土团聚体的影响。[结果] 与CK处理相比,CK+BC处理中0.25～2 mm粒级团聚体含量增加了14.01%,RS+BC处理中0.25～2 mm粒级团聚体含量比RS处理增加了12.11%,生物炭提高了团聚体的几何平均直径（GMD）和大于0.25 mm团聚体含量,增加了CK+BC和RS+BC两个处理的原土和>0.25 mm粒级团聚体中的土壤有机碳含量（SOC）,GMD分别与SOC和交换性钠呈正相关和负相关,且SOC对团聚体的胶结作用大于交换性钠的分散作用,提高了侵蚀黑土团聚体稳定性。[结论] 生物炭改善黑土侵蚀后的结构,促进了土壤团聚化,对侵蚀土壤具有良好的修复作用,是修复侵蚀黑土的有效措施。     

生物质炭对稻田土壤团聚体稳定性和微生物群落的影响

土壤团聚体决定着土壤功能与质量,受土壤生物与非生物因素的共同作用。本文从非生物和生物学角度解析生物质炭施用对土壤团聚体稳定性的长期影响。以句容和南京两个独立施用生物质炭3年或5年后的稻田麦季土壤为研究对象,选取常规施肥（CK）和常规施肥+生物质炭（AB）处理,利用湿筛法获得不同粒级土壤团聚体,并测定其中有机碳（SOC）、全氮、全磷含量,同时采用定量PCR技术测定土壤微生物（细菌、真菌、丛枝菌根真菌、古细菌和放线菌）丰度。结果表明：句容和南京土壤AB处理生物质炭原位老化后,大团聚体比例（R>0.25）和土壤田间持水量显著增加,平均重量直径和几何平均直径表现出增加趋势（P>0.05）;土壤团聚体养分含量（SOC、全磷）和土壤微生物丰度发生显著变化。与对照处理相比,句容和南京老化生物质炭处理的土壤大团聚体比例分别显著增加93.0%和61.5%,0.002～0.053 mm和<0.002 mm粒级团聚体均呈减少趋势;句容和南京土壤AB处理全土SOC含量分别显著增加26.3%和26.9%,大团聚体中SOC含量分别显著增加72.4%和52.3%,微团聚体中SOC含量分别显著增加20.8%和30.0%,全土真菌丰度显著增加;南京土壤全磷含量显著增加25.4%,丛枝菌根真菌和古细菌丰度也呈增加趋势（P>0.05）。由相关性分析可知,土壤团聚体平均重量直径与大团聚体比例、SOC含量、真菌和丛枝菌根真菌丰度极显著正相关（P<0.01）,与全磷含量和古细菌丰度显著正相关,相关系数分别为0.641和0.646。综上所述：生物质炭可以改善土壤pH值,田间持水量等理化性质,增加稻-麦轮作麦季土壤0.25～2 mm大团聚体比例和碳、磷含量,增加土壤真菌、丛枝菌根真菌和古细菌丰度,提高土壤团聚体稳定性,具有持续性。     

生物炭及秸秆长期施用对紫色土坡耕地土壤团聚体有机碳的影响

依托紫色土坡耕地长期施肥试验观测平台,研究生物炭、秸秆对紫色土坡耕地团聚体有机碳分布的影响。长期施肥试验处理包括不施肥(CK)、无机氮磷钾肥(NPK)、秸秆还田(RSD)、生物炭与无机氮磷钾配施(BCNPK)、秸秆与无机氮磷钾配施(RSDNPK)。利用湿筛法,进行土壤团聚体粒径分组,随后测定各粒径团聚体含量及其有机碳含量,并计算团聚体平均质量直径(MWD)和几何平均直径(GMD)。结果表明,RSD、RSDNPK和BCNPK处理的表层SOC含量比CK处理增加43.1%～90.5%,SOC储量提高65.1%～74.3%,其中RSDNPK处理、BCNPK处理较NPK处理SOC显著增加25.2%～33.1%(P0.05), SOC储量显著提高23.2%～30.0%(P0.05)。团聚体MWD和GMD均为RSD处理RSDNPK处理BCNPK处理NPK处理CK处理; RSD处理0.25～2 mm的团聚体含量高达45.5%,较CK处理提高57.7%;秸秆和生物炭配施处理(RSDNPK处理和BCNPK处理)0.25～2mm的团聚体含量为41.3%～45.7%,而0.053mm粒径团聚体含量却降低54.1%～55.4%。NPK处理、RSD处理与CK处理的增长趋势相似,呈随团聚体粒径减小,团聚体有机碳含量先增大后减小,继而再增大的趋势;而RSDNPK、BCNPK处理则呈随粒径减小团聚体有机碳含量增加的趋势。生物炭和秸秆的施用能显著提升土壤有机碳含量,增强土壤结构稳定性,但生物碳的施用对提升土壤有机碳含量效果优于秸秆的施用,秸秆的施用对稳定土壤结构效果更优,因此生物炭和秸秆的施用可作为紫色土耕地土壤肥力维持和提升的有效管理措施。     

生物炭对豫西丘陵区农田土壤团聚体稳定性及碳、氮分布的影响

为研究生物炭对豫西丘陵地区农田土壤团聚体分布、稳定性及其碳、氮在团聚体中分布的影响,进一步探明生物炭对丘陵区农田土壤结构和养分的长期作用效果。采用田间长期定位试验,生物炭用量为0(C0),20(C20),40(C40)t/hm~2 3个处理,研究生物炭施用5年后对土壤团聚体组成及稳定性的影响,探究土壤团聚体中有机碳和全氮分布特性。结果表明:施加20,40 t/hm~2生物炭可提高0—20,20—40 cm土层的机械性0.5 mm以上粒级和水稳性0.053 mm以上粒级团聚体含量。在0—20 cm土层中,C20和C40处理下0.25 mm的机械性团聚体(DR_(0.25))分别较对照增加3.78%和6.83%,0.25 mm水稳性团聚体(WR_(0.25))分别较对照增加31.0%和49.45%,土壤不稳定团粒指数(E_(LT))分别较对照降低4.30%和6.85%,土壤团聚体破坏率(PAD)分别较对照降低9.71%和14.77%,土壤团聚体平均质量直径(MWD)分别较对照增加28.44%和45.34%,几何平均直径(GMD)分别较对照增加32.04%和54.92%。各粒级的有机碳和全氮含量随生物炭施用量的增加而增加,有机碳和全氮含量都以0.25～0.053 mm粒级最高,且0—20 cm土层的有机碳和全氮含量高于20—40 cm土层的有机碳和全氮含量;随着生物炭施用量的增加,2,2～0.25,0.25～0.053 mm粒级团聚体有机碳和全氮贡献率随之增加,而0.053 mm粒级微团聚体有机碳和全氮贡献率随之降低。总体来说,生物炭能够改善豫西丘陵地区农田土壤的团聚体结构,增加土壤大团聚体的含量,增强团聚体的稳定性,提高土壤团聚体中碳、氮含量,有利于豫西地区农田土壤肥力的保持和持续健康发展。     

生物炭对红壤和褐土中镉形态的影响

【目的】重金属对环境危害的大小主要取决于其形态分布,尤其是生物有效态镉 (Cd) 的含量和存在比例。添加生物炭可以降低Cd超标土壤中生物有效态Cd的含量,本文研究了施用生物炭后红壤和褐土中Cd形态的变化及其与生物炭施用量的关系,以加深对生物炭修复Cd污染土壤机理的认识。【方法】选择红壤 (pH 5.21) 和褐土 (pH 7.75) 两类土壤进行了室内培养试验。将两个过2 mm筛的自然风干土壤各40 kg,分别装于20 L塑料盒中,加Cd(NO₃)₂溶液使土壤外源Cd含量达到5 mg/kg,保持70%田间最大持水量,于25℃条件下平衡两周;之后,在每1000 g土内,分别添加生物炭0、5、10、20 g,均匀混合后,室温培养50 d;在培养1、4、7、14、21、35、49 d时分别取样,测定土壤pH和有机碳含量,利用Tessier分级法测定土壤Cd形态。【结果】红壤pH随生物炭施用量的增加显著升高,培养14天后,生物炭施加量为2%时,土壤由酸性变为弱碱性,生物炭对褐土pH的提高作用不显著。红壤和褐土有机碳含量均随生物炭施用量的增加而升高。培养49天后,红壤可交换态Cd含量的降幅较大,降幅为0.31～0.82 mg/kg,且处理2%的可交换态Cd含量最低,为1.24 mg/kg,生物炭施用量2%的红壤碳酸盐结合态Cd含量最高,为1.06 mg/kg,施用生物炭的红壤碳酸盐结合态Cd和Fe、Mn氧化物结合态Cd所占比例增加了3.14%～14.21%、8.20%～23.96%,施用生物炭的褐土碳酸盐结合态Cd和Fe、Mn氧化物结合态Cd升高了0.94%～2.61%、0.80%～7.90%。褐土的土壤有机碳含量和生物炭施用量与土壤可交换态Cd呈极显著负相关关系,与土壤碳酸盐结合态Cd,土壤Fe、Mn氧化物结合态Cd和土壤有机结合态Cd呈极显著正相关关系;红壤pH、有机碳含量和生物炭施用量均与土壤可交换态Cd呈极显著负相关关系,与土壤其他四种形态Cd呈极显著正相关关系。但在红壤中土壤有机碳和生物炭施用量与各形态Cd的相关系数均大于在褐土中的相关系数。【结论】综合分析两种类型土壤中Cd形态的变化,发现生物炭对红壤的修复效果优于对褐土的修复效果,因此生物炭可以作为Cd污染的酸性土壤的一种修复改良材料。     

生物炭对亚热带红壤水稳性团聚体及其碳、氮分布的影响

为探究生物炭对亚热带红壤水稳性团聚体结构及其碳、氮分布的影响,针对亚热带红壤选用海鲜菇废菌棒为原料制备生物炭,通过短期盆栽试验,研究生物炭施用下土壤水稳性团聚体及其碳、氮分布特征。研究结果表明:(1)土壤水稳性团聚体均以 <0.25 mm粒径为主,其中生物炭配施化肥处理含量最高,为 65.88%,生物炭能够显著增加土壤粒径 >0.25 mm水稳定性团聚体比例,增幅达到 40.52%;配施化肥、猪粪则会降低其含量,降幅分别为 43.33%、25.33%;(2)生物炭配施化肥、猪粪可以显著提高土壤平均重量直径与几何平均直径;(3)施用生物炭可以显著提高土壤有机碳、全氮含量及碳氮比,平均增幅分别为 154.76%、74.05%、30.16%。综上所述,生物炭施用有利于提高亚热带红壤水稳性大团聚体含量及稳定性,且对于土壤碳氮含量的提升效果更为显著。     

生物炭和菌肥对土壤镉形态和棉花镉吸收的影响

【目的】为了明确生物炭和菌肥修复石灰性土壤镉(Cd)污染的效果,探寻适宜石灰性土壤重金属Cd修复技术。【方法】采用盆栽的试验方法,研究施用3%的生物炭(B3)和1.5%的菌肥(M1.5)对不同外源Cd浓度(0、1、2、4 mg kg^-1)石灰性土壤的pH值、Cd形态分布、酶活性以及棉花各器官Cd含量的影响。【结果】结果表明,生物炭和菌肥均能显著提高土壤的p H,但随着培养时间的延续添加改良剂处理的土壤的pH值呈现出下降的趋势：生物炭和菌肥的施用均能降低土壤可交换态Cd比例,提高土壤残渣态Cd比例,与对照相比,生物炭和菌肥处理下可交换态Cd的含量分别下降了18.42%～48.46%和15.21%～50.19%。生物炭和菌肥的添加显著提高土壤酶活性,其中蔗糖酶、过氧化氢酶、脲酶和碱性磷酸酶的最大增幅分别为89.1%、140.1%、39.7%和38.1%,菌肥处理总体优于生物炭处理。生物炭和菌肥的施用降低了植株各器官Cd含量,其中生物炭处理各器官中Cd含量最大降幅为34.0%,菌肥处理下最大降幅为39.5%。相关性和主成分结果表明,可交换态Cd与土壤酶活性呈显著负相关(...     

施用生物炭和石灰对土壤镉形态转化的影响

通过室内培养试验,比较石灰、生物炭及生物炭和石灰配施3种改良剂作用下镉污染草甸土中土壤镉各形态转化以及pH的影响。结果表明,土壤添加生物炭培养60d,土壤pH呈随时间增加逐渐增加的趋势,而添加石灰和生物炭与石灰配施处理,土壤pH呈现先增加至最大值而后缓缓降低趋于稳定的趋势,但均显著高于对照。各改良剂的施用均显著降低土壤可交换态Cd含量,与CK处理相比,添加生物炭、石灰和生物炭石灰混合改良剂后,土壤可交换态Cd含量分别降低8.6%~13.7%,17.8%~21.7%和18.4%~23.3%。相关分析结果表明,土壤可交换态Cd含量与土壤pH之间均存在极显著的负相关关系(R2=0.74)。土壤添加改良剂后,显著降低土壤可交换态Cd比例,增加碳酸盐结合态、铁锰氧化物结合态、有机结合态和残渣态Cd比例,从而降低土壤重金属的生物有效性。     

Effect of tillage treatments upon soil tests for soil acidity,soil phosphorus and soil potassium at three soil depths

Abstract

Soil samples were obtained at 0–3, 3–6, 6–9 and 0–9 inch depths from experimental plots receiving five tillage treatments. Each of two samplers composited approximately six one‐inch cores from each plot. Soil samples were analyzed for acidity, P and K using routine analysis procedures in the University of Illinois Soil Testing Laboratory.

Few significant differences were attributed to sampler and it was concluded that samplers using similar sampling techniques were obtaining soil samples from the same population.

No significant differences in soil acidity at different depths were observed. The different tillage methods did significantly affect soil P at the 0–3 inch depth, but had no significant effect on soil P at deeper depths. Different tillage methods also significantly affected soil K values at different depths.     

土壤含水率与土壤碱度对土壤抗剪强度的影响

土壤含水率和土壤碱度是表征土壤物理化学性质的两个重要参数。通过室内三轴不固结不排水试验，研究了土壤含水率和土壤碱度对土壤抗剪强度的影响。试验处理采用5种土壤碱度(土壤可交换钠百分比ESP=0、5、10、20、40)和4种土壤质量含水率(0.05、0.10、0.20以及饱和含水率0.34)水平。试验结果显示，土壤黏聚力随着土壤含水率的增加基本上呈先增大后减小之趋势；当土壤含水率在0.10附近时黏聚力达到其最大值。土壤内摩擦角随着土壤含水率的增加而线性减小。土壤碱度对土壤黏聚力的影响机理较为复杂，其影响效果随土壤含水率的增加而减小；但土壤碱度对土壤内摩擦角的影响较小。土壤碱度对土壤抗剪强度的影响程度明显地小于土壤含水率对其的影响程度。     

Usability of soil survey soil texture data for soil health indicator scoring

Soil textural information is an important component underlying other soil health indicators. Soil texture analysis is a common procedure, but it can be labor intensive and expensive. Soil texture data typically are available from the Soil Survey Geographic (SSURGO) database, which may be an option for determining soil health texture groups (SHTG). The SSURGO database provides soil texture information in the soil map unit (SMU) name, taxonomic class category (family), and detailed values (≤ 2 mm soil fraction) of percent sand, silt and clay by soil horizon. The objective of this study was to examine the possibility of using SSURGO data for SHTG at the 147-ha Cornell University Willsboro Research Farm in New York state as an alternative for soil texture data determined manually on collected soil core samples. Comparative results revealed that representative values for soil texture from the SSURGO database generally matched measured mean values for all SMUs.     

Volumetric soil measures for routine soil testing

Abstract

The design, dimensiors and materials for constructing volumetric soil measures for routine soil testing use are presented. Scoop calibration techniques are also described. Reproducibility of results obtained under routine laboratory, conditions are shown. The measures include volumes of 1.0‐, 2.5‐, 5.0‐ and 10‐ cm³ respectively.     

Relationship between soil respiration and soil moisture

Microbial activity is affected by changes in the availability of soil moisture. We examined the relationship between microbial activity and water potential in a silt loam soil during four successive drying and rewetting cycles. Microbial activity was inferred from the rate of CO₂ accumulating in a sealed flask containing the soil sample and the CO₂ respired was measured using gas chromatography. Thermocouple hygrometry was used to monitor the water potential by burying a thermocouple in the soil sample in the flask. Initial treatment by drying on pressure plates brought samples of the test soil to six different water potentials in the range -0.005 to -1.5MPa. Water potential and soil respiration were simultaneously measured while these six soil samples slowly dried by evaporation and were remoistened four times. The results were consistent with a log-linear relationship between water potential and microbial activity as long as activity was not limited by substrate availability. This relationship appeared to hold for the range of water potentials from ?0.01 to ?8.5 MPa. Even at ?0.01 MPa (wet soil) a decrease in water potential from ?0.01 to ?0.02 MPa caused a 10% decrease in microbial activity. Rewetting the soil caused a large and rapid increase in the respiration rate. There was up to a 40-fold increase in microbial activity for a short period when the change in water potential following rewetting was greater than 5 MPa. Differences in microbial activity between the wetter and drier soil treatments following rewetting to the original water potentials are discussed in terms of the availability of energy substrate.     

Relationships between soil respiration and soil moisture

The interaction of soil microbes with their physical environment affects their abilities to respire, grow and divide. One of these environmental factors is the amount of moisture in the soil. The work we published almost 25 years ago showed that microbial respiration was linearly related to soil-water content and log-linearly related to water potential. The paper arose out of collaboration between two young researchers from different areas of soil science, physics and microbiology. The project was driven by not only our curiosity but also the freedom to operate without the constraints common to the current system of science management. The citation history shows three peaks, 1989, 1999 and from 2002 to the present day. Interestingly, the annual citation rate is as high as it has ever been. The initial peak is due to the application of the work to studies on microbial processes. The second peak is associated with the rise of simulation modelling and the third with the relevance of the findings to climate change research. In this article, our paper is re-evaluated in the light of subsequent studies that allow the principle of separation of variables to be tested. This re-evaluation lends further credence to the linear relationship proposed between soil respiration and water content. A scaled relationship for respiration and water content is presented. Lastly, further research is suggested and more recent work on the physics of gas transport discussed briefly.     

A soil core for routine soil sampling

Abstract

The design, materials and dimensions for constructing a coring device for sampling soil fauna and flora at different depths is described.     

Why soil erosion models over-predict small soil losses and under-predict large soil losses

Evaluation of various soil erosion models with large data sets have consistently shown that these models tend to over-predict soil erosion for small measured values, and under-predict soil erosion for larger measured values. This trend appears to be consistent regardless of whether the soil erosion value of interest is for individual storms, annual totals, or average annual soil losses, and regardless of whether the model is empirical or physically based. The hypothesis presented herein is that this phenomenon is not necessarily associated with bias in model predictions as a function of treatment, but rather with limitations in representing the random component of the measured data within treatments (i.e., between replicates) with a deterministic model. A simple example is presented, showing how even a `perfect' deterministic soil erosion model exhibits bias relative to small and large measured erosion rates. The concept is further tested and verified on a set of 3007 measured soil erosion data pairs from storms on natural rainfall and run-off plots using the best possible, unbiased, real-world model, i.e., the physical model represented by replicated plots. The results of this study indicate that the commonly observed bias, in erosion prediction models relative to over-prediction of small and under-prediction of large measured erosion rates on individual data points, is normal and expected if the model is accurately predicting erosion rates as a function of environmental conditions, i.e., treatments.     

黑土区土壤侵蚀厚度对土地生产力的影响及其评价

为了研究黑土区土壤侵蚀厚度对土地生产力的影响,采用盆栽试验,人为剥离黑土表层0、5、10、15、20、25和30 cm土壤以模拟侵蚀厚度不同的耕层土壤,分析土壤侵蚀厚度对土壤理化性质、大豆生物性状和水分利用效率等指标的影响。并对TOPSIS(technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution)模型进行改进,用于评价侵蚀厚度不同的土壤的土地生产力。结果表明:土壤全N、碱解N、全P、速效P、有机质含量和土壤田间持水率均随侵蚀厚度的增加而递减,土壤容重随侵蚀厚度的增加而递增。土壤侵蚀厚度对大豆生长有显著影响,随着侵蚀厚度的增加,大豆减产率呈"S型"曲线递增,产量、耗水量呈"Z型"曲线递减,水分利用效率呈指数曲线关系递减。改进的TOPSIS模型对不同侵蚀厚度下土地生产力的评价结果较为理想,计算的土地生产力指数随土壤侵蚀厚度的变化呈"Z型"曲线,与大豆产量的变化趋势相同,且二者呈指数函数关系,决定系数达0.996,均方根误差为0.65。研究结果可为黑土区土壤侵蚀防治提供理论依据。     

Tillage effects on soil degradation, soil resilience, soil quality, and sustainability

Soil degradation, decrease in soil's actual and potential productivity owing to land misuse, is a major threat to agricultural sustainability and environmental quality. The problem is particularly severe in the tropics and sub-tropics as a result of high demographic pressure, shortage of prime agricultural land, harsh environments, and resource poor farmers who presumably cannot afford science based recommended inputs. Tillage methods and soil surface management affect sustainable use of soil resources through their influence on soil stability, soil resilience, and soil quality. Soil stability refers to the susceptibility of soil to change under natural or anthropogenic perturbations. In comparison, soil resilience refers to soil's ability to restore its life support processes after being stressed. The term soil quality refers to the soil's capacity to perform its three principal functions e.g. economic productivity, environment regulation, and aesthetic and cultural values. There is a need to develop precise objective and quantitative indices of assessing these attributes of the soil. These indices can only be developed from the data obtained from well designed and properly implemented long-term soil management experiments conducted on major soils in principal ecoregions.