基于HYDRUS-3D模型的微润灌溉土壤水分入渗模拟

掌握土壤水分入渗规律对于合理制定灌溉方案、设置灌溉参数和改进灌溉技术有重要意义。为探究微润灌溉条件下土壤水分入渗规律,利用HYDRUS-3D有限元模型对微润灌溉下土壤水分入渗进行了数值模拟,讨论了初始压力水头和土壤质地对土壤水分入渗的影响。数值模拟结果显示：在土壤水分入渗的垂直剖面上湿润体以微润管为中心呈同心圆状向外扩散,扩散速率与初始压力水头呈正相关。模拟试验周期为36h,分3个时间段进行土壤水分扩散速率的计算,0~5h内土壤水分平均入渗速率为1.85cm/h,6~15h内的平均入渗速率为0.79cm/h,16~36h内的平均水分入渗速率为0.59cm/h。土壤含水率最大值出现在微润管周围,向外围呈减小趋势。相同时间内土壤湿润峰运移距离随初始压力水头的增大而增大,微润灌溉下水分入渗速率在3种质地的土壤（砂壤土、壤土、粘壤土）中依次增大,并测得在压力水头为-180cm时整个模拟周期中3种质地土壤的平均水分扩散速率分别为：0.69、0.53、0.46cm/h。研究表明,土壤含水率和水分扩散速率随压力水头的增大而增大,随土壤黏粒含量的增大而减小。     

生物炭对微润灌土壤水分运动的影响

生物炭可以改善土壤的持水能力,通过室内土箱模拟试验,研究了不同生物炭添加量对微润灌累计入渗量、湿润锋运移距离和湿润体含水率的影响。结果表明,添加生物炭能显著降低微润灌累计入渗量,抑制微润灌土壤水分的向上运移,促进微润灌土壤水分的侧向和向下运移。土壤中添加生物炭后,提高了微润灌湿润土壤的含水率,且随着生物炭添加量的增加而增大。生物炭改良土壤后可以提高微润灌的节水能力。     

压力水头对微润灌溉土壤水分运移试验研究

为了探明微润灌溉湿润体特性,采用黏性土壤和3个水头(1.5,2.0,2.5 m)进行试验,分析微润管的入渗速率、累计入渗量、湿润体体积及湿润体含水率分布特征,同时探讨了含沙量为1.0 g/L的水质在3种水头压力下的堵塞问题.研究表明:土壤累积入渗量与压力水头呈正相关,与时间呈负相关;粒径为0.061~0.100 mm的浑水试验中,试验初期3个不同水头下的流量相差较小,24 h后流量相差逐渐增大,压力水头增大对微润带的堵塞情况有改善作用;微润灌溉湿润体形状近似圆柱状,湿润锋行进半径与压力水头呈正相关,建立了压力水头与湿润体体积的预测模型;不同压力水头下各方向的湿润锋扩散指数都约为0.42;湿润体体内含水率呈同心圆分布,随半径增大而减小,靠近微润管壁2 mm处含水率最大,土壤水分移动主要动力为压力水头和土壤势能之差.研究结果可为微润灌溉提供科学的理论依据和理论基础.     

水平微润灌土壤水分运动数值模拟与验证

【目的】进一步认识微润灌土壤水分运动规律。【方法】以非饱和土壤水分运动理论为基础,建立了微润管水平铺设方式下的土壤水分运动数学模型,利用SWMS-2D软件进行求解,采用室内试验及已有文献资料,对单位长度微润管入渗量、土壤湿润锋运移值、土壤湿润体体积和土壤剖面含水率等指标的实测值与模拟值进行了分析验证。【结果】入渗初期(24 h内),单位长度微润管入渗量模拟值与实测值之间存在一定差异,平均相对误差为11.7%;入渗后期(24 h后),模拟结果与实测结果一致性良好,平均相对误差为4.7%。微润管水平埋设时,土壤湿润锋沿微润管呈圆柱形分布,各时段的模拟值与实测值基本一致,平均相对误差绝对值为7.38%;土壤湿润体体积模拟值与实测值随时间的增加拟合性越好;土壤含水率等值线为围绕微润管的"同心圆",随着湿润体半径的增大而减小,微润管壁处土壤含水率最大。【结论】所建模型能比较真实地反映水平微润灌土壤水分运动状况,所建模型及采用SWMS-2D软件进行求解是可行的,采用数值方法模拟水平微润灌土壤水分运动过程是可靠的。     

负水头环境土壤水分湿润锋运移三维模拟

【目的】更加有效地控制土壤含水率,指导节水灌溉。【方法】采用负水头土壤水分湿润锋运移试验和Hydrus-3D三维土壤水分运移数值模型,研究了山西榆次砂土、壤土在负水头高度(0、-0.5、-1.0m)时的土壤水分湿润锋运移规律和模型的有效性。【结果】水分累积入渗量随着时间的增加逐渐增大,与时间呈良好的幂函数关系;湿润锋随着时间的增加逐渐向水平、垂直方向扩大,曲线呈1/4椭囿状,最大湿润距离与时间的平方根呈良好的线性关系;湿润锋入渗速度随着负水头高度的增加逐渐减小,与时间呈良好的幂函数关系。实测湿润锋包络面积与模型计算值的偏差,砂土为0.51%~7.21%,壤土为0.22%~16.03%。【结论】所建三维模型可以用于描述负水头环境下土壤水分湿润锋的运移特征,并用于预测各种条件改变下的湿润锋运移和含水率分布。     

基于HYDRUS-2D的负压微润灌土壤水分运动模拟

为研究负压微润灌不同技术参数组合下的土壤水分运动过程,以土箱试验实测含水率为依据,构建并验证了基于HYDRUS-2D的负压微润灌土壤水分运动反演模型,并结合反演模型对负压微润灌多种组合情景的土壤湿润体模拟结果和典型设施作物根系分布特征及需水规律,探究适宜于不同设施作物的负压微润灌技术参数组合。结果表明：采用HYDRUS-2D反演模型能够较好地模拟负压微润灌不同供水水头条件下的土壤湿润体特征,土壤湿润距离（水平距离、垂直向上距离和垂直向下距离）、含水率及累积入渗量模拟值与实测结果之间的决定系数和NSE分别达到0.98和0.77以上。试验及模拟结果均表明,负压微润灌条件下供水水头与土壤含水率、累积入渗量及不同方向的湿润距离均呈负相关关系。此外,基于反演模型对负压微润灌不同湿润体的情景模拟结果和典型设施作物根系分布特征及需水规律,拟定了不同设施作物适宜的负压微润灌技术参数范围。本研究对农业生产中负压微润灌技术参数的选择及新型节水微润灌技术的推广具有指导意义。     

矿化度对微润灌土壤入渗特性的影响

采用室内土箱模拟试验的方式,研究了5种矿化度条件下微润灌土壤水分的入渗特性。试验结果表明:矿化度对湿润体形状影响小,微润灌湿润体横剖面呈近似圆形;矿化度对湿润体体积影响较大,矿化水湿润体体积大于清水的湿润体体积。当矿化度为3 g/L时,微润灌湿润体湿润锋运移速率最大,湿润锋运移速率与时间呈幂函数关系。矿化水可增加微润灌的累计入渗量,但累计入渗量与矿化度之间不是单调关系,当矿化度为3 g/L时,累计入渗量达到最大,土壤平均含水率也最大。     

微润交替灌溉下管埋深对土壤水分入渗的影响

为了探究微润交替灌溉条件下,地埋微润管合理埋设深度,采用室内土箱模拟试验,研究了当微润管铺设间距为30 cm,压力水头为150 cm,土壤容重为1.25 g/cm3,微润管埋深分别为15和20 cm时的土壤水分累计入渗量、土壤含水率、湿润锋运移距离等指标的变化,每组试验重复3次。结果表明:累计入渗量随时间线性递增,两微润管在埋深15 cm时的累计入渗量比埋深20 cm时的累计入渗量分别高11.33%、13.57%;埋深为15 cm时土壤含水率大于埋深为20 cm的土壤含水率;微润交替灌溉条件下,埋深15 cm时湿润锋运移距离大于埋深20 cm时湿润锋运移距离约0.5~2.9 cm,埋深对湿润锋运移有影响但不显著;湿润锋运移距离与时间的拟合结果为良好的幂函数关系,两者具有显著的相关性;埋深为15 cm时形成的湿润体截面积较埋深20 cm时大,且土体表层已经湿润。     

不同水头压力的微润灌对土壤水盐运移的影响

为探明微润灌对土壤水盐运移的影响,以南疆盐碱土微润灌为研究对象,采用室内模拟试验,分析了不同水头压力(1、1.5、2、2.5 m)条件下微润灌土壤水盐分布特征。结果表明,水头压力较低,水分水平扩散距离较小,土壤湿润区形状明显为椭圆形,随着水头压力的增大,水分水平扩散距离与垂直入渗距离逐渐接近,湿润区形状呈现由椭圆形向圆形转化的趋势;不同水头压力下湿润区位置均表现为在水平方向上以微润带埋设位置为中心,呈左右对称关系;垂直方向上土壤湿润区主要集中在微润带以下位置;提高水头压力,可以有效增大土壤湿润区面积及湿润体内土壤含水率;不同水头压力下均表现为以微润带为中心,形成土壤脱盐区,土壤盐分聚集在湿润锋附近;低水头处理,湿润区内土壤得不到有效淋洗,土壤脱盐区面积较小及脱盐率相对较低;高水头处理,盐分随水分运移至表层和深层土壤,扩大了土壤脱盐区面积,并且提高了土壤脱盐率,水头压力越高,该现象越明显。     

微润交替灌溉下土壤水分运移特征研究

为探明微润交替灌溉下土壤水分运移特征,采用室内土箱试验,以黏壤土为例,设置1 m压力水头,10 cm微润管埋深,8 d交替周期,设置3组不同微润管铺设间距(10、20、30 cm),观测不同微润管间距条件下,微润交替灌溉下土壤水分运移情况,试验重复3次。结果表明:微润管间距30 cm时,土箱中线区域土壤含水率维持在初始含水率1.38%左右,2条微润管形成的土壤湿润体均为圆柱体,彼此不相交;微润管间距20 cm时,土箱中线区域土壤含水量在交替灌溉管道后开始上升,试验结束时土壤含水率为11.01%,2条微润管所形成的土壤湿润体为2个相交圆柱体,彼此影响不大;微润管间距10 cm时,土箱中线处含水率从试验开始后不断上升,试验结束时土壤含水量为13.88%,2条微润管所形成的土壤湿润体呈近似椭圆柱体。     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。