盐湖区生态系统碳密度及其分配格局北大核心CSCD

由于对陆地生态系统土壤、植被碳蓄积量了解的缺乏,故在预测气候变化中存在较大分歧,因此很有必要对不同生态系统碳分布情况进行研究。本文以干旱盐湖为研究对象,探究盐湖生态系统碳分布特征。结果表明：土壤有机碳密度分布随土层深度的增加而降低,土壤无机碳呈无规律分布;100 cm土层内有机碳密度介于7.55-15.75 kg·m^-2之间,平均为12.54 kg·m^-2,占植物群落和土壤总有机碳密度的97.84%。黑果枸杞和铃铛刺为盐生群落的优势种,地上平均生物量为261.38 g·m^-2,占总生物量的70.49%,草本植物群落平均生物量仅为109.45g·m^-2;灌木和草本层地上生物量显著高于凋落物层（84.81±9.22）g·m^-2和（79.76±8.61）g·m^-2。盐生植物地下生物量随土层的增加而降低,0-100 cm土层总地下生物量为77.74 g·m^-2。盐生植物总生物量碳密度为276.48 g·m^-2,其中地上、凋落物和地下生物量分别占62.09%、25.75%和12.16%;地上植被和凋落物碳密度显著高于草本植物,根系生物量碳密度在剖面上分布不均,96.55%集中在0-50 cm土层。盐生植物地上地下以及凋落物平均碳含量43.09%,与经验系数（50%）换算得到碳密度相比实际碳密度高出13.80%,这将对植被碳储量的估算产生较大的偏差。     

SEBS模型在塔克拉玛干沙漠地区地表能量通量估算中的应用

利用SEBS(Surface Energy Balance System)模型,对塔克拉玛干沙漠及周边地区的地表能量通量进行模拟估算。通过修正适合于塔克拉玛干沙漠地表的参数化方案,结合该地区的MODIS遥感数据,将同期同化气象资料输入模型中,模拟出该地区的地表净辐射、地表土壤热通量、感热通量和潜热通量的空间分布。与塔克拉玛干沙漠大气环境观测试验站的实测数据对比,得出:1)SEBS模型在塔克拉玛干沙漠地区具有适用性;2)模型反演的沙漠腹地净辐射约为350W/m~2,感热通量在200W/m~2左右,潜热通量在±20W/m~2之间,其结果均与塔中站实测资料吻合较好。因此利用参数修正后的SEBS模型估计塔克拉玛干沙漠地区能量平衡各分量具有一定精度,可满足区域地表能量通量的计算要求。     

塔里木河下游荒漠河岸林带辐射平衡特征

利用新疆塔里木河下游河岸林带观测的太阳辐射数据,结合下垫面和天气变化状况,分析该区太阳辐射变化特征,同时评价FAO56辐射估算方法模拟该区域太阳辐射的效果。结果表明：净辐射和辐射四分量的年均日变化,除大气逆辐射在300 W·m-2左右波动外,均呈现出典型的单峰趋势。其中,总辐射平均极大值为629.96 W·m-2,净辐射平均极大值为520.76 W·m-2,净辐射日积分值在一年内呈现单峰对称型趋势,年平均值为7.81 MJ·m-2·d-1,地表长波辐射的峰值在中午前后滞后于总辐射峰值约2 h。较之晴天而言,阴天和风沙天气太阳辐射波动较大,总辐射和净辐射均明显降低。地表反照率的变化与下垫面植被覆盖度密切相关,生长季节为0.18左右,非生长季节为0.20左右,年均值为0.19。FAO56方法模拟日尺度辐射结果表明：总辐射、净短波辐射和净辐射模拟效率分别为0.94、0.87、0.80,而有效辐射模拟效率仅为0.19;各辐射通量均方根误差均在1.67~1.98,平均偏差值均较小。有效辐射量在总辐射中所占比例较小,虽模拟效率较低,但其对净辐射的贡献较小,使得净辐射模拟误差在合理的范围内,故认为FAO56辐射模拟方法经验系数可用于计算该地区日尺度净辐射值。     

基于净初级生产力的春小麦生产潜力及估产研究——以甘肃省白银区为例

利用2010年白银区春小麦生长季(4—7月)空间分辨率为250 m的MODIS影像和气象站点的气象数据,通过CASA模型建立了基于MODIS数据的春小麦净初级生产力遥感估算模型,估算出白银区春小麦生长季的净初级生产力(NPP),通过春小麦NPP与干物质转换关系计算出春小麦生产潜力。结果表明:白银区南部春小麦的NPP和生产潜力均大于北部地区,其NPP最小值为42 g C·m-2·a-1,最大值为402 g C·m-2·a-1,且春小麦的生产潜力有明显的季节性规律。根据春小麦生产潜力与实际产量的拟合关系建立了产量估测模型,并对该模型做了精度验证与实用性评价,结果显示该估产模型均方根误差RMSE为76.33 g·m-2,相对均方根误差RMSEr为23.51%。     

改进FPAR的煤矿区植被NPP损失研究

基于遥感的CASA模型是测算植被NPP的主要方法之一,当前CASA模型中普遍以月内某一时刻或几个时刻的植被NDVI值计算光合有效辐射吸收比例(FPAR),这一方法忽略了月内FPAR的整体性和连续性,在计算中会产生较大误差.文中以煤矿区为例,首先通过时空自适应反射率融合模型构建高时空分辨率的矿区遥感影像,改进CASA模型中FPAR的计算方法,以FPAR连续函数均值代表月FPAR,并评价改进效果.通过FPAR损失量测算各植被NPP变化量,为煤矿区生态环境变化做出科学的判断.     

施氮量对复播青贮玉米光合特性和产量的影响

采用田间试验方法,研究了一管两行(80+40)行距模式下灌溉量为288 mm时,不同施氮量(CK~14.04 kg·hm~(-2),F1~97.56 kg·hm~(-2),F2~167.16 kg·hm~(-2),F3~236.76 kg·hm~(-2),F4~306.36 kg·hm~(-2),F5~375.96 kg·hm~(-2))对复播青贮玉米光合特性的影响,观测了拔节期(08.20)和抽雄吐丝期(09.13)光合特性指标及生育期末期的干物质量、叶面积,计算叶片水平的水分利用效率、光合势及净同化率。施氮量为236.76 kg·hm~(-2),青贮玉米产量最大;拔节期光合有效辐射为1 500~2 000μmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1)、施氮量为236.76 kg·hm~(-2)时,青贮玉米的光合指标较大;抽雄吐丝期,光合有效辐射为800~1 900μmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1)、施氮量为236.76 kg·hm~(-2)时,水分利用效率较大;施氮量为236.76~306.36 kg·hm~(-2)时,青贮玉米的光合势和净同化率均达到最大,施氮量进一步增加,光合势和净同化率降低显著。因此,石河子地区青贮玉米适宜的光合有效辐射为1 500~2 000μmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1),施氮量为236.76 kg·hm~(-2),青贮玉米产量及水分利用效率达到最大。     

长武塬区光合有效辐射的基本特征及气候学计算

利用长武农业生态试验站2010年气象观测资料,分析了长武塬区光合有效辐射及其占太阳总辐射比例系数的日变化、季节变化特征和影响因素。结果表明:就日变化过程而言,光合有效辐射和总辐射趋势一致,晴天呈单峰型,起伏平滑;阴天的形状则不稳定,最大值出现在12∶30~15∶00之间。光合有效辐射具有明显的季节变化特征,春夏较大,秋季次之,冬季最小,从春到冬其平均日总量分别为6.32、7.23、5.63MJ/m2和3.58MJ/m2。光合有效辐射系数阴天大,晴天小;就月平均值而论,6月份最大,为0.423,1月份最小,为0.327。根据观测数据,论文给出了适合该地区的光合有效辐射计算的经验模型。     

基于Sentinel-2的绿洲-荒漠过渡带植被地上生物量估算

开展绿洲-荒漠过渡带植被地上生物量监测是植被生长状况评价与荒漠化监测的重要手段。文中利用Sentinel-2影像数据构建了地上生物量估算模型,比较了统计模型和两种机器学习算法模型的性能,并对渭干河-库车河绿洲的绿洲-荒漠过渡带的植被地上生物量进行了估算。结果显示,在统计模型中,红边三角植被指数(RTVI)与地上生物量的非线性模型拟合效果最好,且相关最显著。在机器学习算法中,随机森林模型优于支持向量机回归模型。通过验证发现,RTVI非线性估测模型和随机森林模型具有较好的外推能力。在绿洲-荒漠过渡带植被地上生物量的反演中,随机森林模型表现出较高的精度,验证集R²为0.65,RMSE和MAE分别为255.08g·m^-2和192.93g·m^-2。相较其他模型,随机森林模型可以在小样本情况下更精确,对科学监测绿洲-荒漠过渡带植被地上生物量和维护绿洲的稳定发展提供依据。     

干旱区典型城市云对太阳辐射的影响

太阳辐射变化对气候和环境至关重要,而云可以对太阳辐射造成显著影响。为研究干旱区典型城市云对太阳辐射的影响,以乌鲁木齐为例,采用NASA地球观测系统(EOS)"云与地球辐射能量系统(CERES)"的SSF数据集的云和辐射资料,分析了该地区2006年1月至2015年12月云物理属性、云辐射强迫的年变化特征。结果表明:云对大气层顶和地面的短波辐射强迫均为负值,分别为-253.7 W·m~(-2)和-249.0 W·m~(-2),产生冷却效应,且大气层顶冷却效果更显著,时间变化波动较小;10 a均呈现降低趋势;年内变化接近对称单峰分布,峰值出现于7月,分别为-391.3 W·m~(-2)和-355.0 W·m~(-2)。季节分布为夏季大,冬季小,春秋季居中,且春季略大于秋季。该地区各云物理属性参量的年变化特点与云短波辐射强迫具有不同程度的相似性。     

荒漠土壤成分对陆面过程的影响

采集塔克拉玛干沙漠北缘肖塘观测站附近的土壤,应用Mastersizer-2000激光粒度仪测定土壤粒径,按照伍登-温德华粒级标准进行土壤成分分类,发现土壤类型并非均质沙土,在0~30 cm深度的浅层存在10%~24%的黏土,根据土壤成分比例对Noah陆面模式的土壤参数重计算,然后利用肖塘站2011年3月22日至7月25日的观测数据驱动Noah模式,对比修正土壤参数前后的模拟效果。结果表明:更新土壤参数后10 cm土壤温度模拟偏差减少0. 62℃,土壤热通量偏差减小10. 47 W·m^-2,感热通量偏差减少7. 02 W·m^-2,地表净辐射偏差减少5. 48W·m^-2,且效率系数达到更高的接受程度。通过泰勒图分析了土壤参数修正对Noah模拟效果的整体作用,表明修正土壤参数后的模式中热量传输扩散有一定的优化作用,10 cm土壤温度和热通量土壤温度模拟效果得到改进。     

Effects of cloud,atmospheric water vapor,and dust on photosynthetically active radiation and total solar radiation in a Mongolian grassland

Photosynthetically active radiation(PAR) is an important input parameter for estimating plant productivity due to its key role in the growth and development of plants.However,a worldwide routine network for systematic PAR measurements is not yet established,and PAR is often calculated as a constant fraction of total solar radiation(SR).Although the ratio of PAR to SR(PAR/SR) has been reported from many places,few studies have been performed for dry regions.The present study was therefore carried out in an arid region of Mongolia to obtain PAR/SR and examine its dependency on sky clearness(the clearness index),water vapor in the atmosphere and aeolian dust.Continuous measurements of PAR and SR were taken every one second using quantum and pyranometer sensors,respectively,and the readings were averaged and recorded at intervals of 30 minutes for a period of 12 months.The lowest monthly mean daily PAR/SR occurred in April(0.420),while the highest ratio was observed in July(0.459).Mean daily PAR/SR during plant growing season(May August) was estimated to be 0.442,which could be useful for modeling plant productivity in the study area.The annual mean daily PAR/SR(0.435) was lower than the values reported in many previous studies.This difference could be explained with the regional variation in climate:i.e.drier climatic condition in the study area.PAR/SR was negatively correlated with the clearness index(r=-0.36,P<0.001),but positively with atmospheric water vapor pressure(r=0.47,P<0.001).The average PAR/SR was significantly lower(P=0.02) on the dusty days compared to the non-dust days.Water vapor in the atmosphere was shown to be the strongest factor in the variation of PAR/SR.This is the first study examining PAR/SR under a semi-arid condition in Mongolia.     

Effects of variability in landscape types on the microclimate across a desert–oasis region on the southern margins of the Tarim Basin,China

Microclimates play important roles in controlling water budgets and water vapor transportation, as well as vegetation growth characteristics. In order to understand the differences in meteorological parameters under different vegetation cover (VC) and terrain conditions, wind velocity, air temperature, relative humidity (RH), photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), and solar radiation were simultaneously monitored on shifting, semi-fixed and fixed sandy lands, and an oasis. The air temperature and RH differences among the four landscape types were obvious in the period from May to October. It was found that the higher elevations of semi-fixed sandy land can influence PAR and solar radiation during sand-blowing weather. The differences of air temperature and RH among the four sites during the dust-storm and rainy days were not obvious, but their differences during sand-blowing weather were greater than during rainy weather and less than during floating-dust and sunny weather. The differences of PAR and solar radiation among the four landscape types were most obvious during the dust-storm event. During most of the weather types studied, significant positive correlations were found between wind velocity and temperature, PAR, and solar radiation, as well as between temperature and PAR, and solar radiation. Meanwhile, significant negative correlations were found between RH and wind velocity, temperature, PAR, and solar radiation. VC and topography were found to be the main factors influencing the changes in meteorological parameters between desert–oasis ecotone and oasis.     

新疆冬小麦不同产量群体冠层光截获与干物质分布特性分析

研究不同产量水平冬小麦群体冠层不同层次光合有效辐射(Photosynthetically Active Radiation,PAR)截获、干物质分布及产量的影响,为缩小新疆冬小麦产量差距、提高光能资源利用和高产栽培提供理论依据.试验于2018—2019年在军户和奇台两个不同试验区进行,以当地主栽品种为试验材料,采用综合...     

WRF模式在天山地区模拟能力的敏感性评估

为探寻天山地区气候模拟WRF(weather research and forecasting)模式中最优参数化方案组合,针对云微物理方案(MIC)、积云对流方案(CS)、行星边界层/近地面层方案(PBL/SLS)、陆面过程方案(LSM)以及长短波辐射方案(LSW)设计了6组季节尺度物理参数化方案敏感性试验,模拟时间设为2014-11-28-2015-12-01。利用地面气象站观测数据和GPM(global precipitation measurement)卫星降水数据(R≥0.6),对模式模拟的日最高、最低气温及降水进行验证。结果表明:WRF模式对气温的模拟效果较好,且对日最高气温(0.8相似文献   

新疆策勒绿洲-沙漠过渡带风、温、湿相关性分析

为研究绿洲与沙漠间水、气、热量运移规律,运用统计法、相关分析法等,选取策勒绿洲-沙漠过渡带4个不同下垫面风速(V)、气温(T)、大气相对湿度(RH)、光合有效辐射(PAR)、太阳辐射(SR)等气象要素进行相关性分析。结果表明:一天当中,起沙风发生在14:00—16:00的频率最大,且从早到晚呈现先上升再下降的趋势,与气温的日变化趋势基本一致。一年中,流沙地月平均风速与月平均气温的变化同步。从流沙地到绿洲内部,月平均风速的变化趋势明显减弱,气温的减弱趋势较小,大气相对湿度有一定增加的趋势。流沙地的月平均风速、温度呈较好的正相关性,一天中0.5 m与2 m高度之间气温、湿度差的负相关性较好。在6种天气类型中,4个下垫面每2个气象要素之间都在0.01水平上呈显著相关,阴雨天不同高度的风速与部分气象要素之间相关性不显著,流沙地在扬沙天气下、半固定沙地在浮沉天气下、固定沙地在阴雨天天气下,0.5 m高度的风速和PAR、SR均不呈显著相关性。     

Manipulating crop row orientation and crop density to suppress Lolium rigidum

Light is an important resource that crops and weeds compete for and so increased light interception by the crop can be used as a method of weed suppression in cereal crops. This research investigated the impact of altered availability of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) (from crop row orientation or seeding rate) on the growth and fecundity of Lolium rigidum. Wheat and barley crops were sown in an east–west (EW) or north–south (NS) direction, at a high or low seeding rate, in three field trials in 2010 and 2011 (at Merredin, Wongan Hills and Katanning, Western Australia). The average PAR available to L. rigidum in the inter‐row space of EW crops compared with NS crops was 78% to 91% at crop tillering, 39% to 56% at stem elongation, 28% to 53% at boot/anthesis and 41% to 59% at grain fill. Reduced PAR in the EW crop rows resulted in reduced L. rigidum fecundity in five of the six trials (average of 2968 and 5705 L. rigidum seeds m^?2 in the EW and NS crops). Availability of PAR was not influenced by seeding rate, but the high seeding rate reduced fecundity in three of the six trials (average of 3354 and 5092 seeds m^?2 in the crops with high and low seeding rate). Increased competitive ability of crops (through increased interception of PAR or increased crop density) was highly effective in reducing L. rigidum fecundity and is an environmentally friendly and low cost method of weed suppression.     

干旱胁迫对塔里木盆地红枣光合特性及水分利用效率的影响

以塔里木盆地滴灌枣园3龄枣树为材料,在红枣的盛果期,利用LI-6400型光合仪对不同水分处理下红枣的光合指标测定与分析。结果表明:不同水分处理下红枣净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)的日变化均表现为"单峰"曲线,Pn之间存在极显著差异,而Tr之间差异不显著;不同水分处理下光合有效辐射(PAR)、相对湿度(RH)、大气温度(Ta)、田间CO2浓度(Ca)存在极显著差异;水分利用效率(WUE)存在显著差异。从水分胁迫对红枣叶片光合特性、水分利用效率的影响综合分析,红枣对低水环境有较强的忍耐力,适应在干旱环境中生存,适宜生长的滴灌水量为320m3/667m2左右。     

Effect of solar radiation on severity of soybean rust

Soybean rust (SBR), caused by Phakopsora pachyrhizi, is a damaging fungal disease of soybean (Glycine max). Although solar radiation can reduce SBR urediniospore survival, limited information is available on how solar radiation affects SBR progress within soybean canopies. Such information can aid in developing accurate SBR prediction models. To manipulate light penetration into soybean canopies, structures of shade cloth attenuating 30, 40, and 60% sunlight were constructed over soybean plots. In each plot, weekly evaluations of severity in lower, middle, and upper canopies, and daily temperature and relative humidity were recorded. Final plant height and leaf area index were also recorded for each plot. The correlation between amount of epicuticular wax and susceptibility of leaves in the lower, middle, and upper canopies was assessed with a detached leaf assay. Final disease severity was 46 to 150% greater in the lower canopy of all plots and in the middle canopy of 40 and 60% shaded plots. While daytime temperature within the canopy of nonshaded soybean was greater than shaded soybean by 2 to 3°C, temperatures recorded throughout typical evenings and mornings of the growing season in all treatments were within the range (10 to 28.5°C) for SBR development as was relative humidity. This indicates temperature and relative humidity were not limiting factors in this experiment. Epicuticular wax and disease severity in detached leaf assays from the upper canopy had significant negative correlation (P = 0.009, R = -0.84) regardless of shade treatment. In laboratory experiments, increasing simulated total solar radiation (UVA, UVB, and PAR) from 0.15 to 11.66 MJ m(-2) increased mortality of urediniospores from 2 to 91%. Variability in disease development across canopy heights in early planted soybean may be attributed to the effects of solar radiation not only on urediniospore viability, but also on plant height, leaf area index, and epicuticular wax, which influence disease development of SBR. These results provide an understanding of the effect solar radiation has on the progression of SBR within the soybean canopy.     

新疆地面太阳辐射及其CERES/SSF卫星资料适用性研究

采用2017年辐射数据,研究新疆11个地面观测站点的太阳总辐射时空分布特征,发现总辐射辐照度日变化呈单峰分布,日照时数夏季最高,约17 h,春秋季次之,分别为14 h、15 h,冬季最小,仅为12 h;季节平均最大值出现在和田站的春季,为589.61 W·m~(-2),最小约为102.29 W·m~(-2),出现在乌鲁木齐站的冬季。卫星反演辐射空间分布特征显示:春季南疆辐照度明显高于北疆,夏季平均辐照度分布与全年最为相似,冬季次之,秋季南北疆差异不大,季节差异在阿克苏最小。从卫星和地面辐射数据的拟合分析可见,方差分析中南疆F值均较高,最高达6 215.53,即晴空条件下,CERES/SSF(Clouds and the Earth’s Radiant Energy System/Single Satellite Footprine)卫星资料在南疆的反演效果优于北疆及吐—哈盆地。