基于数字图像的风蚀地表颗粒粒度特征及空间异质性

基于数字图像处理技术获取了吉兰泰盐湖北部风蚀粗粒化地表不同粒级风蚀颗粒的百分含量,并采用经典统计学和地统计学分析方法对各粒级颗粒的空间异质性进行了分析.结果表明:1)高度可蚀(＜0.42mm)、半可蚀(0.42～0.84mm)和不可蚀(＞0.84mm)颗粒百分含量的均值分别为17.20％、20.73％和47.38％,说明研究区地表物质组成以不可蚀颗粒为主.2)高度可蚀、半可蚀和不可蚀颗粒含量的变异系数分别为53.31％、32.75％和41.58％,3者的半方差函数最优拟合理论模型均为指数模型,变异系数和半方差函数模型说明地表物质组成中,颗粒越小,其空间分布的变异性越大.3)3类风蚀颗粒的空间分布格局均呈斑块状,说明颗粒空间分布格局是由结构因素和随机因素共同作用的结果.其中,成土母质、风蚀及植被分布状况是造成不同粒级颗粒分布出现差异的主要驱动力,此外,人为过程在一定程度上也影响了颗粒的再分布.     

新月形沙丘对湖积平原风蚀荒漠化的影响

新月形沙丘是风蚀荒漠化过程中伴随的重要风积地貌类型,在以往的研究中主要侧重于沙丘体表面动力学过程,而关于沙丘在风蚀荒漠化过程中的作用鲜有报道。本文在台特玛湖的干涸湖盆区(曾经的塔里木河尾闾湖),采用测钎法,实地测定了新月形沙丘周围地表的蚀积变化,同时采用室内风洞模拟了典型新月形沙丘地表的气流分布模式,系统分析了新月形沙丘对地表蚀积影响的作用机理。结果表明:在新月形沙丘影响下,沙丘周围地表风蚀强度不均一,在沙丘迎风坡前区和沙丘左右翼,风蚀深度略大于不受沙丘影响区(CK),但单位面积平均净蚀积量接近平衡状态;在沙丘背风坡前区以风积为主,而在背风侧尾流区,地表以风蚀为主,且随着沙丘体积增加,单位面积平均净风蚀量也略有增大。在内陆干旱区干涸湖盆风蚀荒漠化过程中,新月形沙丘通过改变地表流场结构,使风沙流饱和度发生空间分异,从而影响了下伏地表蚀积的空间分布,尤其加剧了背风侧尾流区的风蚀,使新的风蚀面裸露,破坏沉积层结构,促进了河湖相沉积平原风蚀荒漠化的发展。     

小麦留茬对陕北农田风蚀影响的室内风洞模拟

作为风蚀区主要保护性耕作措施之一,秸秆留茬覆盖可以通过增加地表粗糙度(Z0)减少近地表风速和侵蚀动力,并缩短风蚀颗粒的搬运距离和搬运高度,从而减少地表风蚀量.本研究采用室内模拟风洞实验,测定并分析了陕北2种主要土壤类型(风沙土和黄绵土)在4个风速、3种小麦留茬高度和2种留茬行距处理下土壤风蚀强度和在0～60 cm风洞断...     

基于风蚀模型的准东地区土壤风蚀研究

文中选取准噶尔盆地东部(准东)为研究区,以土地利用类型、气象数据为基础,结合实地监测与调查,基于中科院寒区旱区环境与工程研究所的大田推广模型,定量计算各类地表在不同植被和风力条件下的土壤风蚀模数,分析准东地区土壤风蚀状况。结果表明:准东地区土壤风蚀模数呈现未利用地(风蚀模数6456.17t·km~(-2)·a~(-1))>林草地(风蚀模数3437.32t·km~(-2)·a~(-1))>耕地(风蚀模数758.71t·km~(-2)·a~(-1));土壤风蚀主要发生月份为4月和5月,占全年风蚀量的52%。模型模拟的准东地区年风蚀总量达10194.28万t,平均风蚀模数4571.43t·km~(-2)·a~(-1)。为验证模型模拟的准确性,用测钎法实测准东地区土壤风蚀模数,模型模拟值与实测之间的误差分析表明模型的精确性达84%以上,证明该模型可用于该区域土壤风蚀监测。     

三种不同床面近地层湍流输送特征

为了深入理解土壤风蚀发生机制,利用风洞实验风速廓线资料,采用空气动力学方法,计算了干旱、半干旱地区不同类型地表近地层湍流输送随风速以及地表性质的变化特征.结果表明:地表越粗糙,风速越大,湍流输送越强,且湍流输送强度与地面粗糙元密度有关.     

沙区光伏设施干扰下近地表输沙通量分析

为了揭示沙区建设光伏电站后沙尘运移特征和形态发育及演变过程,本文定量分析了主要风向(光伏板面向正南,风向为W,即光伏设施排布方向与风向夹角为0°)条件下,库布齐沙漠200 MWp光伏电站腹地区域光伏板不同位置输沙特征、地表风蚀状况和流场分布规律。结果显示:①光伏板不同部位输沙率随风速的增大而增加,不同风速下平均输沙率板间(1. 17 g·cm~(-2)·min~(-1))板后(0. 86 g·cm~(-2)·min~(-1))板前(0. 65 g·cm~(-2)·min~(-1))。0～30 cm垂直断面上,不同部位90%以上输沙率集中分布在0～8 cm高度范围内,95%以上输沙率集中分布在0～11 cm高度范围内,挟沙气流中输沙率随高度的分布均符合指数规律递减(R~2≥0. 98)。②沙粒平均跃移高度表现为板前板后板间,且与风速正相关。风沙流通量系数分析表明,板间和板后风沙流集中在近地层,而板前风沙流有向高层移动的趋势。③光伏板不同位置摩阻风速表现为板前(0. 562 0～0. 596 0 m·s~(-1))板后(0. 331 2～0. 436 0 m·s~(-1))板间(0. 325 2～0. 363 2 m·s~(-1))。而且板前干沙层厚度显著高于其他位置,土壤可蚀性增加,综合作用下导致板前发生强烈掏蚀现象,观测期风蚀深度可达12. 44 cm。研究可为沙漠地区光伏电站内风沙危害的科学防治提供理论支撑。     

基于野外观测的风沙流跃移和蠕移运动规律研究

利用H11-sensit风蚀传感器、风速仪、微梯度集沙仪,于2014.7~2014.8在塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地塔中地区进行了风沙流跃移和蠕移运动连续观测试验,分析了该区域典型天气和不同风速下跃移、蠕移运动的规律。结果表明:(1)85mm高度范围内,随风速的增加,跃移量/蠕移量之比呈负幂数函数下降,最终趋于稳定,当风速在8.5m·s~(-1)左右时,跃移量/蠕移量之比约为8~10;(2)风速达到6.9m·s~(-1)时,总跃移量最大值为1952.01g;风速达到7.6m·s~(-1)时,总蠕移量最大值为211.79g。(3)总跃移量和总蠕移量的比值随风速的增加呈指数递减,典型天气过程中不同风速下的总跃移量和总蠕移量比值约为8~24。     

干涸盐湖地下水和土壤化学属性对自然植被分布的控制作用

我国西北地区湖泊萎缩、干涸,大面积裸露湖床成为化学粉尘的释放源。湖床植被能有效抑制粉尘排放,提高干涸湖床植被覆盖度成为生态治理的重要举措之一。本研究以内蒙古北部边缘典型现代干涸盐湖--巴拉嘎斯湖为研究区,通过野外调查,样带选择,实地采样分析和实验室统计分析,研究了干涸湖床地下水及土壤化学属性对湖区自然植被分布的控制作用。结果表明:在地下水和土壤化学属性影响下,湖区植被从干涸湖床至湖滨依次呈现芦苇群落、盐爪爪群落、芨芨草群落、红砂群落和小针茅群落的环状分布。湖区自然植被分布主要受地下水水位、地下水总溶解性固体(TDS)与土壤有效磷含量的控制。地下水埋深由湖床至湖滨逐渐增加,地下水TDS逐渐减小,当地下水埋深为4 m左右且TDS较低(<10 g·L^-1)时,植被群落呈现最大生物量及最大覆盖度。土壤有效磷对植被分布影响最大,其次是土壤中SO4^2-。当土壤含盐量能满足原生自然植被正常生存的条件时,地下水与土壤有效磷含量应是人工恢复植被优先考虑的因素。     

黄土地与沙地生物结皮的发育特征及其生态功能异同

基于课题组已有研究成果,选取陕北水蚀风蚀交错区内气候条件相同但土壤质地迥异的试验区,探讨黄土地和沙地生物结皮发育特征及其生态效应的异同。结果表明:(1)苔藓结皮是2种土地生物结皮的重要类型,其中,黄土地的优势藓种为尖叶对齿藓[Didymodon constrictus(Mitt.)Saito.]、真藓(Bryum argenteum Hedw.)、狭网真藓(B.algovicum Sendt.);沙地的优势藓种为黄色真藓(B.pallescens Scheich.)、弯叶真藓(B.recurvulum Mitt.)、银叶真藓(B.argenteum Hedw.)。沙地乔灌植物下生物结皮盖度(77.5%)、厚度(11.8 mm)及容重(1.9 g·cm~(-3))均高于黄土地生物结皮,而黄土地多年生草本植物下生物结皮抗剪强度(26.5 k Pa)高于沙地生物结皮,总体上,沙地生物结皮发育的更好。(2)黄土地的入渗增幅和0~200 cm剖面的平均土壤含水率增幅均显著高于沙地(P0.05),且在旱季和雨季其0~200 cm剖面的平均土壤含水率增幅分别比沙地高1.4%和1.9%。(3)两地生物结皮均表现出了较好的减蚀作用,其减蚀效率分别为81.0%和90.6%。     

风沙流冲击角度对其侵蚀床面能力的影响

以黄土作为风蚀床面材料,通过风洞实验来揭示冲击角度对风沙流侵蚀能力的影响.在净风条件下,无论风速多大,不会产生风蚀;蠕移砂粒对床面的摩擦侵蚀量也很少,在0.27～1.33 g/(min*m2);跃移砂粒对床面的冲击侵蚀率较大,侵蚀量随风速呈指数增加.冲击角度对风蚀率的影响很大,在风速为10 m/s时,倾角30°样品的风蚀率是0°时的2.66倍,在风速为15 m/s时,倾角30°样品的风蚀率是0°时的6.6倍,风速越大,相差倍数越大.在风速大于12 m/s时,风蚀率随样品放置角度(床面的坡度)的增大而增大,尤其是0°～20°时,风蚀率随角度增加的速率很快.在低风速条件下(＜12 m/s),存在一个最大侵蚀角度,这个角度在30°左右.     

1971-2010年东北三省平均地面风速变化

利用1971-2010年逐月观测资料,分析东北三省年、季节和月平均地面风速变化的时空特征。结果表明：① 东北三省年平均地面风速变化呈显著递减趋势,变化速率为-0.23 m·s^-1·(10 a）^-1,1971-2000年（前30 a）、1981-2010年（近30 a）和1991-2010年（近20 a）平均地面风速变化均呈显著递减趋势,线性变化速率分别达-0.25 m·s^-1·（10 a）^-1、-0.20 m·s^-1_·（10 a）^-1和-0.17 m·s^-1_`（10 a）^-1,均通过了0.001显著性检验;② 近40 a东北三省各季和逐月平均地面风速变化趋势呈显著递减趋势,均通过了0.001显著性检验;春季递减速率最大,冬、秋季次之,夏季最小;③ 近40 a东北三省地面年平均风速的趋势变化除个别站点外,其他均呈现出比较一致的显著递减趋势,但最近20 a呈显著递减趋势的站点数在减少,递增趋势的站点数增多。     

塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地沙尘天气特征

利用塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地塔中气象站2007—2011年的地面(10 m)风速、风向和沙尘天气等气象要素,分析沙漠腹地的沙尘天气特征。结果表明:1塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地沙尘频率和强风频率年、月分布具有较好的一致性,沙尘天气具有明显的季节性,春、夏季占全部沙尘频次的88.3%,冬季仅占总数的2.3%。2春、夏季沙尘天气的高发时段为12:00—00:00;20:00发生频次最多,分别占春、夏季沙尘频次的12.7%和10.8%,秋季和冬季沙尘天气高发时段为14:00—21:00。3出现沙尘天气时,风向主要集中在E、ENE、N和NNE 4个方向。4沙漠腹地临界起沙风速ut5%为4~5 m·s-1,一般地表的临界起沙风速ut50%为5~6 m·s-1;5从NfDO分布来看,春、夏两季要明显高于秋冬季节,其中4月最大,为0.284。因此,沙漠腹地春、夏季易发生沙尘天气。     

An experimental study on the influences of wind erosion on water erosion

In semi-arid regions, complex erosion resulted from a combination of wind and water actions has led to a massive soil loss and a comprehensive understanding of its mechanism is the first step toward prevention of the erosion. However, the mutual influences between wind erosion and water erosion have not been fully understood. This research used a wind tunnel and two rainfall simulators and simulated two rounds of alternations between wind erosion and water erosion(i.e., 1~(st) wind erosion–1~(st) water erosion and 2~(nd) wind erosion–2~(nd) water erosion) on three slopes(5°, 10°, and 15°) with six wind speeds(0, 9, 11, 13, 15, and 20 m/s) and five rainfall intensities(0, 30, 45, 60, and 75 mm/h). The objective was to analyze the influences of wind erosion on succeeding water erosion. Results showed that the effects of wind erosion on water erosion were not the same in the two rounds of tests. In the 1~(st) round of tests, wind erosion first restrained and then intensified water erosion mostly because the blocking effect of wind-sculpted micro-topography on surface flow was weakened with the increase in slope. In the 2~(nd) round of tests, wind erosion intensified water erosion on beds with no rills at gentle slopes and low rainfall intensities or with large-size rills at steep slopes and high rainfall intensities. Wind erosion restrained water erosion on beds with small rills at moderate slopes and moderate rainfall intensities. The effects were mainly related to the fine grain layer, rills and slope of the original bed in the 2~(nd) round of tests. The findings can deepen our understanding of complex erosion resulted from a combination of wind and water actions and provide scientific references to regional soil and water conservation.     

紫花苜蓿中心支轴式喷灌灌水均匀性试验研究

为提高紫花苜蓿中心支轴式喷灌灌水均匀性及定量分析其主要影响因子,在鄂尔多斯市鄂托克前旗昂素镇示范区进行了紫花苜蓿中心支轴式喷灌灌水均匀性试验,采用基于标准差的Wilcox-Swailes均匀系数法计算了不同风速条件下的喷灌灌水均匀系数,并定量化研究了喷灌对漂移损失、冠层截留损失、漂移和冠层截留总损失以及土壤含水率的影响。结果表明:风速对喷灌灌水均匀系数影响显著,平均风速为2.57 m·s~(-1)和1.53 m·s~(-1)时均匀系数分别达到0.88和0.92,说明喷灌均匀性良好,平均风速为3.34 m·s~(-1)时均匀系数为0.72,喷灌均匀性较差;研究区喷灌灌水定额40 mm时最大土壤入渗深度为80 cm,灌水后0~40 cm土层土壤含水率的提高非常显著,新增灌水量在该土层的分配占85.0%~95.0%;风速对喷灌漂移损失影响显著,随着风速的增大漂移损失率明显提高;风速对冠层截留损失影响不如对漂移损失的影响显著,较大风速时冠层截留损失率反而较低;即使在风速较低时(1.53 m·s~(-1))紫花苜蓿分枝期喷灌漂移和冠层截留总损失率也在11.0%~15.0%,损失较大。     

乌鲁木齐市近43年风速气候特征分析

利用乌鲁木齐市1961-2003年逐日平均风速资料,分析了乌鲁木齐市近43年风速的基本气候特征、变化趋势和年际、年代际变化等。其主要结果是:乌鲁木齐市年平均风速为2.47m.s-1。一年四季中夏季的平均风速最大为3.08m.s-1,冬季最小为1.52m.s-1,春季和秋季则分别为2.94m.s-1和2.31m.s-1。近43年乌鲁木齐市春季、夏季、秋季、以及年风速呈下降趋势,而冬季呈上升趋势。Morlet小波分析表明乌鲁木齐市风速变化具有准6、8年的年际尺度和准13、21年的年代际尺度周期变化,其中准13年周期振荡最为强烈。乌鲁木齐市风速变化是不同尺度周期振荡综合作用的结果。     

Interactive effects of wind speed,vegetation coverage and soil moisture in controlling wind erosion in a temperate desert steppe,Inner Mongolia of China

The rapid desertification of grasslands in Inner Mongolia of China poses a significant ecological threaten to northern China. The combined effects of anthropogenic disturbances(e.g., overgrazing) and biophysical processes(e.g., soil erosion) have led to vegetation degradation and the consequent acceleration of regional desertification. Thus, mitigating the accelerated wind erosion, a cause and effect of grassland desertification, is critical for the sustainable management of grasslands. Here, a combination of mobile wind tunnel experiments and wind erosion model was used to explore the effects of different levels of vegetation coverage, soil moisture and wind speed on wind erosion at different positions of a slope inside an enclosed desert steppe in the Xilamuren grassland of Inner Mongolia. The results indicated a significant spatial difference in wind erosion intensities depending on the vegetation coverage, with a strong decreasing trend from the top to the base of the slope. Increasing vegetation coverage resulted in a rapid decrease in wind erosion as explained by a power function correlation. Vegetation coverage was found to be a dominant control on wind erosion by increasing the surface roughness and by lowering the threshold wind velocity for erosion. The critical vegetation coverage required for effectively controlling wind erosion was found to be higher than 60%. Further, the wind erosion rates were negatively correlated with surface soil moisture and the mass flux in aeolian sand transport increased with increasing wind speed. We developed a mathematical model of wind erosion based on the results of an orthogonal array design. The results from the model simulation indicated that the standardized regression coefficients of the main effects of the three factors(vegetation coverage, soil moisture and wind speed) on the mass flux in aeolian sand transport were in the following order: wind speedvegetation coveragesoil moisture. These three factors had different levels of interactive effects on the mass flux in aeolian sand transport. Our results will improve the understanding of the interactive effects of wind speed, vegetation coverage and soil moisture in controlling wind erosion in desert steppes, and will be helpful for the design of desertification control programs in future.     

耕作地表土块状况及其对近地表风场的影响

为深入理解非可蚀性土块吸收风能、降低侵蚀力的机制,利用野外风速资料,对半干旱区农田传统耕作模式下犁耕、耙耱及抹平等的地表土块大小、土壤表面粗糙度、近地表风速及空气动力学特征进行了研究。结果表明,犁耕后农田土块长、宽、高均在15 cm以上,盖度为27.67%,耙耱、抹平后土块大小和盖度显著降低,抹平地表土块盖度仅为2.13%;土块的破碎导致土壤表面粗糙度降低,近地表风速增大;与犁耕地表比较,耙耱后土壤表面粗糙度降低34%~64%,抹平后降低幅度甚至在90%以上;耙耱抹平后地表以上0.5 m高度内风速显著增大,空气动力学粗糙度由1.1 cm降低至0.05 cm,侵蚀力增强。因此认为,合理选择犁耕、耙耱和抹平的时间对农田风蚀防治有实际意义。     

A field investigation of wind erosion in the farming–pastoral ecotone of northern China using a portable wind tunnel: a case study in Yanchi County

The farming–pastoral ecotone in northern China is an extremely fragile ecological zone where wind erosion of cropland and rangeland is easy to occur. In this study, using a portable wind tunnel as a wind simulator, we conducted field simulated wind erosion experiments combined with laboratory analysis to investigate wind erosion of soils in trampled rangeland, non-tilled cropland and tilled cropland in Yanchi County, China. The results showed that compared with rangeland, the cropland had a higher soil water holding capacity and lower soil bulk density. The wind erosion rate of trampled rangeland was much higher than those of non-tilled cropland and tilled cropland. For cropland, the wind erosion rate of the soil after tilling was surprisingly less than that of the soil before tilling. With increasing of wind speed, the volume mean diameter of the eroded sediment collected by the trough in the wind tunnel generally increased while the clay and silt content decreased for all soils. The temporal variation in wind erosion of the trampled rangeland indicated that particle entrainment and dust emission decreased exponentially with erosion time through the successive wind erosion events due to the exhaustion of erodible particles.     

Research on wind erosion processes and controlling factors based on wind tunnel test and 3D laser scanning technology

The study of wind erosion processes is of great importance to the prevention and control of soil wind erosion. In this study, three structurally intact soil samples were collected from the steppe of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China and placed in a wind tunnel where they were subjected to six different wind speeds (10, 15, 17, 20, 25, and 30 m/s) to simulate wind erosion in the wind tunnel. After each test, the soil surfaces were scanned by a 3D laser scanner to create a high-resolution Digital Elevation Model (DEM), and the changes in wind erosion mass and microtopography were quantified. Based on this, we performed further analysis of wind erosion-controlling factors. The study results showed that the average measurement error between the 3D laser scanning method and weighing method was 6.23% for the three undisturbed soil samples. With increasing wind speed, the microtopography on the undisturbed soil surface first became smooth, and then fine stripes and pits gradually developed. In the initial stage of wind erosion processes, the ability of the soil to resist wind erosion was mainly affected by the soil hardness. In the late stage of wind erosion processes, the degree of soil erosion was mainly affected by soil organic matter and CaCO₃ content. The results of this study are expected to provide a theoretical basis for soil wind erosion control and promote the application of 3D laser scanners in wind erosion monitoring.     

乌兰布和沙漠东北缘防护林内外沙尘暴低空结构特征

基于内蒙古磴口荒漠生态系统国家定位观测研究站近地层(050m)风沙监测塔所收集的8次沙尘暴的沙尘水平通量、垂直通量和风速风向数据,对乌兰布和沙漠东北缘中小尺度条件下的防护林内外沙尘暴过程中风况变化、沙尘分布特征以及防护林对沙尘暴的影响进行研究。结果表明:①沙尘暴发生过程中,防护林内外风速均随高度增加呈现递增趋势,风速廓线特征遵循幂函数,防护林内外均以W、WNW、NE方向为主,但每个方向所占比例不同。②防护林外沙尘水平通量及沙尘浓度随高度增高显著减小,其垂直分布特征均符合指数函数关系;防护林内沙尘水平通量及沙尘浓度则随着高度增高缓慢上升,其垂直分布特征均符合幂函数关系。沙尘垂直通量则均随着高度的增高明显减小,其垂直分布特征均符合幂函数关系。③沙尘暴经过防护林体系时,风速显著削弱,平均消减31.03%;沙尘水平通量降低298.16g·m^-2,垂直通量降低0.37g·m^-2,沙尘浓度降低22.48g·m^-2。