裸露与沙埋对极端干旱区凋落物分解和养分释放的影响

为了评估沙漠公路防护林林带裸露与沙埋处理下的凋落物分解和养分动态特征,以梭梭（Haloxylon ammodendron）和乔木状沙拐枣（Calligonum arborescens）同化枝、多枝柽柳（Tamarix ramosissima）叶凋落物为研究对象,用凋落物分解袋法进行分解试验。结果表明：（1）3种凋落物的质量损失在2种处理下均存在显著差异,沙埋处理下凋落物质量损失大于裸露处理,至分解试验结束,裸露处理下梭梭、乔木状沙拐枣和多枝柽柳的失重率分别为7%、6.8%、18.1%;沙埋处理下梭梭、乔木状沙拐枣和多枝柽柳的失重率分别为23.7%、9.7%、21.9%;(2)分解过程中,2种处理下凋落物C、N、P含量变化不太一致,梭梭与乔木状沙拐枣同化枝的N与P含量均呈净富集状态,而C含量则呈现净释放状态;多枝柽柳叶的N和P含量分别呈净富集、净释放状态,C含量为富集-释放状态;（3）分解速率k值与相关因素分析表明,凋落物初始N、P、C:N与C:P含量对分解速率影响显著（P<0.01）。这些结果说明,在极端干旱区,沙埋对凋落物的分解过程有显著的积极影响。     

干热河谷罗望子人工林凋落物分解及养分释放

通过长期野外监测和分析,研究了金沙江干热河谷罗望子人工林凋落物分解和养分释放动态,结果表明:经过420d分解期,林地A和林地B的凋落物残留率为42.57%和29.22%,半衰期为0.87a和0.75a,周转期为4.81a和3.61a;养分迁移方式,K元素是淋溶-富集-释放;N、Ca、Mg、Cu元素是富集-释放,Fe元素是富集,P元素在林地A和林地B中迁移方式略有差异;养分释放特征,P、Ca、Mg元素表现为净释放,七种元素释放率大小,林地A和林地B均为:Ca﹥K﹥P﹥Mg﹥N﹥Cu﹥Fe;P、K、Ca、Mg元素易分解和循环,返回林地时间较短,易被林木吸收。罗望子林凋落物的分解总体特征符合亚热带气候的地带性特点,受气温和降雨量影响较小。     

极端干旱区花花柴(Karelinia caspia)和胡杨(Populus euphratica)叶凋落物分解和养分释放特征

为研究凋落物在极端干旱区的分解规律,利用凋落物分解袋法,以塔克拉玛干沙漠南缘策勒绿洲地区优势物种花花柴(Karelinia caspia)和胡杨(Populus euphratica)叶凋落物为研究对象,模拟自然状态,分别在3种生境下:土壤表层0 cm、土壤埋深2 cm、悬挂1 m进行凋落物分解试验,探究不同分解位置下...     

沙地樟子松人工林叶凋落物的分解与养分释放

凋落物的分解和养分释放是森林生态系统养分循环的关键过程，但樟子松人工固沙林叶凋落物的分解和养分释放机理仍不清楚。文中以辽宁省章古台地区的樟子松叶凋落物为研究对象，选择标准地收集叶凋落物，采用原位分解法研究樟子松叶凋落物的分解和养分释放。结果表明：樟子松叶凋落物的年失重率为27.48%,分解常数为0.209,凋落物分解50%的时间为3.32年，分解95%的时间为14.33年。在一年分解过程中，凋落物碳(C)、纤维素和木质素含量减少，氮(N)、磷(P)含量增加；分解前60d,失重率主要受纤维素、木质素含量调控，随后主要受C含量、C/N和C/P调控。经过360d的分解，养分释放率表现为C>纤维素>木质素，N、P表现为净累积。分解过程中C释放主要受失重率、剩余凋落物P含量、纤维素和木质素含量的调控；N累积主要受剩余凋落物C含量、初期基质N含量和P素累积的调控；P累积主要受初期基质N、P含量的调控。建议在沙地樟子松人工林抚育管理时，适当添加N、P肥，促进沙地樟子松生态系统的养分循环。     

荒漠绿洲额济纳胡杨与柽柳生态位分异过程研究

以内蒙古额济纳绿洲分布的胡杨和柽柳为研究对象,通过建立二种植物生长的生态环境资源谱,对胡杨和柽柳实生苗、幼龄株、壮龄株和老龄株间进行X2、种间相遇率和联结指数等相关性分析,进行生态位宽度和重叠等种间和种内指标分析。分析结果表明:胡杨实生苗分布与胡杨幼龄林相关性显著,与胡杨壮龄林和老龄林相关性不显著,与柽柳实生苗分布相关性极显著,而与柽柳壮龄林和老龄林的分布相关性极不显著;二者生态位宽度和重叠程度研究表明,胡杨的实生苗与柽柳的实生苗生态位重叠程度高,柽柳的实生苗较胡杨的实生苗生态位较宽,由此胡杨和柽柳在资源利用方面具有一定的相似性,特别在二者早期,其重叠程度较高,但二者又在绿洲资源利用方面出现生态位分异,总的资源利用能力柽柳的生态位较胡杨较宽,说明柽柳在绿洲具更为广阔的分布和适应范围,胡杨适应于干旱但沙埋程度低、土壤可溶性盐和pH值较低、地下水埋深变化程度大和地表於泥变化较大的环境中,而柽柳适于生长于土壤湿润且沙埋程度高、土壤可溶性盐和pH值较高、地下水埋深变化程度小和地表於泥覆盖较轻的环境。     

覆土及微生物菌剂对荒漠区人工林凋落叶分解及养分动态的影响

于2007年10月下旬收集克拉玛依市区北郊防护林内新疆杨、胡杨和尖果沙枣凋落叶,分别通过埋土及埋土+速腐增效剂处理与3种凋落叶自然分解进行比较,开展为期一年的分解实验。结果表明:埋土及埋土+速腐增效剂处理均能促进凋落叶的分解,并且随分解时间延长,这种促进作用日益明显。虽然,埋土及埋土+速腐增效剂处理对3种凋落叶分解过程中养分含量的影响因凋落叶基质质量的差异有所不同,但总体来看,埋土处理有效提高了凋落叶分解过程中P元素和Ca元素含量,使K元素含量略低于对照。与埋土处理比较,埋土+速腐增效剂处理显著提高了新疆杨凋落叶的分解率,使3种凋落叶分解过程中N,P,Ca,Mg元素的含量有明显提升,促进了K元素的淋洗。与对照相比,2种处理均加快了有机C的分解;埋土处理仅降低了尖果沙枣凋落叶分解过程中的C/N值,埋土+速腐增效剂处理使3种凋落叶分解过程中的C/N值均大幅下降。     

塔里木沙漠公路防护林凋落物的持水特性

采用野外典型抽样和室内浸水的方法,对4种定植年限不同的塔里木沙漠公路防护林带内凋落物的储量、持水量和吸水速率进行研究。结果表明：① 不同定植年限防护林内凋落物储量依次为：13 a林带 (42.3 t•hm^-2) >6 a林带 (39.6 t•hm^-2) > 10 a林带 (39.1 t•hm^-2) > 7 a林带 (16.2 t•hm^-2)。② 沙漠公路防护林的林下未分解层凋落物持水量的排序为：梭梭 >柽柳>沙拐枣;而半分解层凋落物持水量的排序是：柽柳>梭梭>沙拐枣,且防护林内凋落物最大持水量半分解层均大于未分解层。③ 各林龄不同树种不同分解程度的凋落物持水量与浸水时间之间呈对数关系,最佳拟合关系式为W=b+a lg t,吸水速率与浸水时间之间呈幂函数关系,关系式为：V=ktⁿ,凋落物吸水速率在0～1 h内急剧下降,4 h以后下降平稳,其吸水作用逐渐减小。     

模拟氮沉降对天山云杉凋落叶分解及其养分释放的影响

采用野外模拟试验,通过设计4种氮处理〔CK(对照,不施氮)、LN(低氮,5 kg·hm~(-2)·a~(-1))、MN(中氮,10kg·hm~(-2)·a~(-1))、HN(高氮,15 kg·hm~(-2)·a~(-1))〕,研究了氮沉降对天山云杉凋落叶分解及养分释放的影响。结果表明:1分解24个月后CK凋落叶干重残留率分别是LN、MN和HN的1.04倍、1.16倍和1.23倍,且4种处理间差异显著(P0.05)。CK条件下凋落叶分解50%为4.58 a,分别比LN、MN和HN多0.46 a、0.75 a和1.35 a;相应地分解95%需要的时间分别多2.01 a、3.24 a和5.87 a,说明施氮对天山云杉凋落叶的分解起到了促进作用,且促进作用随着氮沉降量的增加而加大。2从凋落叶月分解速率看,表现为HNMNLNCK,且随着分解时间的延长,4种处理间的差异逐渐缩小。3氮沉降促进了天山云杉凋落叶中木质素和纤维素的分解,同时促进了C元素的释放,增加了N元素的累积,降低了C/N值。     

科尔沁沙地不同环境条件下植物叶凋落物CO2释放研究

采用可以有效控制环境因子的室内土壤培养试验,对不同生境土壤、土壤水分及温度作用下叶凋落物释放CO2的情况进行了初步研究。结果表明:①在培养的前4 d,土壤水分含量越高,叶凋落物释放CO2的速率越快;而从整个培养期来看,沙地中较低的含水量对叶凋落物释放CO2的速率无显著的影响。②在流动沙地和半流动沙地的生境中,凋落物释放CO2的总量高于丘间低地和固定沙地。③叶凋落物释放CO2速率与环境温度呈显著的正相关(F=0.7316,P<0.01)。在10℃,20℃以及30℃条件下,CO2的释放速率均较为平稳,而在40℃时0~16 d呈现出明显逐步加快的趋势,在17~24 d则缓缓下降并趋于平稳。     

典型荒漠植物凋落物分解及养分动态研究

采用分解网袋法,对古尔班通古特沙漠南缘粗柄独尾草(Eremurus inderiensis)、尖喙牻牛儿苗(Erodium oxyrrhynchum)和沙漠绢蒿(Seriphidium santolinum)3种荒漠植物叶、茎和根的分解、养分释放特性进行了研究。结果表明：叶片、茎、根系的质量损失过程均符合指数衰减模型。经过364 d的分解,粗柄独尾草叶、粗柄独尾草根、尖喙牻牛儿苗叶、尖喙牻牛儿苗茎、尖喙牻牛儿苗根、沙漠绢蒿茎、沙漠绢蒿根的失重率分别为41.96%、81.94%、42.18%、29.32%、47.02%、20.66%和20.71%;3种植物根、茎、叶的分解速率存在显著差异,分解速率依次为：粗柄独尾草根>叶;尖喙牻牛儿苗根>叶>茎;沙漠绢蒿根>茎。在整个分解过程中,N和P含量总的趋势表现为释放,叶、根凋落物质量损失与初始N、P含量显著负相关,非生物因素对其分解有重要影响。     

Competition between Populus euphratica and Tamarix ramosissima seedlings under simulated high groundwater availability

Desert riparian plants experience high variability in water availability due to hydrological fluctuations. How riparian plants can survive with low water availability has been well studied, however, little is known about the effects of high water availability on plant community structuring. We conducted a mesocosm experiment to test whether seedling competition under simulated high groundwater availability can explain the shift of co-dominance of Populus euphratica and Tamarix ramosissima in early communities to P. euphratica dominance in mature ones along the Tarim River in northwestern China. Seedlings of these two plant species were grown in monoculture and mixture pools with high groundwater availability. Results indicated that the above-ground biomass and relative yield of T. ramosissima were higher than those of P. euphratica. The competitive advantages of T. ramosissima included its rapid response in growth to groundwater enrichment and its water spender strategy, as evidenced by the increased leaf biomass proportion and the inert stomatal response to leaf-to-air vapor pressure deficit(VPD). In comparison, P. euphratica showed a conservative strategy in water use, with a sensitive response to leaf-to-air VPD. Result of the short-term competition was inconsistent with the long-term competition in fields, suggesting that competition exclusion is not the mechanism structuring the desert riparian plant communities. Thus, our research highlights the importance of mediation by environmental fluctuations(such as lessening competition induced by disturbance) in structuring plant communities along the Tarim riparian zones.     

Anatomical and morphological characteristics of Populus euphratica in the lower reaches of Tarim River under extreme drought environment

Populus euphratica Oliv.is an old desert tree species that has been naturalized and invades zones along the watercourses in many arid and semiarid regions.The plant species developed some plasticity to adapt to the gradual environmental gradients.The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that the changes in leaf morphology of P.euphratica reflect the adaptability of the plant to the unique environment of the lower reaches of Tarim River in China.The foliar architecture,blade epidermal and internal anatomies of P.euphratica were analyzed at different sites along the Tarim River.Compared with the abaxial surface of the leaves,their adaxial surface has more hairs,a greater stomatal density and opening,higher mesophyll proportion,and increased blade thickness,palisade width,and epidermal thickness.The long trichome of the roots found at site 6 in the Yinsu section may be an adapted structure of the plants in arid areas.The mature leaves of P.euphratica have comparatively more epidermis and cuticles,well developed palisades and more chloroplasts at different sites compared to the young leaves.Foliar morphological and anatomical variability in P.euphratica may be considered an adaptive advantage that enables leaves to develop and function in different habitats,marked by strong variations in solar radiation,air temperature,humidity and water table.     

新疆艾比湖湿地自然保护区主要植物的种间关系

采用2×2列联表的χ2检验、方差比率(VR)法、Ochiai关联指数、Pearson相关系数和Spearman相关系数,对艾比湖湿地自然保护区典型群落的25个主要植物种进行种间关联和种间相关性分析。结果表明:①胡杨(Populus euphratica)、盐穗木(Halostachys caspica)、甘草(Glycyrrhiza uralensis)分别为该地区乔、灌、草本层的优势种。②艾比湖湿地自然保护区内物种的总体联结性为不显著的负联结,大多数种对间呈不显著关联和无关联,物种趋向于独立分布。③相关性分析表明草本与其他物种的相关对数值高于乔灌木,结合Spearman相关系数、列联表的χ2检验值,可将研究区25种主要植物分为4个生态种组。     

塔里木河下游植物群落组成及主要种间关系研究

对塔里木河下游38个植物样地野外采集的数据进行分析,结果表明:代表性的植物有胡杨、多枝柽柳、刚毛柽柳、黑果枸杞、花花柴、骆驼刺等14种,物种较为贫乏。通过重要值分析,确定各物种在群落中的地位和作用。通过2×2联列表,应用方差比率(VR)、X2统计和r检验等方法对上述14个优势种群间的总体相关性、各种对间联结显著性进行了测定,结果表明:塔河下游各物种的总体关联性为不显著的正联结,种间绝大多数不存在显著、极显著的正联结或负联结,无相关的较多,总体上趋于独立分布。显示出该群落的年轻性和不稳定性,与先锋林地的特点相吻合。另据分析结果可将塔河下游物种分为3个生态种组。     

Sand mining disturbances and their effects on the diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in a riparian forest of Iran

The major objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of sand mining disturbances on the diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi(AMF). In addition, the proportional changes in the diversity of AMF to the distances from riverbanks were assessed. For this purpose, the riparian forest of the Maroon River, Iran was divided into three locations with a 200-meter wide zone in between. Thus, the locations studied were named Distance I(riverbank), Distance II(intermediate), and Distance III(farthest from riverbank). In each of these distances, 10 Tamarix arceuthoides and Populus euphratica of each species were randomly selected. At the same time, soil and root samples were collected from the rhizosphere of the tree species studied. Results indicated that totally 13 AMF species were observed in T. arceuthoides and 19 AMF species were recorded in P. euphratica rhizosphere belonging to 6 genera and 6 families. In these AMF species, Glomus segmentatum, G. geosporum, G. rubiforme, G. nanolumen, G. spinuliferum, Claroideoglomus drummondii, Gigaspora gigantea and Acaulospora paulinae appeared only in P. euphratica rhizosphere, while G. multiforum and Claroideoglomus claroideum were observed only in T. arceuthoides rhizosphere. Moreover, Distance II had the least AMF species both in T. arceuthoides and in P. euphratica rhizospheres, and also the least spore density and root colonization rate. Our results are important in that they provide a list of resistant AMF species that could be used in the conservation of biodiversity.     

Litter decomposition and nutrient dynamics of three woody halophytes in the Taklimakan Desert Highway Shelterbelt

Litter decomposition is a crucial biogeochemical process for C and nutrient cycling in nutrient-constrained environments, but the controlling factors on litter decomposition in an extremely arid desert region such as the Taklimakan Desert are relatively unknown. To evaluate the litter decomposition and nutrient dynamic characteristics, five primary litter types of three woody halophytes (Haloxylon ammodendron, Calligonum arborescens, and Tamarix ramosissima) along the Taklimakan Desert Highway Shelterbelt were monitored in litterbags during 420 days, when placed on the soil surface and buried by sand, respectively. The results indicated that the decomposition rate decreased in the order of assimilative branches of H. ammodendron (HA, 0.94), branches of T. ramosissima (TB, 0.55), assimilative branches of C. arborescens (CA, 0.53), seeds of C. arborescens (CS, 0.41), and old branches of H. ammodendron (HB, 0.21) in the surface placement. In contrast, the litters buried by sand displayed a significantly accelerated decomposition rate (F?=?12.28, P?H. ammodendron and branches of T. ramosissima presented P accumulation in both placements, whereas nutrients (N, P, K) and C showed a release pattern during the litter decomposition process, which was influenced by initial litter contents and decomposition rate.     

天山北坡4种栽培杨树的功能性状分析

植物功能性状可以用来推断植物生活史策略,反映生态系统功能。为了研究天山北坡4种栽培杨树适应环境的生态策略差异,对其主要功能性状进行比较分析。结果表明,4种杨树的叶片大小、叶片厚度、叶干物质含量、茎皮厚度、木材密度和根、茎、叶全N,P,K含量均差异显著;但4种杨树间比叶面积差异不显著;新疆杨单叶面积和干物质量最大,胡杨叶片厚度和木材密度最大,钻天杨茎皮厚度最大;4种杨树的叶片N含量均显著高于茎和根,茎和根的N和P含量差异均不显著,除胡杨外,其他3种杨树叶片P含量均显著高于茎和根,K含量在4种杨树的根、茎、叶器官中表现不一致;钻天杨根、茎、叶的N,P,K养分含量都相对较高,俄罗斯杨的根、茎、叶的N,P,K养分含量都相对较低。4种杨树功能性状不同反映了植物对环境的适应性差异。