青蒿有效成分的提取方法筛选

为筛选出安全、方便、高效、省时的青蒿有效成分的提取方法,研究利用建立的高效液相色谱方法来评价超声波法、微波辅助法和恒温加热搅拌法对青蒿素的提取效果。结果显示超声波法提取青蒿素的含量为0.4489 mg/g,微波辅助法提取青蒿素的含量为0.2676 mg/g,恒温加热搅拌法提取青蒿素的含量为0.1589 mg/g。试验表明:利用超声波法提取青蒿素效果最佳,超声波提取可促进青蒿有效成分的释放。     

青蒿花序轴离体培养的初步研究

以不同基因型(青蒿素含量1.3％以上)的花序轴为外植体进行离体培养,初步建立了不同基因型的再生体系。结果表明,以MS基本培养基进行诱导培养时,附加6-BA 1.0～3.0 mg/L+NAA 0.1-0.5 mg/L能直接从愈伤组织块诱导出不定芽,且不同基因型诱导的激素浓度不同。再生植株的株系培养,附加低浓度的6-BA 0.1~0-3 mg/L+NAA 0.05-0.1 mg/L则有利于快速生长成苗,同时附加IAA或GA3对其生长也有一定好处,但主要与基因型相关。     

Effects of dietary betaine on growth performance,fat deposition and serum lipids in broilers subjected to chronic heat stress

We evaluated the effects of supplementing betaine on growth performance, fat deposition and lipid metabolism status in broilers kept under chronic heat stress. Five hundred and forty chicks were randomly divided into six groups and the two normal temperature groups were held at normal ambient temperature and fed the basal diet (CONT) and basal diet plus 0.1% betaine, respectively. Heat stressed (HS) broilers were held at 32 ± 1°C from days 22 to 42 and fed the basal diet containing variable levels of betaine. Broilers were examined at days 28, 35 and 42 for body weight, feed consumption, fat deposition and serum lipids. The CONT and betaine‐supplemented groups showed higher (P < 0.01 or P < 0.05) feed consumption, body weight gain, and lower feed : gain ratio compared with the HS‐CONT group. Meanwhile, heat stress increased abdominal, intermuscular and subcutaneous fat deposition, whereas the supplemental betaine significantly decreased those compared with the HS‐CONT group. Additionally, betaine supplementation significantly decreased triglyceride, free fatty acids, low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol and high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol compared with HS‐CONT. Chronic HS reduces broiler production performance. However, betaine can reverse these negative effects partially and thus improve carcass composition by changing lipid metabolism.     

Effect of resveratrol on growth performance,rectal temperature and serum parameters of yellow‐feather broilers under heat stress

This study investigated the effect of dietary resveratrol supplementation on growth performance, rectal temperature, and serum parameters of yellow‐feather broilers under heat stress. A total of 480 yellow‐feather broilers (28‐day‐old) were randomly allotted to five groups with six replicates. A thermoneutral group (TN) (24 ± 2°C) received a basal diet and another four heat‐stressed groups (37 ± 2°C for 8 hr/day and 24 ± 2°C for the remaining time) were fed the basal diet or basal diet with 200, 350, and 500 mg/kg resveratrol for 14 consecutive days. The results revealed that resveratrol supplementation improved average daily gain (p = 0.001), and decreased (p < 0.05) rectal temperature from d 3 when compared with heat‐stressed group without resveratrol. In addition, supplementation with resveratrol at 350 or 500 mg/kg lowered (p < 0.05) the contents of corticosterone, adrenocorticotropic hormone, cholesterol, triglycerides, uric acid, malonaldehyde, and activities of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, and lactate dehydrogenase, increased (p < 0.05) the levels of triiodothyronine, the ratio of triiodothyronine to thyroxine, total protein, glutathione, and activities of alkaline phosphatase, total superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase, though with few fluctuation. In conclusion, supplementation with resveratrol can improve the growth performance by positively regulating serum metabolic parameters and alleviating tissue oxidant damage of broilers under heat stress.     

Effects of alpha‐lipoic acid supplementation on growth performance,antioxidant capacity and biochemical parameters for ammonia‐exposed broilers

In order to estimate the effect of alpha‐lipoic acid (LA) supplementation on relieving ammonia stress of broilers, 180 22‐day‐old male broilers were assigned to three groups, six replicates in each group and 10 birds per replicate. The three groups were: (1) a control group without ammonia stress; (2) exposure to 70 ppm atmospheric ammonia (AM); (3) exposure to 70 ppm atmospheric ammonia and administration of 300 mg/kg LA (AM + LA). The experimental period was 3 weeks. Results showed that average daily weight gain was increased and feed conversion ratio was decreased in the AM + LA group, compared with the AM group (P < 0.05). Total superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activities in serum, and glutathione content in liver were higher in the AM + LA group than that in the AM group (P < 0.05); however, serum malondialdehyde content was decreased by LA addition (P < 0.05). Additionally, serum glutamic‐pyruvic transaminase, creatine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase activities were reduced and albumin level was increased by LA addition (P < 0.05). In conclusion, LA addition could relieve ammonia stress to restore broiler production performance to normal levels.     

氯化铵对肉仔鸡热应激的影响

通过离子平衡途径,在肉仔鸡日粮中添加氯化铵,观察其对家禽热应激的影响。将270只1日龄艾维茵肉雏鸡随机分为5个处理,每处理设3个重复,试验持续到5周龄。试验模拟夏季高温环境,全期人工控温28～35℃。1～28日龄进行饲养试验;29～34日龄进行代谢试验。5组试验日粮为:Ⅰ为正对照组,21%CP;Ⅱ为Ⅰ组日粮+0 62%氯化铵;Ⅲ为负对照组,19%CP;Ⅳ为Ⅲ组日粮+0 62%氯化铵;Ⅴ为Ⅲ组日粮+1 00%氯化铵。试验结果表明:Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ和Ⅴ组肉仔鸡期末体重、日增重、采食量和饲料转化率与对照组无显著差异,Ⅴ组21日龄体重显著降低(P<0 05);Ⅱ和Ⅴ组显著提高CP、Ca和P的表观代谢率(P<0 05),Ⅴ组P除外;Ⅴ组粪便含水率明显增加(P<0 01);Ⅲ、Ⅳ组与对照组代谢指标差异不显著。     

青蒿中草药添加剂对散养肉鸡抗病及免疫性能的影响

为研究青蒿及其复方中草药添加剂对散养肉鸡免疫及抗病性能的影响,试验选用健康、体重基本一致的30日龄脱温散养肉鸡360只,采用多因素单水平的试验设计随机分为4组,试验1组饲喂基础日粮,试验2、3、4组在基础日粮中分别添加1%的青蒿、1%青蒿复合添加剂Ⅰ及1%青蒿复合添加剂Ⅱ,进行为期60d的饲养试验。试验结束后每个重复选取3只试鸡采血并进行屠宰,测定相关指标。结果表明:与试验1组相比,试验2、3组的腹泻率、发病率、死亡率分别降低了68.31%、42.44%、85.73%和52.03%、57.56%、71.47%(P<0.05);试验2组的胸腺指数提高57.29%(P<0.05);试验2、3、4组肉鸡血清中IgM与补体C3的含量显著提高,试验3组血清中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)的含量提高17.84%(P<0.05)。综上所述,青蒿及其复方中草药制剂能够增强试鸡的抗病以及免疫性能,并以试验2组的效果最好。     

不同添加剂对热应激肉仔鸡生产性能和血液生化指标的影响

本试验探讨不同抗热应激添加剂对热应激肉仔鸡生产性能和血液生化指标的影响。结果表明,热应激使肉仔鸡的体重下降,采食量减少,日增重降低,饲料转化率降低,从而显著降低了肉仔鸡的生产性能。各添加组对肉仔鸡抗热应激有良好的效果,有改善日增重和饲料转化率作用,其中0.5%NaHCO3+1%NH4C l对改善肉仔鸡日增重和饲料转化率效果最佳,日增重和饲料转化率分别比高温对照组增加了27.54%(P<0.05)和20.19%(P<0.05)。添加VC引起血液中的葡萄糖、糖皮质醇和醛固酮降低,肌酸磷酸激酶和乳酸脱氢酶显著上升,血钠和谷丙转氨酶恢复到常温水平。添加0.5%NaHCO3+1%NH4C l,血液中的葡萄糖和血钾显著下降,血钠、肌酸磷酸激酶、乳酸脱氢酶、糖皮质醇和醛固酮不同程度的上升。添加VE,血钾和皮质醇显著下降,血清中的白蛋白和球蛋白恢复到常温水平,血液中的葡萄糖和谷丙转氨酶显著上升。     

不同温度热应激对肉鸡血液生化指标及肉品质的影响

研究不同温度热应激对肉鸡感官性状及血液生化指标的影响。将80只30日龄的AA肉鸡随机分为4组,每组20羽。对照组环境温度为(25±1)℃,其他3组受试鸡的环境温度迅速上升至(33±1)℃、(37±1)℃、(41±1)℃,并分别持续4h的热应激处理。宰杀后测定鸡胸肉的pH、滴水损失、肉色和剪切力,利用临床血液病理学的方法,检测宰前不同强度热应激对肉鸡血液生化指标的影响。结果显示,宰前热应激明显降低宰后肉鸡胸肉的pH30min、pH24h和a*值,明显提高宰后肉鸡滴水损失、L*值和剪切力值;随热应激温度升高,血清中肌酸激酶(CK)、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)和丙二醛(MDA)活性逐渐升高,碱性磷酸酶(AKP)活性逐渐降低。     

大蒜素对肉仔鸡生长性能、血液指标和屠体特性的影响

文章旨在评估日粮添加不同水平大蒜素作为促生长剂对肉仔鸡生长性能、血液指标和胴体品质的影响。试验选择1日龄白羽肉鸡252只,随机分为3组,每组84只(每组4个重复,每个重复21只)。试验采用玉米-豆粕型日粮,各组日粮中分别添加0%、2%和4%大蒜素,试验共进行42d,分析肉鸡生长性能和血液指标。结果:日粮添加2%大蒜素显著提高肉鸡采食量、体增重、末重及饲料转化率(P<0.05)。各组日粮对肉鸡的屠宰率无显著影响(P>0.05)。2%大蒜素组胸肌重量最高(P<0.05),而4%大蒜素组胸肌重最低(P<0.05)。大蒜素组对肉鸡法氏囊和胸腺重量的影响无显著差异(P>0.05)。2%和4%大蒜素组较对照组显著降低了脾脏重量(P<0.05)。日粮大蒜素添加水平对肉鸡血液淋巴细胞、单核细胞、嗜酸性粒细胞、嗜中性粒细胞占比、红细胞压积、红细胞数和白细胞数均无显著影响(P>0.05)。结论:肉鸡饲喂添加2%大蒜素日粮生长性能参数最好,而4%大蒜素组最低,因此,肉鸡日粮中大蒜素适宜添加水平为2%。     

Comparative assessment of growth performance of three different indigenous goat breeds exposed to summer heat stress

A study was conducted to assess comparatively the growth performance of three different indigenous goat breeds during exposure to summer heat stress. The primary objective of the study was to observe the heat stress impact on the growth performance based on the body weight changes, allometric measurements, growth hormone (GH) concentration and peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) Insulin‐like growth factor‐1 (IGF‐1) mRNA expression pattern during the summer season in comparison with the local breed (Osmanabadi). Thirty‐six ten‐month‐ to one‐year‐old female goats of Osmanabadi, Malabari and Salem Black breeds were randomly divided into six groups, OC (n = 6; Osmanabadi control), OHS (n = 6; Osmanabadi heat stress), MC (n = 6; Malabari control), MHS (n = 6; Malabari heat stress), SBC (n = 6; Salem Black control) and SBHS (n = 6; Salem Black heat stress). Body weight was recorded at weekly intervals, whereas other growth and allometric measurements and blood collection were carried out at fortnightly intervals. Breed factor significantly (p < .05) influenced only few growth variables such as body weight, body mass index (BMI) and body condition score (BCS). However, heat stress treatment significantly (p < .05) reduced all growth parameters expect BMI. Further, the heat stress significantly (p < .01) increased plasma GH concentration in goats with significantly higher (p < .05) concentration recorded in OHS. Among the stress groups, the lower (p < .05) PBMC IGF‐1 mRNA expression was recorded in OHS, while the higher (p < .05) expression was observed in SBHS indicating the extreme adaptive capability of Salem Black breed. Thus, the results indicated that the Salem Black breed performed much better compared to both Osmanabadi and Malabari breeds indicating the superior ability of this breed to adapt to heat stress challenges. The results also indicated that plasma GH and IGF‐1 gene may act as ideal biomarkers for assessing the heat stress impact on growth performance in indigenous goats.     

维生素E防治肉鸡热应激机理的初步研究

将１２０只ＡＡ肉鸡饲养于高温（２７℃～３５℃）、高湿（８３％～９０％）环境中,检测３０,５０日龄血液生化及内分泌指标的变化,以研究维生素Ｅ（ＶＥ）防治肉鸡热应激的机理。结果表明,补给ＶＥ后肉鸡血清甲状腺激素、总蛋白、白蛋白、钾、钙、磷含量及乳酸脱氢酶活性显著增加,血清尿素氮、氯及肌酸磷酸激酶活性、血清皮质醇含量显著下降,但对血清钠和血糖含量影响不大。由此可见,ＶＥ防治肉鸡热应激的机理可归因于ＶＥ对肉鸡内分泌功能、蛋白质及糖代谢、电解质及酸碱平衡的调节作用。     

热应激对快速生长型肉仔鸡脂肪沉积规律的影响

将126只35日龄AA商品肉用仔公鸡随机分成高温自由采食组、适温自由采食组及适温配对试验组3组,每组6个重复,每个重复7只鸡,饲养在人工环境控制舱内的层叠式育雏笼中,研究热应激对肉仔鸡脂肪沉积的影响.56日龄时,停食12 h,从每个重复中随机抽取3只鸡进行屠宰测定.研究结果表明,在自由采食条件下,35℃高温热应激显著降低AA肉仔鸡腹脂重、右腿皮脂重、右腿肌间脂肪重、腹脂率、右腿皮脂率、右腿肌间脂肪率(P＜0.05).但是与适温配对组相比,热应激显著升高AA肉仔鸡腹脂重、右腿肌间脂肪重、腹脂率、右腿肌间脂肪率(P＜0.05),而对右腿皮脂重、右腿皮脂率两组间差异不显著(P＞0.05).     

谷氨酰胺对热应激肉鸡S-IgA、血液内毒素和细胞因子的影响

选用1日龄科宝-500肉鸡240只,随机分为6个处理,每处理4个重复,每重复10只,Ⅰ组饲喂玉米-豆粕型基础日粮,Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ和Ⅵ组分别在基础日粮中添加0.4%、0.8%、1.2%、1.6%和2.0%的谷氨酰胺,试验时间15～42日龄,共28d。试验期间从每天09：00-17：00温度维持在（35±1）℃8h,17：00至次日09：00温度维持在（30±1）℃,鸡舍相对湿度控制在70%～80%。试验测定了热应激条件下21、28、35、42日龄肉鸡小肠黏膜分泌型免疫球蛋白含量A,血浆中血液内毒素含量和白介素-1、肿瘤细胞坏死因子含量。结果表明,日粮中添加谷氨酰胺显著提高了21、28、35、42日龄热应激肉鸡小肠黏膜分泌型免疫球蛋白含量（P〈0.05）,降低血浆中血液内毒素、白介素-1、肿瘤细胞坏死因子的含量（P〈0.05）。因此,在基础日粮中添加一定水平的谷氨酰胺可改善热应激肉鸡的肠道免疫性能。     

锌和维生素C对热应激条件下肉鸡生长性能和免疫反应的影响

文章旨在研究日粮单独或联合使用锌和维生素C对高温条件下肉鸡生长性能和免疫反应的影响。试验选择320只1d肉仔鸡,根据体重随机分为4组,每组4个重复,每个重复20只鸡。对照组饲喂基础日粮(锌含量为40mg/kg),处理1组在基础日粮中添加60mg/kg锌,处理2组在基础日粮中添加200mg维生素C,处理3组在基础日粮中添加60mg/kg锌+300mg/kg维生素C,试验共开展35d。在试验第21~35天对鸡只进行热应激诱导,即25℃12h,25~34℃3h,34℃6h,34~25℃3h。结果显示:处理组较对照组均显著提高了肉鸡的采食量、体增重(P<0.05),显著降低了料比(P<0.05)。日粮同时添加锌和维生素C组肉鸡采食量和体增重最高(P<0.05)。与对照组相比,日粮添加60mg/kg锌、200mg/kg维生素C或锌和维生素C联合使用的肉鸡脾脏、胸腺和法氏囊重量显著提高(P<0.05)。60mg/kg锌+200mg/kg维生素C和200mg/kg维生素C组较对照组显著提高了新城疫、传染性法氏囊炎和传染性支气管炎的抗体滴度(P<0.05)。与对照组相比,60mg/kg锌+200mg/kg维生素C、200mg/kg维生素C组和60mg/kg锌组显著提高了血液白细胞总数、淋巴细胞和单核细胞占比(P<0.05)。结论:在本试验条件下,日粮单独或联合添加锌和维生素C均可显著改善热应激条件下肉鸡的生长性能和免疫状态。     

酸枣仁皂甙对热应激肉用仔鸡生产性能、消化道和免疫器官的影响

为探明酸枣仁皂苷对肉仔鸡的抗热应激作用,将225只1日龄AA肉雏仔鸡公母混合随机分成5组,每组3个重复,每重复15只。对照组饲喂基础日粮,处理1～4组在基础饲粮中分别添加0.5,1.0,1.5和2.0 mg/kg的酸枣仁皂苷。1～3周龄采用常规饲养管理,4周龄时开始进行为期1周的(34±1)℃热应激处理。结果:0.5和1.0 mg/kg添加水平极显著提高3周龄肉仔鸡日增重(P<0.01),4个水平的酸枣仁皂苷对热应激肉仔鸡的平均日增重、采食量和饲料转化率均有改善作用,以0.5和1.0 mg/kg添加水平最佳(P<0.01)。饲粮中添加0.5 mg/kg酸枣仁皂苷显著提高热应激肉仔鸡的屠宰率、半净膛率和全净膛率(P<0.05),极显著降低皮下脂肪厚(P<0.01)。酸枣仁皂苷对热应激肉仔鸡的腿比例、腿肌率、胸肌率、腹脂率、腺胃率、肌胃率、脾脏率、十二指肠率、空肠率、回肠率、盲肠率、法氏囊率和胸腺率均无显著影响(P>0.05)。总之,1～3周龄肉仔鸡饲粮中添加酸枣仁皂苷,可提高采食量和日增重;34℃热应激下添加酸枣仁皂苷,可提高平均日增重、采食量和饲料转化率,改善胴体品质;酸枣仁皂苷较理想的添加水平为0.5～1.0 mg/kg。     

Effect of polyphenols extracted from Tamarind (Tamarindus indica L.) seed coat on physiological changes,heterophil/lymphocyte ratio,oxidative stress and body weight of broilers (Gallus domesticus) under chronic heat stress

The aim of this experiment was to determine the effect of polyphenols extracted from tamarind (Tamarindus indica L.) seed coat on physiological changes, oxidative stress and production of male broilers maintained at high environmental temperatures. The results found that body temperature and respiratory rate of broilers maintained at 38 ± 2°C was higher than broilers maintained at 26 ± 2°C (P < 0.05). On day 1, the heterophil/ lymphocyte ratio of broilers maintained at 38 ± 2°C and received polyphenols at 300 and 400 mg/kg in diets was lower than broilers that received polyphenols at 0 and 200 mg/kg in diets (P < 0.05). At week 1, the malondialdehyde of the broilers maintained at 38 ± 2°C who received polyphenols at 400 mg/ kg in their diet was lower than broilers that received polyphenols at 100 and 200 mg/kg in diets (P < 0.05). At week 1, the body weights of broilers that were maintained at 38 ± 2°C who received polyphenols at 100–500 mg/ kg in diets, and broilers maintained at 26 ± 2°C were higher than that of the control group which had not been treated with a polyphenol diet (P < 0.05). This study indicated that polyphenols could reduce heat stress, oxidative stress and improve the growth rate of heat‐stressed broilers.     

Effects of heat stress on growth, some blood variables and lipid oxidation in broilers exposed to high temperature at an early age

1. This study was conducted to determine metabolic and physiological responses of 2 commercial broiler strains, Hubbard (H) and Cobb (C), exposed to an ambient temperature of 38 degrees +/- 1 degree C for 2 h at 14 and 15 d of age. 2. Exposure to high temperature at an early age resulted in weight loss in strain C, which was not compensated for by 35 d of age but there was no weight loss in strain H. 3. Exposure of broilers to heat stress (38 degrees +/- 1 degree C) at 35 d of age resulted in an increase in rectal temperature, regardless of previously high temperature experience but acid-base balance and haematocrit values were not affected by heat stress. 4. Malondialdehyde concentration was higher in unexposed birds than in previously exposed ones and did not significantly differ between strains.     

酵母锌对肉鸡生长性能及生理功能的影响

选用1日龄白羽肉鸡100只,随机分成Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ组,每组20只。Ⅰ、Ⅱ为酵母锌组,锌水平分别为50,35mg/kg,Ⅲ为硫酸锌组,锌水平为50mg/kg;Ⅳ为空白酵母组,酵母添加剂量为100mg/kg;V为基础日粮对照组。各组饲喂相同基础日粮,50d后,对生长性能、血常规、血液生化（Crea、Urea、AST、ALT、ALB）及抗氧化（抗O2-.、GSH-Px、GSH）指标进行检测。结果显示,平均日增重和料重比,21d时各组之间无显著差异（P〉0.05）,50d时与V组相比,Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅳ组生长性能显著提高（P〈0.01）,其中I组最高。各组血液常规指标均处于正常范围内,但Ⅰ组红细胞数极显著高于其他组（P〈0.01）。血清中肌酐、尿素含量以及天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶和丙氨酸氨基转移酶活性各组间差异不显著（P〉0.05）,Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅳ组白蛋白含量较其他组显著提高（P〈0.01）。血清抗O2-.活力、GSH含量Ⅰ组显著高于其他组（P〈0.01）,GSH-Px活力Ⅰ、Ⅱ组显著高于其他各组（P〈0.01）。结果提示,日粮添加适量酵母锌（Zn 50mg/kg）可以提高肉鸡生长性能,在一定程度上增强机体免疫机能,提高肝脏功能和机体抗氧化功能。     

栽培一枝蒿粗多糖佐剂增强口蹄疫疫苗的皮下免疫效果

旨在评价新疆栽培一枝蒿粗多糖(cultivated A rtemisia rupestris L.crude polysaccharides,CARCP)对口蹄疫灭活疫苗(foot and mouth disease vaccine,FMDV)的免疫佐剂活性,确定多糖佐剂的有效性.选用不同剂量的CARCP与FMDV配伍...