Geographical variation in the skeletal morphology of red jungle fowl

1. The skulls and postcranial skeletons of the red jungle fowl (Gallus gallus) were compared osteometrically between the populations from North and South Vietnam, North and Central Laos and Southeast Bangladesh. The populations include the three subspecies of G. g. spadiceus, G. g. gallus and G. g. murghi and were sampled to reveal the geographical morphological variations among populations in G. gallus.

2. The morphometric characteristics of subspecies murghi could be clearly distinguished from those of the other subspecies using a canonical discriminant analysis. However, the size and shape of the skull of the gallus population from South Vietnam were not statistically different from that of the subspecies spadiceus from North Laos. The canonical discriminant scores also clearly indicated that there were morphological similarities in the skulls of the populations from North Laos and South Vietnam.

3. From the results, therefore, it is concluded that red jungle fowls do not exhibit high levels of osteometric variation between geographical localities at least within the Indochinese Peninsula.

4. This contrasts with previous studies which have described these subspecies as having various external morphological differences and have argued that zoogeographical barriers exist between the north and south areas of the Indochinese Peninsula.     

笼养原鸡3种饲料的择优试验

笼养条件下 ,分别用 16 1#、72 2 #全价配合颗粒饲料和某鹌鹑饲养场的自配粉状料对 4只成年笼养原鸡 (Gallusgallus)进行消化试验。结果表明 ,成年原鸡对 3种饲料干物质、粗蛋白及碳水化合物的表观消化率 ,自配料均低于 16 1#、72 2 #饲料 ,且与 16 1#、72 2 #饲料差异显著 (P <0 0 5 ) ,而 16 1#与 72 2 #之间无显著差异 (P >0 0 5 ) ;3种饲料间粗脂肪的表观消化率均无显著差异 (P >0 0 5 )。并结合饲料的适口性、料增重比等方面评价的结果得知 ,以颗粒状的 72 2 #家鸡饲料作为原鸡的基础日粮就于其它种类饲料 ,蛋白质含量高的饲料 ,原鸡对其的消化率也高 ,日粮中蛋白质的含量以 19%为最佳。     

The in vitro antioxidant properties of alcalase hydrolysate prepared from silkie fowl (Gallus gallus) blood protein

Two types of proteins including blood plasma protein and blood cell protein were isolated from silkie fowl (Gallus gallus) blood and hydrolyzed using alcalase for 0, 2, 4 and 6 h. The blood plasma protein hydrolysate (BPH) and blood cell protein hydrolysate (BCH) were analyzed for pH value, peptide content and antioxidative properties. The significantly higher peptide contents were observed in BPH than that of BCH, which showed that blood plasma protein was more suitable to hydrolysis by alcalase than blood cell protein. Both BPH and BCH showed strong 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical‐scavenging activity and Fe²⁺ chelating ability. BPH at 4 h of hydrolysis (BPH4) demonstrated significantly higher antioxidant capacity than those treated by alcalase in most of the assays. The BPH4 was separated using ultra‐filtration and assessment of the fractions and indicated that low molecular weight of peptides (< 3 kDa) possessed greater DPPH scavenging activity, Fe²⁺ chelating ability and inhibitory activity of lipid peroxidation. These results show that BPH has the potential to be ingredients in the food industry as a replacement of synthetic antioxidants.     

Effects of photoperiod on circadian clock genes in skin contribute to the regulation of hair follicle cycling of Inner Mongolia white cashmere goats

This study investigated how the effects of photoperiod on circadian clock genes in the skin contribute to the regulation of hair follicle cycling of Inner Mongolia white cashmere goats. Twenty‐four female (non‐pregnant) Inner Mongolia white cashmere goats aged 1 ? 1.5 years old with similar live weights (mean, 20.36 ± 2.63 kg) were randomly allocated into two groups: a natural daily photoperiod group (NDPP group:10 ? 16 hr Light, n = 12) and a short daily photoperiod group (SDPP group: 7 hr Light:17 hr Dark, n = 12). All goats were housed in individual pens from May 15 to October 15, 2015 and were fed the same diets. We detected the mRNA expression of brain and muscle arnt‐like protein‐1 (Bmal1), circadian locomotor output control kaput (Clock), cryptochrome‐1 (Cry1), period homolog‐1 (Per1) and Rev‐erbα genes in the goat skin. ANOVA revealed a significant 24 hr (10:00 hr, 14:00 hr, 18:00 hr, 22:00 hr, 02:00 hr, 06:00 hr, 10:00 hr) variation between the SDPP and NDPP groups for three months (July, September, and October). In summary, the current results confirm that an intrinsic oscillating molecular clock exists in goat skin, and that the clock is important for potential timing mechanisms at the anagen phase of hair follicles, which would contribute to the regulation mechanisms of hair follicle cell proliferation.     

泰国红色原鸡和中国红色原鸡mtDNA控制区遗传多态性和分类关系研究

对泰国红色原鸡Gallus gallus gallus亚种和中国红色原鸡Gallus gallus spadiceus亚种各16个个体mtDNAD-loop序列进行系统分析,测定线粒体D-loop部分序列大小约为560bp,A、C、G、T这4种核苷酸的平均比例分别为13.6%、43.2%、4.3%和38.9%,A+T含量高于G+C含量。结果共发现27个变异位点,颠换和转换之比为0.13,没有观测到插入/缺失情况。测定的6种单倍型中,2个红色原鸡亚种没有共享单倍型,单倍型多样度分别为0.250和0.695,平均核苷酸差异数分别为3.750和10.833,核苷酸多样度分别为0.954%和2.757%。泰国红色原鸡中性检验的Tajima'sD值为-1.800(P<0.05),不符合中性突变。2个红色原鸡亚种间核苷酸分歧度(Dxy)为2.847%,核苷酸净遗传距离(Da)为0.991%。序列群体间的方差组分(Va)占总变异的47.31%,Fst=0.473,差异极显著(P<0.01);群体间mtDNAD-loopFst值也差异显著(P=0.035)。红色原鸡2个亚种具有不同的群体遗传结构,群体之间存在明显的遗传分化,本研究支持这2个亚种并非是同一个亚种的观点。     

Ontogeny of brain temperature regulation in chicks (Gallus gallus domesticus)

1. Development of brain temperature regulation was studied in the domestic fowl (Gallus gallus domesticus) from hatching to 21 d of age. 2. Body and brain temperature at hatching were relatively low compared with adult levels. However, both were effectively regulated at ambient temperatures of 30 and 35 degrees C, with only a minor difference between the 2 temperatures. 3. Body and brain temperature increased as a power function of age at significantly different rates, approaching adult levels at around 10 d of age and resulting in a linear increase in body-to-brain temperature difference with age. 4. The results indicated the existence of different patterns of post-hatching development of brain temperature regulation in relation to the degree of precocity of a species.     

Experimental stimulation of eosinophil production in the domestic fowl (Gallus gallus domesticus)

A method has been devised to produce eosinophilia in birds experimentally. Multiple intraperitoneal injections of bovine serum albumin (BSA) produced a greater response than horse serum in young adult fowls, and injections of 2 ml BSA were more effective than injections of 0.2 ml. The highest eosinophilic responses were obtained with injections of BSA together with aluminium hydroxide. Thymectomy had little effect on eosinophil numbers following horse serum injections but irradiation produced a depressed response. Horse serum that had been heated to 56 degrees C for 30 minutes to inactivate complement and to denature proteins, including possible horse IgE, induced an eosinophilic response in 50 per cent of birds compared with only 14 per cent with unheated horse serum. Furthermore, when the former birds were reinjected after a rest period of 13 weeks, the eosinophilic response followed a similar curve as before but a higher proportion of birds responded. Birds aged over two years did not give a good eosinophilic response after horse serum stimulation. There was no consistent correlation between raised IgE levels and eosinophil numbers. Tolerance to horse serum was detected in some birds using a radial immunodiffusion technique. Analyses of blood plasma from birds with eosinophilia showed a significant increase in total amino acids compared with normal birds.     

Neuron Number in the Intestinal Myenteric Plexus of the Domestic Fowl (Gallus gallus)

The number of neurons in the myenteric plexus of the duodenum, jejunum, ileum, rectum and cecum of chick and adult domestic fowl (Gallus gallus) was counted. Gradients of neuron density were observed in the small and large intestines, the difference between the neuron densities in adjacent regions generally being significant. The mean neuron density in each region in the chick was two to three times higher than in the adult. The concentration of neurons was significantly greater in the mesenteric zone of the plexus than in the antimesenteric zone. The total number of neurons in the adult was significantly higher than in the chick. The differences between the neuron counts in the chicks and adults are discussed.     

家鸡(Gallus domesticus)和鹌鹑(Coturnix coturnix)染色体核型及G带比较分析

采用外周血淋巴细胞培养法和胰酶处理法，对家鸡和鹌鹑染色体的核型和G带进行了研究。结果表明，家鸡和鹌鹑染色体数目均为2n=78，但染色体的形态存在明显差异，主要表现在NO．1、NO．4、NO．6、NO．8和Z染色体上。NO．1染色体，家鸡为m型，而鹌鹑为sm型；NO．4、NO．6、NO．8和Z染色体，家鸡分别为sm、sm、m、m型，而鹌鹑全为t型。G带分析结果显示，家鸡和鹌鹑的G带差异主要反映在NO．1、NO．2染色体上，这可能是由于臂间倒位所致。     

Cardiovascular tolerance of intravenous lidocaine in broiler chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus) anesthetized with isoflurane

ObjectiveTo determine the cardiovascular effects of lidocaine infused intravenously (IV) in broiler chickens.Study designTwo phase study: Phase 1, randomized up-and-down study to determine effective dose 50 (ED₅₀) for lidocaine; Phase 2, prospective randomized study to determine the cardiovascular effects of lidocaine.AnimalsSeventeen Ross-708 broiler chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus) [11 chickens (Phase 1) and 6 chickens (Phase 2)], weighing 2.6–4.3 kg.MethodsAfter induction of anesthesia with isoflurane and placement of monitoring equipment including invasive blood pressure, chickens were administered lidocaine IV. During Phase 1, using an up-and-down design, each animal received a variable dose selected based on the response of the previous animal. During Phase 2, each animal was administered 6 mg kg⁻¹ of lidocaine IV over 2 minutes. Clinically irrelevant cardiovascular effects were defined as a relative decrease of heart rate (HR) and mean blood pressure (MAP) <30% subsequent to IV lidocaine administration. The ED₅₀ was defined as the dose rate that would cause clinically irrelevant cardiovascular depression in 50% of the population.ResultsDuring Phase 1, using an up-and-down study design (n = 11), the ED₅₀ of lidocaine was determined to be 6.30 mg kg⁻¹ and 6.22 mg kg⁻¹ (95% confidence interval, 5.30–7.13 mg kg⁻¹), when calculated by Dixon's up-and-down method, and logistic regression, respectively. During Phase 2, following infusion of lidocaine (6 mg kg⁻¹), no clinically relevant effects on HR or MAP were detected in any animal.Conclusions and clinical relevancePrevious reports state that the dose of lidocaine used in birds should be =4 mg kg⁻¹. In this study, 6 mg kg⁻¹ of lidocaine injected IV was not associated with adverse cardiovascular effects. These results suggest that the dose of 4 mg kg⁻¹ can be exceeded, at least in chickens, and opens the possibility of other therapeutic uses for lidocaine in birds.     

Cardiovascular tolerance of intravenous bupivacaine in broiler chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus) anesthetized with isoflurane

Objective

To determine the median effective dose (ED₅₀) of intravenous (IV) bupivacaine associated with a 50% probability of causing clinically relevant cardiovascular effects [defined as 30% change in heart rate (HR) or mean arterial pressure (MAP)] in chickens anesthetized with isoflurane.

泰和乌骨鸡黑色素细胞形态与分布特征

本研究旨在从组织、细胞水平上观察泰和乌骨鸡皮肤和肌肉组织中黑色素及其细胞的分布和定位,以揭示乌骨鸡黑色性状的细胞学机制。试验对乌骨鸡皮肤和肌肉组织进行取材、固定、石蜡包埋、切片,并采用HE、多巴、硫酸亚铁、多巴-甲苯胺蓝等多种染色方法进行染色和光镜分析。结果:泰和乌骨鸡的皮肤和肌肉组织中均有成熟黑色素细胞和黑色素的分布,表明乌骨鸡黑色素是由分布于此的黑色素细胞产生和沉积;乌骨鸡黑色素细胞形态因定位不同而异,呈圆形、蝌蚪形、星形和细长树突状不等,黑色素细胞树突间常相互连接成网络状或者条带状。试验表明:乌骨鸡黑色素细胞在两种组织中的分布不均匀,在结缔组织中分布较多。     

Utilisation of energy substrates in treadmill-exercised domestic fowl (Gallus gallus domesticus): blood glucose

1. Blood glucose concentration, glucose turnover and gas exchange were monitored in adult male domestic fowl at rest and during 90 min of continuous treadmill exercise. 2. During exercise oxygen consumption increased to about three times its resting value. Blood glucose concentration fell by 26% by the end of exercise. 3. Blood glucose turnover was not altered by exercise and oxidation showed only a moderate increase (35%). Glucose oxidation accounted for 23% of the total energy expenditure at rest and this value fell to 10% during exercise. At the same time the plasma free fatty acid concentration rose to three times its resting value suggesting an increased mobilisation of this substrate. 4. It is concluded that during exercise of this relatively moderate intensity glucose is a quantitatively minor fuel for the working muscles.     

Epitope mapping of Campylobacter jejuni flagellar capping protein (FliD) by chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus) sera

Campylobacter jejuni, a Gram-negative rod, is a zoonotic pathogen associated with human acute bacterial gastroenteritis worldwide. The flagellum, composed of more than 35 proteins, is responsible for colonization of C. jejuni in the host gastrointestinal tract as well as inducing protective antibodies against the homologous serotype. In our previous study, we demonstrated that the flagellar capping protein (FliD) is an immunodominant protein that reacted strongly to sera from field chickens. In this communication, we mapped linear immunoreactive epitopes on FliD using a set of 158 synthetic peptides of 15-mer overlapping with 11 amino acid residues on peptide microarrays with sera from field chickens. The results from peptide microarrays showed (1) no cross-reactivity of the immobilized peptides with the secondary anti-chicken antibody in the control incubation, and (2) heterogeneous patterns of sera reacting to the immobilized peptides. The peptides that reacted to more than three chicken sera and had higher averages of fluorescence units were selected for further validation by the peptide ELISA. The results showed peptides 24, 91 and 92 had relatively high reactivity and less variation among 64 individual serum samples, indicating these peptides represented the shared immunodominant epitopes on the C. jejuni FliD protein. These peptides were also recognized by sera from chickens immunized with the purified recombinant FliD protein. The findings of the specific shared linear immunodominant epitopes on FliD in this study provide a rationale for further evaluation to determine their utility as epitope vaccines covering multiple serotypes for chicken immunization, and subsequently, for providing safer poultry products for human consumption.     

Let me sleep! Welfare of broilers (Gallus gallus domesticus) with disrupted resting behaviour

Perching is important for broiler welfare, however, hampered by body weight. In a mixed flock, resting behaviour and location were compared between three broiler hybrids (Rowan Ranger, Hubbard CYJA57 &; Ross 308; n?=?100/hybrid), differing in growth. Rearing was in a large littered pen (1.84 birds/m²), with perches. Behaviour and position was observed in focal birds on daytime and as group scans on daytime (days 11, 45, 61 and 80) and night-time (days 63, 70 and 77). Birds were slaughtered at 84 days and accumulated mortality in fast-growing birds was 20% and 2% in slow-growing. Resting frequency did not differ though fast-growing broilers perched less and lower, at night (P?P?P?相似文献   

鸡Smad4基因克隆、生物信息学及组织表达分析

试验旨在克隆鸡Smad4基因,并对其进行生物信息学和组织表达分析。以苏禽3号优质黄羽肉鸡为试验对象,使用RACE技术扩增并克隆了鸡Smad4基因全长序列,对其进行生物信息学分析,构建系统进化树,并利用实时荧光定量PCR检测了Smad4基因在鸡各组织中的表达情况。结果显示,鸡Smad4基因全长序列包含17 bp的5'UTR、1 842 bp的开放阅读框和466 bp的3'UTR,有11个外显子和10个内含子,mRNA序列全长2 325 bp,可编码613个氨基酸。系统进化树显示,鸡Smad4与其他鸟类聚为一类。生物信息学分析显示,Smad4蛋白分子质量为65.43 ku,理论等电点为10.04,为亲水蛋白;含有2个保守结构域：MH1和MH2;二级结构由α-螺旋（18.11%）、延伸链（17.29%）和无规则卷曲（64.60%）组成。组织表达分析表明,Smad4基因在鸡的心脏、肝脏、空肠、卵巢中均有较高表达,而在胸肌中不表达。本试验成功获得了鸡Smad4基因全长序列,并初步研究了其组织表达规律,为进一步研究Smad4基因在鸡繁殖活动中的分子机制提供了理论依据。     

Disposition of metronidazole in hens (Gallus gallus) and quails (Coturnix coturnix japonica): pharmacokinetics and whole-body autoradiography

Hens were given single intravenous or oral doses (30 mg/kg body weight) of metronidazole and the plasma concentrations of the drug were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) at intervals from 10 min to 24 h after drug administration. Pharmacokinetic variables were calculated by the Lagrange algorithm technique. The elimination half-life ( t _1/2β) after the intravenous injection was 4.2 ± 0.5 h, the volume of distribution ( V _d(ss)) 1.1±0.2 L/kg and the total body clearance ( Cl _B) 131.2 ± 20 mL/h.kg. Oral bioavailability of the metronidazole was 78 ± 16%. The plasma maximum concentration ( C _max) 31.9 ± 2.3 μg/mL was reached 2 h after the oral administration and the oral elimination half-life ( t ₁/2β) was 4.7 ± 0.2 h. The binding of metronidazole to proteins in hen plasma was very low (less than 3%). Whole body autoradiography of [³H] metronidazole in hens and quails showed an even distribution of labelled material in various tissues at short survival intervals (1-4 h) after oral or intravenous administration. A high labelling was seen in the contents of the small and large intestines. In the laying quails a labelling was also seen in the albumen and in a ring in the periphery of the yolk at long survival intervals. Our results show that a concentration twofold above the MIC is maintained in the plasma of hens for at least 12 h at an oral dose of 30 mg/kg metronidazole.