不同来源饲用油脂的脂肪酸组成分析

本文运用气相色谱技术对国内7个省份的104份油脂样品(包括豆油、猪油和鸭油)进行了脂肪酸组成分析。结果表明,3种油脂主要由棕榈酸、硬脂酸、油酸、亚油酸、亚麻酸组成;同种油脂不同来源的脂肪酸组成存在较大差异,说明市场上饲用油脂的质量差异较大。     

脂肪在饲料中的应用及其影响因素

1饲用脂肪种类及其特点 根据油脂的来源，油脂有以下主要类型。大豆油、玉米油和葵花油的亚油酸含量都超过50％，而牛羊油及猪油的棕榈酸及硬脂酸含量则超过40％。由于以上3种植物油的高度不饱和性，单独在成年单胃动物饲料中使用时，其代谢能可超过动物脂肪。     

2010年国际反刍动物营养研究进展 Ⅰ.脂肪(酸)营养

日粮脂肪（酸）是反刍动物重要的营养素之一,与反刍动物生产性能、动物脂肪产品品质及脂肪酸组成密切相关,如何调控反刍动物脂肪代谢过程,改善脂肪产品品质是反刍动物脂类营养研究的热点。作者对2010年反刍动物脂类营养研究进展进行了综述。研究领域主要集中于脂肪酸瘤胃代谢调控、瘤胃后供给脂肪酸代谢及需要量、日粮脂肪（酸）对反刍动物生产性能和繁殖性能及产品脂肪组成的调控作用和过瘤胃保护脂肪的应用研究。     

2008-2009年反刍动物营养研究进展Ⅳ.脂肪营养

反刍动物产品是膳食的重要组成,其脂肪品质及脂肪酸组成与人体健康密切相关。笔者综述了2009年在ADSA-ASAS大会、ASAS-CAAV大会和CNKI、PubMed等数据库中与反刍动物脂类营养相关的文献。研究热点主要集中于添加油脂对产品中脂肪组成的调控作用、日粮脂肪在瘤胃的代谢作用、乳腺脂肪酸代谢机制及脂肪代谢相关基因的研究。     

奶牛常用饲料营养特性及脂肪酸组成特点的研究

用常规分析方法和气相色谱法分别测定奶牛常用20种精粗饲料的常规营养成分及其脂肪酸组成和含量。结果显示,饲料中高级脂肪酸主要有棕榈酸、硬脂酸、油酸、亚油酸和亚麻酸,且不同来源的饲料其营养特性和脂肪酸组成和含量不一样。     

饲用油脂能值差异分析

本文对来自国内9省份的156份油脂样品,包括猪油、禽油、豆油和鱼油进行了品质评估,并对不同样品之间的能值差异进行了分析。结果表明,同种油脂,不同来源,品质和能值差异较大,尤其是猪油,能值差值最大超过1 700kcal/kg。个别油脂样品中游离脂肪酸、水分、杂质和不皂化物的含量比较高,从而导致油脂的能值偏低,影响油脂的品质。     

气相色谱法测定猪肉脂肪酸组成

实验采用极性毛细管柱气相色谱法测定了猪肉脂肪酸组成的相对百分含量和实际含量。测定结果表明,此方法能准确分离出猪肉中的主要8种脂肪酸:豆蔻酸、棕榈酸、棕榈油酸、硬脂酸、油酸、亚油酸、亚麻酸和花生酸,有较好的精密度和重复性、可靠性。     

蛋鸡产蛋期日粮油脂添加技术

１油脂的选择在所有的饲用油脂中（动物性、植物性、海产类），植物性油脂的生物学价值最高。蛋鸡对植物油吸收率高于动物油，动物油中猪油吸收率高于牛油；不同的油脂混合后，由于脂肪酸的协同作用，又使各自的吸收利用率得到提高。据测定，鸡在３～４周龄和８周龄以上两个阶段，对大豆油的吸收率均为９６％，高于其他任何油（玉米油和猪油次之）。大豆脂肪中富含机体不能合成的不饱合脂肪酸（又称必需脂肪酸），在新陈代谢过程中起着特殊作用。大豆油的代谢能值也最高：８．８兆卡／千克。故此，添加饲用油脂时，首选大豆油：价格低廉，易…     

婴幼儿配方奶粉脂肪酸母乳化调制的研究现状

母乳脂肪中最重要的饱和脂肪酸—棕榈酸中,大约有70%的C16:0是酯化在Sn-2位上,而普通婴幼儿配方粉中脂肪酸的C16:0大部分连在Sn-1或Sn-3位上,这种结构差异不利于婴幼儿的消化和吸收。富含Sn-2棕榈酸的甘油三酯(Beta-pol)模仿了母乳脂肪的结构,其所含的棕榈酸C16:0约有40%～70%是酯化在Sn-2位上。研究表明,添加了Beta-pol的婴幼儿配方粉,能够促进婴幼儿对脂肪酸和钙的吸收,有效降低其便秘的发生率。     

气相色谱快速测定猪肉、脂肪及饲料脂肪酸组成

传统的脂肪酸分析方法的步骤繁琐、耗时长、需用试剂种类多且毒性较大。笔者通过大量试验,建立了一种快速的脂肪酸检测方法,使猪肉、皮下脂肪及饲料的脂肪酸检测变得非常简便。采用AT-FFAP毛细管柱、恒温分析的气相色谱法,在22min内快速测定了猪配合饲料、猪肉背最长肌和皮下脂肪的主要8种脂肪酸组成。测定结果表明,此方法能准确分离出8种主要脂肪酸:豆蔻酸、棕榈酸、棕榈油酸、硬脂酸、油酸、亚油酸、亚麻酸和花生酸,有较好的精密度和重复性、可靠性。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

中华人民共和国农业部公告 第267号

为贯彻落实《兽药生产质量管理规范》(简称《兽药GMP》),进一步推动兽药GMP实施进程,我部制定了《兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法》,现予公告。本公告自2003年6月1日起施行。附件:兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法二○○三年四月十日第一章 总则 第一条 为推动《兽药生产质量管理规范》(以下简称兽药GMP)的实施,规范兽药GMP检查验收工作,制定本办法。 第二条 农业部负责全国兽药GMP管理和检查验收工作;负责制修订兽药GMP检查验收管理规定;负责兽药GMP检查员队伍建设和监督管理工作,负责国际兽药贸易中GMP互认工作。 …