过瘤胃保护胆碱在奶牛生产中的应用

过瘤胃保护胆碱（RPC）可有效防止瘤胃微生物对胆碱的降解,使胆碱在理想部位即小肠释放进而被吸收。许多研究证实,RPC促进围产期奶牛健康,提高生产性能以及繁殖性能。本文系统综述了过瘤胃保护胆碱对奶牛代谢和生产性能的影响与作用机制,讨论了影响其添加效果的各种因素及胆碱过瘤胃技术的现状。     

高产奶牛过瘤胃胆碱营养研究进展

胆碱在单胃和幼龄反刍动物上的应用,国内外有较多的研究报道,已被人们广泛认可。对于成年奶牛,由于其体内能够以蛋氨酸、维生素B12等为原料进行生物合成,因此在生产实践中,奶牛的胆碱营养容易忽视。然而奶牛体内合成的胆碱仅可以满足维持和低泌乳量的需要,对于高产奶牛,尤其是在泌乳早期和高峰期,常表现为能量负平衡,此时对胆碱的需要量很大。若胆碱供应不足会造成奶牛不同程度的肝脂肪浸润,并伴有生产性能和繁殖性能的降低。然而,若直接向奶牛日粮中添加胆碱会被瘤胃微生物降解,因此需要对高产奶牛补充能够通过瘤胃的胆碱。1胆碱的生理作…     

过瘤胃胆碱对黔北麻羊瘤胃发酵及血浆生化指标的影响

本试验旨在研究过瘤胃胆碱(RPC)对成年黔北麻羊瘤胃发酵及血浆生化指标的影响。以体况良好,年龄、体重[(35.0±1.2)kg]一致的成年黔北麻羊6只为试验动物,分为对照组和试验组,每组3个重复,每个重复1只羊。采用交叉试验设计,对照组饲喂基础饲粮,不含RPC;试验组补饲10 g/d的RPC。试验持续30 d,分2期,每期15 d;每期最后1 d采集瘤胃液测定p H、氨态氮浓度、微生物蛋白产量、挥发性脂肪酸(乙酸、丙酸、丁酸)浓度、纤维素酶(微晶纤维素酶、羧甲基纤维素酶、纤维二糖酶、木聚糖酶)活性,同时采血测定血浆葡萄糖、尿素氮、总蛋白、白蛋白、总胆固醇、甘油三酯、肌酐浓度。结果显示:1)RPC对山羊采食速度没有影响,对采食量没有显著影响(P0.05);2)RPC对瘤胃液p H、氨态氮浓度、微生物蛋白产量、挥发性脂肪酸浓度及4种纤维素酶活性影响较小,2组间差异均不显著(P0.05);3)RPC对血浆生化指标影响较小,2组间差异均不显著(P0.05)。由此可见,补饲10 g/d的RPC对成年黔北麻羊的采食量、瘤胃发酵参数和血浆生化指标没有显著影响。     

过瘤胃氯化胆碱对奶牛生产性能的影响

选取40头健康荷斯坦泌乳盛期奶牛完全随机分为2组,每组20头。对照组牛群饲喂基础日粮,试验组牛群在基础饲料中添加20 g/（日.头）的瘤胃保护胆碱,分三次饲喂,瘤胃保护胆碱直接投喂于TMR日粮上。试验期60 d。测定了产奶量,牛奶中的乳脂率、乳蛋白、体细胞数。试验结果表明：在本试验的条件下,试验组牛群在基础饲料中添加20 g/（日.头）的瘤胃保护胆碱后,奶牛的平均产奶量显著提高了1.6%（P〈0.05）,乳脂率提高了0.06%（P〈0.05）;乳蛋白率、乳蛋白量、乳脂量、体细胞数均无显著差异（P〉0.05）。     

过瘤胃保护胆碱在反刍动物生产上的应用

过瘤胃保护胆碱(RPC),可直接添加到日粮中供饲反刍动物,不受瘤胃微生物降解。许多研究证明,RPC能提高反刍动物的生产性能改善其血液、肝脏代谢。本文简要介绍了过瘤胃保护胆碱对反刍动物的影响及作用机理,并对有待于继续研究的问题进行了探讨。     

过瘤胃保护甜菜碱和过瘤胃保护胆碱对1～3月龄湖羊生长性能、消化性能、屠宰性能和脂肪沉积的影响

本试验旨在研究过瘤胃保护甜菜碱(RPB)和过瘤胃保护胆碱(RPC)对1~3月龄湖羊生长性能、消化性能、屠宰性能和脂肪沉积的影响。试验选用30只体重相近的1月龄左右的湖羊公羔,随机分成3组,分别为对照组、RPB组和RPC组,每组10只。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,RPB组和RPC组则饲喂在基础饲粮干物质(DM)基础上分别添加2.9 g/kg RPB和2.5 g/kg RPC的试验饲粮。预试期21 d,正试期54 d。结果表明:1)饲粮中添加RPB和RPC对1~3月龄湖羊的平均日增重、平均日采食量和料重比均无显著影响(P0.05),但RPB组、RPC组的平均日增重较对照组分别增加了19.97%和27.75%。2)饲粮中添加RPB和RPC对1~3月龄湖羊的粗蛋白质(CP)、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)、酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)、DM和有机物(OM)的表观消化率均无显著影响(P0.05)。3)饲粮中添加RPB和RPC均可以显著降低1~3月龄湖羊的背膘厚(P0.05),对宰前活重、屠宰率、胴体重、GR值、眼肌面积、腹脂重、肾周脂肪重和肌内脂肪(IMF)含量无显著影响(P0.05),但RPB组和RPC组眼肌面积较对照组分别增加了10.86%和3.16%,IMF含量较对照组分别增加了17.27%和36.36%,肾周脂肪重较对照组分别降低了20.60%和22.67%。综合以上试验结果得出,饲粮中添加2.9 g/kg RPB或2.5 g/kg RPC均可以改善1~3月龄湖羊的脂肪沉积部位和胴体品质,并且从消化性能、生长性能和屠宰性能来看,在满足维持需要的饲粮营养水平下,2种添加剂的作用相当     

不同过瘤胃保护性蛋氨酸过瘤胃效果的评定

研究应用瘤胃尼龙袋法和运动尼龙袋法对棕榈油脂肪粉包被蛋氨酸的过瘤胃效果进行测定.根据椋榈油脂肪粉的添加比例不同分为保护性蛋氨酸Ⅰ(RPMet-Ⅰ)、保护性蛋氨酸Ⅱ(RPMet-Ⅱ)、保护性蛋氨酸Ⅲ(RPMet-Ⅲ)和保护性蛋氨酸Ⅳ(RPMet-Ⅳ).结果表明,棕榈油脂肪粉包被的蛋氨酸瘤胃降解率极显著降低,RPMet-Ⅳ的瘤胃降解率最低,RPMet-Ⅰ的瘤胃降解率最高;小肠释放率RPMet-Ⅰ最高,RPMet-Ⅳ最低;其中RPMet-Ⅰ、RPMet-Ⅱ和RPMet-Ⅲ小肠释放率优于RPMet-Ⅳ.综合考虑瘤胃降解率和小肠释放率RPMet-Ⅲ效果更佳.     

过瘤胃胆碱和蛋氨酸对泌乳早期奶牛生产性能和健康状况影响的研究现状

泌乳早期在奶牛饲养中是一个基础时期,这一时期奶牛经受着激素、生理、代谢水平的强烈应激,导致奶牛的健康和生产性能受到很大的影响。对于提高泌乳早期奶牛的生产性能和健康状况,添加剂的使用越来越受到广大研究者的青睐。文中对添加过瘤胃胆碱和过瘤胃蛋氨酸对泌乳早期奶牛生产性能和健康状况的研究进行综述。     

过瘤胃保护生物素的过瘤胃保护效果和稳定性评定

试验旨在应用体外模拟法研究过瘤胃保护生物素（RPB）的唾液、瘤胃和小肠降解率,为过瘤胃生物素产品的过瘤胃保护效果和稳定性提供理论参考。试验采用人工唾液法测定RPB的唾液稳定性,半体内尼龙袋法测定RPB在安装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的健康辽宁绒山羊瘤胃中的降解率,体外模拟小肠消化法测定小肠降解率,评定RPB的过瘤胃保护效果。结果表明：RPB在人工唾液中培养4 h内降解率低于18%,瘤胃中4、24 h内降解率分别为36.28%和59.34%,小肠中的平均降解率为84.85%。由此可见,RPB产品包被效果良好,在人工唾液和瘤胃中稳定性较好,且具有较高的小肠可消化性。     

过瘤胃胆碱对黔北麻羊能量效率及血浆免疫指标的影响

试验旨在研究过瘤胃胆碱(rumen-protected choline,RPC)对黔北麻羊能量效率及血浆免疫指标的影响。采用非配对试验设计,将20只年龄、体重一致的黔北麻羊羔羊随机分成2组,每组10只,分别饲喂0g/(d·只)(对照组)和10g/(d·只)(试验组)RPC的日粮,检测饲粮能量效率指标(总能表观消化率、总能利用率、消化能利用率)与血浆免疫指标(总蛋白、白蛋白、球蛋白)水平。结果显示:(1)与对照组相比,试验组总能、粪能、甲烷能水平较高(P0.05),尿能差异不显著(P0.05);试验组消化能、代谢能水平及总能表观消化率、总能利用率均显著高于对照组(P0.05)。(2)RPC对羔羊血浆总蛋白、白蛋白、球蛋白影响较小,差异均不显著(P0.05)。由此可见,羔羊饲粮中补饲10g/d的RPC可提高能量效率,但对血浆免疫指标影响较小。     

紫杉醇-姜黄素介孔SiO_2/脂质复合递药系统体外释药研究

为了考察自制紫杉醇-姜黄素介孔SiO_2/脂质复合递药系统的体外释药行为,建立高效液相色谱法同时检测紫杉醇-姜黄素浓度;筛选适当增溶剂增加紫杉醇-姜黄素溶解度;反透析法考察各药物组的体外释药行为,绘制紫杉醇-姜黄素累积释药曲线并进行释药模型拟合。结果显示,不同药物组中紫杉醇-姜黄素释药行为表现出一定差异性,两种药物单药组累积释药量均高于混合组,自制递药系统累积释药量均高于裸药组。但紫杉醇不同递药系统组累积释药量由高到低分别为:MSNs>PLMSNs>LMSNs,姜黄素不同递药系统组累积释药量由高到低分别为:LMSNs>PLMSNs>MSNs。此外,PLMSNs组中紫杉醇-姜黄素释药行为均符合Hixon-Crowell释药模型。     

Novel amoxicillin nanoparticles formulated as sustained release delivery system for poultry use

Amoxicillin is used in the treatment and prevention of a wide range of diseases in poultry breeding. However, its short half‐life and low bioavailability restrict its clinical application in these species. Entrapment of drugs into polymeric nanoparticles (nps) presents a means to improve gastrointestinal absorption and oral bioavailability of drugs. This study was aimed to overcome limitation of amoxicillin use in poultry breeding. Amoxicillin was loaded into sodium alginate‐polyvinyl alcohol (NaAlg‐PVA ) blend nps, and characterization of the prepared nps was performed. For pharmacokinetic study, commercial male broilers were used and comparative pharmacokinetics of free and nanoparticle form of amoxicillin were investigated. Twenty‐one broilers were divided into three groups. All groups received 10 mg/kg drug. Blood samples were collected, and drug plasma concentrations were determined by HPLC . The results demonstrated that the particle size, zeta potential, encapsulation efficiency, and loading capacity of the nps were 513.96 ± 19.46 nm, ?45.36 ± 1.35 mV , 43.66 ± 3.30, and 12.06 ± 0.83%, respectively. In vitro drug release exhibited a biphasic pattern with an initial burst release of 18% within 2 hr followed by a sustained release over 22 hr. The pharmacokinetic results showed that amoxicillin nps have higher bioavailability and longer plasma half‐life (p  <  .01) than free amoxicillin. These results indicate that amoxicillin nano formulation is suitable for oral administration in broilers.     

In vitro and in vivo evaluation of an in situ forming gel system for sustained delivery of Florfenicol

The objective of this study was to develop an injectable in situ forming gel system based on Poloxamer for sustained release of Florfenicol (FFC). The formulations were prepared containing certain amounts of Poloxamer 407 (P407) and Poloxamer 188 (P188) alone or with hydroxylpropyl methylcellulose (HPMC), sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC‐Na), or polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) as polymer additives. The optimal formulation was chosen according to in vitro parameters (gelation temperature, gelation time, pH value, viscosity, and in vitro release). Then the FFC in vivo pharmacokinetic character of the optimal formulation was investigated in dogs with a single dose of 50 mg/kg b.w. under s.c. injection. In vitro release studies, all formulations containing polymer additives had prolonged release time and decreased initial burst to some extent. The optimal formulation containing 0.15% HPMC showed a best sustained release profile for about 128 h with the lowest initial burst in vitro (<40% in 24 h). In vivo, the 20% FFC in situ forming gel provided prolonged drug release time within the therapeutic range for about 100 h, with stable plasma levels and elimination half‐life (t_1/2λz) nine times higher than the control formulation. In conclusion, in situ forming gel is an attractive alternative for FFC sustained release system.     

Environmental toxicology: polychlorinated biphenyls impair TNF-alpha release in vitro

Tumour necrosis factor (TNF-alpha) was induced by bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS)/phytohemagglutin (PHA) stimulated human whole blood in vitro. Levels of TNF-alpha were evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Blood samples treated with polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB 77, PCB 126) exhibited impairment of TNF-alpha release: 50 pg/microl PCB reduced by up to 66% and 500 pg/microl PCB reduced by up to 93% the TNF-alpha release compared with the controls.     

恩诺沙星聚合物胶束的制备及体外释放

通过比较3种不同质量比的两嵌段共聚物制备的聚合物胶束,优化恩诺沙星聚合物胶束的制备工艺,并考察该胶束的理化性质和体外释药特性。以自乳化溶剂挥发法制备恩诺沙星聚合物胶束,并采用单因素法优化处方;HPLC法测定其载药量、包封率、体外释药特性,激光粒度仪测定其粒径及分布,红外分光光度法（IR）确证含药胶束特征。结果显示,采用PLA16000-mPEG2000（聚乳酸-聚乙二醇单甲醚）共聚物为载体,以丙酮为有机溶剂,所制备胶束平均粒径为（117.2±8.2）nm,载药量为（3.3±0.17）%,包封率为（32.3±1.70）%;相对于另外2种材料制备的胶束有较好的载药量,且IR确证药物已被包封在胶束中。恩诺沙星胶束体外释药试验表明其具有一定的缓释特性。     

Use of biodegradable PLGA microspheres as a slow release delivery system for the Boophilus microplus synthetic vaccine SBm7462

The synthetic anti-Boophilus microplus vaccine SBm7462 derived from the tick intestinal protein, Bm86, induced a protective immune response when emulsified in saponin and used in cattle. Using a mice model, and with the objective of improving the vaccine by continual peptide release, it was encapsulated in PLGA 50:50 microspheres and inoculated in BALB/c mice to assess the immunological response by detection of anti-peptide IgGs. Comparative studies were made with the peptide emulsified in saponin and with another synthetic vaccine, and the microsphere/peptide was characterized for efficiency of encapsulation, in vitro release profile, morphology, size, peptide integrity after encapsulation and stability in different pHs. The findings showed that saponin enhances a better immune response from SBm7462 and that the PLGA 50:50 microspheres are suitable for use with this peptide.     

Sevoflurane inhibits equine myeloperoxidase release and activity in vitro

Objective To investigate the effects of the volatile anaesthetic sevoflurane on the release of total and active myeloperoxidase (MPO) by non‐stimulated and stimulated polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) in whole blood from healthy horses. Study design In vitro experimental study. Animals Adult healthy horses. Methods Samples of whole venous blood were collected and incubated in air or in air plus 2.3% or 4.6% sevoflurane for 1 hour. PMNs were stimulated with N‐formyl‐methionyl‐leucyl‐phenylalanine (fMLP), with a combination of cytochalasin B (CB) and fMLP or with phorbol myristate acetate (PMA). Total and active MPO contents released by PMNs in blood were measured by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and specific immunological extraction followed by enzymatic detection (SIEFED) respectively. Additional experiments were performed to assess the effect of sevoflurane on the peroxidase and chlorination cycles of purified equine MPO using Amplex Red and 3’‐(p‐aminophenyl) fluorescein as fluorogenic substrates respectively. Results As compared with air alone, 1 hour exposure of whole blood to 4.6% sevoflurane in air significantly inhibited the release of total and active MPO by unstimulated and both fMLP‐ and CB + fMLP‐stimulated PMNs but not by PMA‐stimulated PMNs. Although 2.3% sevoflurane had no effect on total MPO release by unstimulated and stimulated PMNs, it significantly reduced the release of active MPO by unstimulated and fMLP‐stimulated PMNs. Additionally, sevoflurane reversibly inhibited the activity of MPO, especially the peroxidase cycle of the enzyme. Conclusions and clinical relevance Although our experimental study was not designed to assess the effects of sevoflurane in vivo, this inhibition of MPO release and activity may have relevance for anaesthetized horses and deserves further studies to examine the clinical importance of these findings.     

痢菌净纳米乳的制备及体外释放度测定

为减少痢菌净的毒副作用及临床用药次数,用水包油法制备了痢菌净纳米乳,并对其形态、粒径、稳定性及体外释放等性能进行了研究。结果显示,纳米乳的稳定性较好,平均粒径在50nm左右,80 h体外释放率达到70%,具备明显的缓释功能,说明痢菌净纳米乳的制备工艺可行。     

Purification and properties of cholesterol oxidase and choline phosphohydrolase from Rhodococcus equi.

Cholesterol oxidase (CO) and choline phosphohydrolase (CPH) exoenzymes were isolated from culture supernatants of Rhodococcus equi ATCC 33701 and their hemolytic and cytotoxic activities examined. The purifications involved differential ammonium sulphate precipitation, ion exchange and gel filtration chromatography. A purification of 32.8-fold and a yield of 0.3% of CO were determined by synergistic hemolysis of sheep red blood cells (SRBC) presensitized with Staphylococcus aureus beta toxin. The enzymatic activity of CO was also demonstrated by oxidation of aqueous cholesterol suspensions. The activity of CO was reversibly inhibited by concentration. A purification of 412.4-fold and a yield of 1.7% of CPH were determined by hydrolysis of p-nitrophenyphosphorylcholine. Purity of both exoenzymes was confirmed by immunoblotting. On sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, the CO had a molecular mass (Mr) of 60 kd and the CPH a Mr of 65 kd. Choline phosphohydrolase did not hydrolyse sphingomyelin. Sphingomyelinase C (SMC) activity was however demonstrated in concentrated culture supernatants. This dissociation of SMC from CPH activity indicates that R. equi produces two distinct phospholipase C exoenzymes, a CPH and a SMC. Both CO and CPH combined, or individually, did not lyse native SRBC even with subsequent chilling of the cells at 4 degrees C ("hot-cold" treatment). Purified CO lysed beta toxin-sensitized SRBC. The CPH showed only minor hemolytic activity against such sensitized SRBC even at high concentrations. Combination of CO and CPH in lysis of beta toxin sensitized SRBC showed only minor additive rather than synergistic effects.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)