集约化猪场废水强化生化处理工艺试验研究

该文采用新型厌氧反应器技术和强化生物脱氮及硝化技术处理猪场废水。试验结果表明：新型厌氧反应器容积COD_Cr负荷可达8 kg/(m³·d)以上，稳定运行COD_Cr平均去除率为75％；生物脱氮及硝化采用一体式A/O反应器，缺氧段水力停留时间为1 h，好氧段水力停留时间为3 d，氨氮浓度可控制在10 mg/L以下。总出水COD_Cr平均550 mg/L，BOD₅平均53.0 mg/L，NH₃-N平均8.8 mg/L，总COD_Cr去除率87%，总BOD₅去除率96%，NH₃-N总去除率在98％以上；采用原水碳源优化分配强化生物脱氮，TN去除率为77.11%左右。总出水BOD₅/COD_Cr约0.10，出水COD_Cr中难生物降解成分占绝大多数，需经过后续物化处理才能达到广东省水污染物控制标准(DB44/26-2001)。     

垂直流人工湿地出水口位置与植物种类对农村生活污水净化效果的影响

利用3 种栽种植物的美人蕉(Canna indica Linn)湿地(M)、狼尾草[Pennisetum alopecuroides (Linn.) Spreng]湿地(L)、苏丹草[Sorghum sudanense (Piper) Stapf]湿地(S)和未栽种植物的对照湿地(CK), 研究高、中、低出水口及不同植物对垂直流人工湿地污水净化效果的影响。垂直流人工湿地进水来自常熟农业生态试验站生活污水厌氧池, 以间歇式进水方式运行, 进水水力负荷为0.15 m³·m^-2·d^-1。结果表明: 不同出水口位置对NH₄⁺-N(铵态氮)、NO₃^--N(硝态氮)、COD(化学需氧量)的去除率存在显著性差异。随着出水口位置的降低NH₄⁺-N 的去除率显著增加, 最大去除率达到98.3%。出水口位置升高NO₃^--N 与COD 的去除率则显著增加, 高出水口的去除率分别达到-47.4%和64.5%。与中、低出水口处理相比, 高出水口的TN(总氮)去除率提高22.5%~27.6%。而对TP(总磷)的去除率恰恰相反, 高出水口处理TP 去除率比中、低出水口低20.6%~28.9%。3 种有植物湿地—美人蕉湿地、狼尾草湿地、苏丹草湿地对NO₃^--N、TN、TP、COD去除率显著高于未栽种植物的对照湿地, 分别提高74.4%~98.6%、11.3%~17.8%、8.60%~16.3%与14.1%~19.0%。3 种植物湿地之间对NO₃^--N、TN、TP、COD 去除效果没有显著差异。对NH₄⁺-N 的去除效果, 美人蕉湿地显著低于其他3 种湿地。以上结果表明, 通过对垂直流人工湿地的出水口位置控制和栽种湿地植物,可以有效地改变污染物的去除效果。     

宁夏引黄灌区稻田氮素浓度变化与迁移特征

过量施氮与不合理灌水是农田面源污染加剧的主要原因。为了寻求较优的水氮管理模式以促进农业生产和减少农田退水对黄河水体的污染, 在宁夏引黄灌区典型稻田中开展了不同水氮条件下稻田氮素迁移转化规律研究。结果表明: 不同水氮条件下稻田田面水NH₄⁺-N 与NO₃^--N 浓度伴随施肥出现明显峰值, NO₃^--N 峰值出现时间较NH₄⁺-N 晚, 且变化较平缓。3 次追肥时期和整个生育期田面水NH₄⁺-N 平均浓度与施氮量和灌水量都呈显著相关, 田面水NO₃^--N 平均浓度与施氮量呈显著正相关, 与灌水量相关性不显著。稻田30 cm与60 cm 深度的直渗水NH₄⁺-N 浓度受施肥影响较大, 与田面水NH₄⁺-N 浓度变化规律相似, 90 cm 处直渗水NH₄⁺-N 浓度峰值出现较为滞后, 且浓度较上层土体低, 120 cm 处直渗水NH₄⁺-N 浓度大体呈现持续上升趋势,整个生育期直渗水NH₄⁺-N 平均浓度与施氮量呈显著相关, 仅30 cm 处NH₄⁺-N 平均浓度与灌水量呈负相关, 其他土层深度不显著。30 cm 与60 cm 直渗水NO₃^--N 浓度在首次灌水后急剧下降, 在施肥后有较小幅度上升, 90 cm 与120 cm 直渗水NO₃^--N 浓度下降缓慢, 仅30 cm 处NO₃^--N 平均浓度与施肥量显著正相关。总的结果表明减少施肥或灌水均可达到减少农田氮素淋失的目的。     

猪场废水厌氧消化液后处理技术研究及工程应用

猪场废水经过厌氧消化后，可生化性变差，BOD₅/COD仅为0.19，并且碳、氮倒置，比例严重失调，给后续好氧处理带来很大困难。采用序批式活性污泥法(SBR)工艺直接处理厌氧消化液，污染物的去除效果很差，COD仅去除8.31%，NH₃-N去除78.7％。通过改善厌氧消化液的可生化性和培养高效脱氮菌种等措施，COD、NH₃-N去除率改善显著，COD、BOD₅与SS的去除分别达到89.6%～93.4%、97.9%，95.6%，特别是对NH₃-N，达到了99%以上去除效率。将实验室结果应用于实际工程，也取得了好的效果，工程上SBR系统对猪场废水厌氧消化液的COD去除90%左右，出水COD基本上在300 mg/L以下。NH₃-N去除率大于99%，出水NH₃-N小于10 mg/L。BOD₅去除率大于98%，出水BOD₅小于20 mg/L。TN去除率大于90%。     

杭州灯塔养殖总场猪粪污水处理工程的设计与运行

采用厌氧—好氧(UASB—SBR)法处理技术对杭州灯塔养殖总场的高浓度猪粪污水进行处理，COD总去除率达98%，NH₃-N去除率达99%以上，出水COD浓度不大于150 mg/L ，NH₃-N浓度不大于15 mg/L，出水水质达到《污水综合排放标准》(GB8978-1996)的二级排放标准。     

模拟潜流人工湿地处理猪场废水的实验研究

采用盆栽试验模拟潜流型人工湿地，研究了土壤、蛭石、煤渣和碎石四种人工湿地基质不同组合净化养猪场污水的能力。结果表明：以上层蛭石土混合物、下层煤渣和碎石的组合处理效果最佳，14d内COD_Cr、NH₄⁺-N、T-P的去除率分别达到了95.3%、90%、91.6%。试验前期，四种不同组合基质的COD_Cr、NH₄⁺-N、T-P去处率有明显差异，但试验后期除T-P的去除率仍有明显差异外，COD_Cr和NH₄⁺-N去除率已无明显差异。     

水培条件下CO2与NH+4/NO-3配比对番茄幼苗生育的影响

升高CO₂浓度能够促进作物的光合作用，提高作物的生物量和产量，但关于CO₂与NH⁺₄/NO^-₃比及其交互作用对作物影响的研究较少，为探索番茄幼苗生长发育对CO₂浓度升高的响应是否对NH⁺₄/NO^-₃配比有较强的依赖关系，本试验在营养液栽培条件下，以番茄(Lycopersicun esculentum Mill)为试材，研究正常大气CO₂浓度(360 μL/L)和倍增CO₂浓度(720 μL/L)与不同NH⁺₄/NO^-₃配比的交互作用对番茄幼苗生长的影响。结果表明：CO₂浓度升高提高了低NH⁺₄/NO^-₃比例处理中番茄叶片的光合速率和水分利用率，提高幅度随NH⁺₄/NO^-₃比例的降低而增强，光合速率增强最大达55%。在同一CO₂浓度处理下净光合速率与水分利用率均随NH⁺₄/NO^-₃比例的增加而显著降低。这说明CO₂浓度升高对番茄幼苗生长发育的促进作用随NH⁺₄/NO^-₃比例的降低而提高，但并没有减弱全NH⁺₄-N处理中番茄幼苗的受毒害作用。综上所述，CO₂浓度升高能提高植物生产的节水能力和水分生产力；水培条件下，NO^-₃-N是最适合番茄幼苗生长发育的氮源，其它NH⁺₄/NO^-₃比例对番茄幼苗的生长发育有一定的抑制作用，仅以NH⁺₄-N作氮源则番茄幼苗很难生长。     

不同铵硝配比对弱光下白菜氮素吸收及相关酶的影响

以黑色遮阳网覆盖模仿弱光环境, 使光照强度为自然光的20%左右, 以自然光照为对照, 采用精确控制水培溶液氮素营养, 研究NH₄⁺-N/NO₃^--N 比例分别为0/100、25/75、50/50、75/25、100/0 对弱光下白菜氮代谢及硝酸还原酶和谷氨酰胺合成酶活性的影响。结果表明, 弱光下, 白菜的鲜重及叶片总氮量以NH₄⁺-N/NO₃^--N 比为25/75 时最大, NH₄⁺-N/NO₃^--N 比为100/0 时最低。随弱光处理的进行, 白菜叶片中硝酸还原酶活性及谷氨酰胺合成酶活性均呈下降趋势, 但NH₄⁺-N/NO₃^--N 比为25/75 时, 可维持叶片内较高的硝酸还原酶活性及谷氨酰胺合成酶活性。试验表明, NH₄⁺-N/NO₃^--N 比25/75 是白菜在弱光下生长的较适宜氮素形态配比。     

铁和不同形态氮素对玉米植株吸收矿质元素及其在体内分布的影响——Ⅰ.对氮、磷、钾、钙、镁等营养元素的影响

用营养液培养方法研究了铁和两种形态氮素(NO₃^--N和NH₄⁺-N)对玉米植株吸收氮、磷、钾等大量元素和钙、镁等中量元素及其在体内分布的影响。结果表明:与NO₃^--N相比,供应NH₄⁺-N促进了玉米对氮的吸收,在缺铁条件下,降低了对磷、钾、钙及镁的吸收。铁和NH₄⁺-N都显著提高了玉米植株各器官中氮的含量。与NH₄⁺-N处理相比,NO₃^--N处理的新叶中磷含量显著增加,但铁的供应对植物体内磷的含量无显著影响。使用NO₃^--N显著提高了玉米新叶和老叶中钾的含量,根和茎中钾的含量无明显影响。铁的供应降低了新叶和老叶中钾的含量。供铁时,NH₄⁺-N处理的玉米新叶中钙和镁的含量显著低于NO₃^--N处理,而在缺铁时则无显著差异。     

土壤交换性和非交换性NH4+在低地水稻的氮素营养中的重要性

G.Keerthisinghe等人在菲律宾主要植稻区的三种土壤上进行田间试验,考察NH₄⁺-N肥的施用和作物氮素的吸收对土壤交换性NH₄⁺和非交换性NH₄⁺水平的影响。     

封闭循环海湾扇贝育苗系统水处理工艺与运行效果研究

为确定封闭循环海水育苗系统的水处理工艺流程，了解各水处理单元的运行效果及育苗水体的水质状况，建立了一套100 m³育苗水体的生产中试系统。以海湾扇贝为实验生物进行苗种循环水培育试验，试验过程中跟踪监测各水处理单元进出水口处目标污染物的浓度，并长期监测育苗池中各理化因子水质指标。监测结果说明生物滤池能有效去除氨氮、亚硝酸氮和COD，同时各水处理单元联合对SS的去除率达80%。育苗池中氨氮、亚硝酸氮和COD的长期统计平均值分别为0.023、0.004和1.43 mg/L，水质优良。这证明该系统水处理工艺可行，能有效去除目标污染物。     

A Novel High Capacity Biofilm Reactor System for Treatment of Domestic Sewage

A lab-scale novel biofilm reactor system, Ultra-Compact Biofilm Reactor (UCBR), was studied to investigate its performance and operational characteristics for domestic sewage treatment. The reactor was operated at four different hydraulic retention times, namely, 90, 60, 30 and 15 min. The operating ranges of volumetric loading rates in terms of COD, BOD₅, NH⁺ ₄-N and TKN were 5.6-62.1 kg COD/m³ d, 2.6-32.5 BOD₅/m³ d, 0.6-3.2 kg NH⁺ ₄-N/m³ d and 0.82-6.2 kg TKN/m³ d, respectively. The COD, BOD₅ and NH⁺ ₄-N removal efficiencies at 90-min hydraulic retention time (HRT) and 60-min HRT could exceed 80%, 90% and 99%, respectively. The corresponding maximum biomass concentrations were 12.0 g/L and 15.0 g/L at 90-min HRT and 60-min HRT, respectively. At 30-min HRT, the biomass concentration increased to a maximum of 24.0 g/L. However, COD and BOD₅ removal efficiencies decreased to 75% and 80%, respectively, while the NH⁺ ₄-N nitrification efficiency decreased to only 25% to 30%. These observations suggested that high biomass concentration alone was not sufficient to provide a high removal capacity in a UCBR. Further reduction in HRT to 15 min led to an excessive biomass decline from 22.5 g/L to 4.0 g/L. On the whole, the UCBR was able to sustain COD removal and NH⁺ ₄-N conversion of up to 5.96-18.70 kg COD/m³ d and 0.73-1.00 kg NH⁺ ₄-N/m³ d, respectively.     

Chemical Oxygen Demand and Ammonia Nitrogen Removal in a Non-saturated Layer of a Strengthened Constructed Rapid Infiltration System

A strengthened constructed rapid infiltration (SCRI) system is a sewage treatment system derived from a constructed rapid infiltration (CRI) system. The SCRI tank structure primarily includes saturated and non-saturated layers. The degradation of the chemical oxygen demand (COD) and the conversion of ammonia nitrogen (NH₄ ⁺-N) are primarily performed in a non-saturated layer. To study the COD and NH₄ ⁺-N removal process in a non-saturated layer, two organic glass columns with a radius of 2.5 cm and a height of 70 cm were loaded with layers of soil from the Shunyi district of Beijing. The primary goal of this research is to quantify the removal effect factors and the relationship of the COD and NH₄ ⁺-N in the non-saturated layer. The SCRI system functioned successfully under a wetting-drying ratio of 1:5 with hydraulic loading at 1.0 m³/ (m²·d) for over 2 months. Our results show that the removal rate of NH₄ ⁺-N is approximately 69.11%, and the removal efficiency of COD is approximately 90.46%. The removal of COD is only slightly affected by pH, while the removal of NH₄ ⁺-N is greatly influenced by pH.     

牡蛎壳作生物滞留填料对城市地表径流污染物去除效果研究

选择磷吸附性能最强的牡蛎壳作为填料,在实验室构建3个生物滞留模拟装置(A柱:养殖牡蛎壳;B柱:海滩牡蛎壳;C柱:养殖牡蛎壳存在淹没区),采用道路径流模拟配水作为进水,研究牡蛎壳作为填料对青岛市城市径流常见污染物氮磷及COD的处理效果,并对各污染物去除机理进行探讨。结果表明:3种牡蛎壳填料的生物滞留设施对总磷的去除效果最好,在进水磷浓度为0.57～1.83 mg/L条件下,无淹没区装置平均去除率为96.12%,存在淹没区的装置平均去除率为91.02%。养殖牡蛎壳与海滩牡蛎壳对磷的去除效果并无明显差异,淹没区不利于磷的去除。在前期进水过程中(前5次进水)3个模拟装置氨氮(NH_4~+)的出水浓度高于进水浓度,延长落干期后,装置的NH_4~+去除率均上升,B柱NH_4~+平均去除率(58.83%)相对于A柱(48.77%)及C柱(53.06%)更高,有无淹没区对NH_4~+去除并无明显影响。由于填料中有机物的渗沥,首次进水出现严重COD淋出,在随后的进水过程中,COD去除效果迅速上升并稳定,3个模拟柱去除率分别为50.34%,23.47%和47.75%。由于反硝化作用受阻,对硝氮(NO_3~-)的去除效果不佳。整体看来,养殖牡蛎壳可以应用于青岛市生物滞留设施的填料,为加强滞留设施NO_3~-的去除效果,还需要采用强化脱氮措施。     

Simultaneous Pollutant Removal and Electricity Generation in a Combined ABR-MFC-MEC System Treating Fecal Wastewater

Simultaneous power generation and fecal wastewater treatment were investigated using a combined ABR-MFC-MEC system (anaerobic baffled reactor-microbial fuel cell-microbial electrolysis cell). The installation of multi-stage baffles can benefit retaining the suspended solids in the system and help separate the hydrolysis-acidification and the methanogen processes. The efficiencies of the nitrification-denitrification process were improved because of the weak current generation by coupling the microbial electrochemical device (MFC-MEC) with the ABR unit. Maximum removal rates for chemical oxygen demand (COD) and ammonia nitrogen (NH₄ ⁺-N) were 1.35 ± 0.05 kg COD/m³/day and 85.0 ± 0.4 g NH₄ ⁺-N/m³/day, respectively, while 45% of methane (CH₄), 9% of carbon dioxide (CO₂), and 45% of nitrogen gas (N₂) contents in volume ratio were found in the collected gas phase. An average surplus output voltage of 452.5 ± 10.5 mV could be achieved from the combined system, when the initial COD concentration was 1500.0 ± 20.0 mg/L and the initial NH₄ ⁺-N concentration was 110.0 ± 5.0 mg/L, while the effluent COD could reach 50.0 mg/L with an HRT of 48 h. The combined process has the potential to treat fecal wastewater efficiently with nearly zero energy input and a fair bio-fuel production.     

模拟降雨条件下垄沟坡度对溶解态氮磷流失的影响

为揭示不同垄沟坡度对径流中溶解态氮、磷流失的影响,采用人工模拟降雨试验,设置4个垄沟坡度处理(0°,9°,18°和27°),研究了不同垄沟坡度对径流中速效磷(PO_4~(3-)—P)、硝态氮(NO_3~-—N)和铵态氮(NH_4~+—N)浓度和流失量的影响;并利用Inorganic—N/PO_4~(3-)—P、NO_3~-—N/PO_4~(3-)—P和NH_4~+—N/PO_4~(3-)—P 3种氮磷比,评价不同处理的富营养化风险。结果表明:(1)在降雨过程中,4个垄沟坡度处理径流中PO_4~(3-)—P、NO_3~-—N和NH_4~+—N浓度随时间均呈锯齿状变化;其流失量随时间变化均呈先增加后以锯齿状变化的趋势,且波动幅度大,最大值(16.60,1 020.73,48.35 mg)分别出现在垄沟坡度为0°,0°和9°处理。(2)4个垄沟坡度处理间相比较,径流中PO_4~(3-)—P和NH_4~+—N流失量均表现为0°9°27°18°,其浓度最大值(0.50,1.08 mg/L)和最小值(0.37,0.76 mg/L)均分别出现在垄沟坡度为9°和18°处理;而径流中NO_3~-—N浓度和流失量均在垄沟坡度0°处理时为最大值(30.68 mg/L和64.16 mg/m~2),18°处理时为最小值(21.78 mg/L和42.22 mg/m~2)。(3)Inorganic—N/PO_4~(3-)—P率和NH_4~+—N/PO_4~(3-)—P率表明4个垄沟坡度处理径流中均存在一定的富营养化风险。其中,垄沟坡度为0°处理的径流富营养化风险水平最高,27°处理的径流富营养化风险水平最低。研究结果可为横坡垄作的水土流失及养分流失评价、预测以及防治提供科学依据。     

碱蓬浮床对海水养殖尾水的修复效果

[目的]利用碱蓬浮床对富营养化、高盐碱的海水养殖尾水进行修复,为治理严重的海洋环境问题提供新的方法。[方法]通过设计一种兼具物理、化学、生物协同作用的新型组合式碱蓬(Suaeda salsa)浮床,研究其对富营养化海水养殖尾水中总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)、高锰酸钾指数(COD_(Mn))、氨氮(NH_4~+-N)的去除效果,并与传统浮床进行对比。[结果]组合式浮床对TN,NH_4~+-N,TP,COD_(Mn)的去除率分别为62.14%,93.94%,73.05%和60.91%,较传统浮床去除率分别提高了27.36%,21.27%,19.51%,12.43%。[结论]组合式浮床对富营养化、高盐碱的海水养殖尾水具有明显的修复能力。     

Optimization of Petroleum Refinery Wastewater Treatment by Vertical Flow Constructed Wetlands Under Tropical Conditions: Plant Species Selection and Polishing by a Horizontal Flow Constructed Wetland

Typha latifolia-planted vertical subsurface flow constructed wetlands (VSSF CWs) can be used to treat petroleum refinery wastewater. This study evaluated if the removal efficiency of VSSF CWs can be improved by changing the plant species or coupling horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetlands (HSSF CWs) to the VSSF CW systems. The VSSF CWs had a removal efficiency of 76% for biological oxygen demand (BOD₅), 73% for chemical oxygen demand (COD), 70% for ammonium-N (NH₄⁺-N), 68% for nitrate-N (NO₃^?-N), 49% for phosphate (PO₄^3?-P), 68% for total suspended solids (TSS), and 89% for turbidity. The HSSF CWs planted with T. latifolia further reduced the contaminant load of the VSSF CW-treated effluent, giving an additional removal efficiency of 74, 65, 43, 65, 58, 50, and 75% for, respectively, BOD₅, COD, NH₄⁺-N, NO₃^?-N, PO₄^3?-P, TSS, and turbidity. The combined hybrid CW showed, therefore, an improved effluent quality with overall removal efficiencies of, respectively, 94% for BOD₅, 88% for COD, 84% for NH₄⁺-N, 89% for NO₃^?-N, 78% for PO₄^3?-P, 85% for TSS, and 97% for turbidity. T. latifolia strived well in the VSSF and HSSF CWs, which may have contributed to the high NH₄ ⁺-N, NO₃^?-N, and PO₄^3?-P removal efficiencies. T. latifolia-planted VSSF CWs showed a higher contaminant removal efficiency compared to the unplanted VSSF CW. T. latifolia is thus a suitable plant species for treatment of secondary refinery wastewater. Also a T. latifolia-planted hybrid CW is a viable alternative for the treatment of secondary refinery wastewater under the prevailing climatic conditions in Nigeria.     

哈尼梯田生态系统地表水不同形态氮含量时空分布特征

为探讨哈尼梯田生态系统天人合一的水分和营养元素的利用模式,揭示哈尼梯田生态系统氮素时空变化规律,明确土地利用对氮浓度的影响,为哈尼梯田的水环境保护和可持续发展提供科学依据。以元阳县全福庄小流域为研究对象,应用Kriging空间插值法分析了该系统地表水氮素的时空分布特征。结果表明:(1)除NO_3~--N浓度在夏季和冬季呈强变异外,其他N浓度在不同季节的变异系数均小于100%,表现为中等程度变异。(2)梯田中下部TN、NO_3~--N和NH_4~+-N浓度变幅都较大,分别为0.103~0.849,0.010~0.143,0.052~0.446mg/L,森林地表水中TN、NO_3~--N和NH_4~+-N浓度的变幅都相对较小,分别为0.108~0.471,0.003~0.102,0.058~0.164mg/L。(3)TN、NO_3~--N和NH_4~+-N各季节的块金系数均小于50%,各季节均有较强的空间自相关性。TN、NO_3~--N和NH_4~+-N各季节的变程均在1 000m以内,表明各指标各个季节分别在不同尺度范围内分布连续,存在空间自相关性。(4)通过Kriging插值法得知,不同季节TN、NO_3~--N,NH_4~+-N地表水浓度从整体上为村庄梯田河流森林的分布规律。