机动车燃用生物质气化气的行驶与排放特性

分别以生物质空气气化气和富氧气化气作为机动车燃料,从行驶和排放特性2个方面进行了试验研究。结果表明：相同条件下,燃用生物质空气气化气行驶里程是富氧气化气的1/3,燃用生物质富氧气化气的行驶里程是天然气的1/3;燃料（气体组分）变化对机动车尾气中一氧化碳排放影响较小,过量空气系数对一氧化碳的排放量具有决定性作用;以生物质空气气化气作为发动机燃料时,碳氢化合物排放量较低,以生物质富氧气化气作为发动机燃料时,碳氢化合物排放量较高,但排放趋势相似;燃料（气体组分）变化对氮氧化物排放起决定性作用;而温度是影响热力型氮氧化物排放的主导因素。生物质气化气是一种清洁、可再生的代用燃料。     

热裂解生物质气发动机怠速燃烧及排放特性

为了研究热裂解生物质气发动机的怠速燃烧特性及控制怠速排放的方法,利用低热值热裂解生物质气作为内燃机的燃料,采集火花点火生物质气发动机怠速运转时的示功图及怠速排放指标,分析了发动机怠速放热率、燃烧参数及排放特性。试验结果表明：不完全燃烧及燃烧参数的变化主要是由于缸内充量的波动及火焰发展的差异而造成的;怠速失火和不完全燃烧现象,导致发动机的怠速CO排放为4.07%～4.32%、HC排放为350×10-6～400×10-6;怠速运转时存在0.2～0.4 BSU的碳烟排放。减小缸内充量的波动性可以有效改善非正常燃烧现象并降低怠速排放。     

190型热裂解生物质气发动机性能研究

为了解不同运行参数和不同材料的热裂解生物质气对发动机功率和有害排放物的影响,该文利用热裂解低热值生物质气作为大缸径非增压火花点火发动机的燃料,研究了生物质气发动机的动力性、经济性和排放性。试验数据表明:发动机全工况范围内稳定运行;发动机的燃烧速度较慢,点火提前角为BTDC32℃A时发动机燃烧效果最好;发动机的排放性较好,NO排放随负荷的增大而升高,HC和CO排放随负荷的增大而降低,随裂解气热值的增加NO排放升高。因此,低热值热裂解生物质气作为大缸径发动机的燃料可以实现发动机的稳定运行,并具有较好的经济性和排放性。     

燃煤锅炉掺烧生物质气运行效率及污染物排放模拟

为解决生物质直燃给锅炉带来的运行问题,以及燃煤锅炉掺烧秸秆气对运行性能以及污染物排放的影响,建立了秸秆气化及秸秆气与煤混合燃烧模型,且对模型的气化过程与燃烧过程进行了合理验证。为保证锅炉稳定运行,设置进入锅炉系统的总热值不变,在不同秸秆含水率、秸秆气掺烧比例及炉膛过量空气系数下,研究锅炉运行性能及污染物排放变化规律。结果表明:与纯煤燃烧相比,当掺烧比和含水率从10%增大到30%,混燃温度降低,最大降幅为89.3℃;在5%～30%秸秆含水率及10%～30%秸秆气掺烧比例下,空气预热器出口处排烟体积、排烟密度、排烟质量均有变化,掺烧后锅炉效率变化范围为92.72%～93.71%,系统效率变化范围为88.75%～92.62%;空气预热器出口处烟气中NO与SO_2排放浓度随掺烧比增大均减小,10%掺烧比例条件下,过量空气系数增大,NO排放浓度先增大后稍有下降,SO_2排放浓度减小。该研究为实现生物质的合理应用并减小已有燃煤电厂的污染物排放提供了理论依据。     

压缩空气发动机工作过程分析

压缩空气发动机是一种采用压缩空气直接膨胀做功的"绿色"发动机。若将压缩空气发动机作为车辆动力源,可缓解传统内燃机车辆的尾气污染问题。然而,压缩空气发动机工作效率偏低,难以替代传统内燃机作为车辆主要动力。为提高压缩空气发动机工作效率,了解压缩空气发动机工作过程能量损失的产生机制以及其变化规律,该文应用热力学理论和分析方法对其工作过程损失分布进行了研究,并利用试验数据验证了压缩空气发动机效率变化规律。结果表明:由于节流以及高压、低温尾气排放等因素,压缩空气发动机工作过程损失主要存在于进气过程和排气过程,两者总共占进气总量的30%~40%;压缩空气发动机转速升高,进气损失和排气损失均增加;进气压力升高,进气损失减少,排气损失增加;进气温度升高,进气损失和排气损失均减少。从经济性考虑,压缩空气发动机应运行于低转速,且适当提高其进气压力和进气温度。     

生物质气化特性研究及分析

为了提高生物质能的利用效率以及生物质气化合成气的品质,基于AspenPlus模拟平台,以松木、玉米秸秆和木屑为气化原料,对生物质气化特性进行了研究并对气化过程进行了分析。计算了空燃比为0.7～2.3、生物质含水率为30%条件下的气化炉运行温度、合成气低位热值和效率等主要气化过程性能指标,并通过提高气化剂温度、干燥生物质原料等方法对生物质气化过程进行了优化分析。结果表明,生物质种类及其含水率对气化过程性能有较大的影响;降低生物质含水率、提高气化剂温度有利于提高气化过程的效率和合成气低位热值。     

适宜增压流化床操作参数提高生物质热气化气合成甲烷效率

生物质热化学气化制取甲烷是人工获取代用天然气的重要方式之一,其中生物质热气化气合成甲烷是该技术的关键步骤之一。在自行设计的增压流化床反应系统上,开展生物质气化气合成甲烷的试验,分别研究了反应温度、反应压力、空速和氢碳比对甲烷生成速率和CO转化率的影响。结果表明,在增压流化床反应器上可高效的合成甲烷,最大甲烷生成速率超过3.2 mol/(L·h),CO转化率超过80%。提高反应温度有利于甲烷生成速率和CO转化率的提高,且当反应温度在350℃左右时达到最大值;反应压力对甲烷化过程有很大影响,提高反应压力有利于甲烷化过程;随着空速的增大,甲烷生成速率增加,但是CO转化率会下降;而甲烷生成速率和CO转化率则随着氢碳比的增大而增大。为获得较高的甲烷生成速率和CO转化率,适宜的反应温度在350℃左右,空速在10 000 h-1,氢碳比在3附近,反应压力可取在0.3 MPa左右。该研究结果将为进一步研究生物质热化学气化制取甲烷奠定基础。     

生物质流化床气化与结渣特性中试试验

为优化生物质流化床气化工艺,该研究在中试规模流化床实验台上进行了成型树皮和成型秸秆的空气气化试验,研究了空气当量比、气化温度与送风温度对成型树皮和成型玉米秸秆气化特性的影响,同时采用电子探针显微分析仪与X射线光谱分析仪对气化过程中结渣的微观结构与成分进行了分析.结果表明:气化效果随着空气当量比增大先升后降,空气当量比较...     

柴油机微粒捕集器喷油助燃再生过程热工特性

为获得柴油机微粒捕集器喷油助燃再生过程热工变化特性,在考虑微粒氧化反应次模型的基础上,建立壁流式蜂窝陶瓷过滤体喷油助燃再生数学模型,通过对速度场、压力场、温度场与微粒浓度场等多场耦合求解,研究其再生过程热工参数变化规律。结果表明:喷油助燃装置热工参数、排气特征对过滤体再生过程影响较大。适当增大气油配比、提高喷油压力与喷油速率及加大补气流量均使再生过程中过滤体孔道壁面峰值温度升高,沉积在过滤体孔道壁面上的微粒层氧化燃烧速率加快,缩短过滤体的再生时间,但随着气油配比、补气流量的进一步增大,空气对流散热损失增强,及喷油速率进一步提高,混合气过浓导致燃烧器燃烧性能恶化等影响,孔道沉积微粒氧化速率、壁面峰值温度下降,再生速率降低。排气流量对再生过程的影响与补气流量相似,但从分析结果来看,排气流量能否合适控制对过滤体的再生过程有重要影响。这些规律的提出,为实现微粒捕集器安全、可靠、高效地再生及其过程控制的优化等方面提供依据和技术参考。     

火花点火生物质气发动机性能研究

利用农林废弃物可控热裂解产生的生物质气,经除尘、除焦油及冷却处理后作为火花点火生物质气发动机的燃料,对发动机的性能进行试验研究.通过测试发动机的转速波动、燃气消耗率和有害排放物,分析发动机的动力性、经济性、运转稳定性和排放性.试验数据表明:发动机怠速运转稳定;较大的功率范围内具有较低且平坦的气耗率曲线;全负荷范围内的转速波动率满足并网发电的需要;发动机的HC、CO和NOx的排放水平较低;燃烧过程中无焦油沉积现象.因此,农林废弃物可控热裂解产生的生物质气,可以作为火花点火发动机的代用燃料.     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.     

Electron donor and pH relationships for biologically enhanced dissolution of chlorinated solvent DNAPL in groundwater

Biologically enhanced dissolution offers a method to speed removal of chlorinated solvent dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL) sources such as tetrachloroethene (PCE) and trichoroethene (TCE) from aquifers. Bioremediation is accomplished by adding an electron donor to the source zone where fermentation to intermediates leading to acetic acid and hydrogen results. The hydrogen and possibly acetic acid are used by dehalogenating bacteria to convert PCE and TCE to ethene and hydrochloric acid. Reductive dehalogenation is thus an acid forming process, and sufficient alkalinity must be present to maintain a near neutral pH. The bicarbonate alkalinity required to maintain pH above 6.5 is a function of the electron donor: 800 mg/L of bicarbonate alkalinity is sufficient to achieve about 1.2 mM TCE dechlorination with glucose, 1.7 mM with lactate, and a much higher 3.3 mM with formate. Laboratory studies indicate that in mixed culture, formate can be used as an electron donor for complete conversion to ethene, contrary to pure cultures studies indicating it cannot. Various strategies can be used to add electron donor to an aquifer for DNAPL dehalogenation while minimizing pH problems and excessive electron donor usage, including use of injection-extraction wells, dual recirculation wells, and nested injection-extraction wells.     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Increase in auxiliary photoprotective photosynthetic pigments in wheat seedlings induced by Azospirillum brasilense

Inoculation of wheat seedlings with the plant growth-promoting bacterium Azospirillum brasilense Cd was immobilized in alginate microbeads and, without applying any stress, significantly increased the quantity of several photosynthetic pigments, such as chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and the auxiliary photoprotective pigments violaxanthin, zeaxanthin, antheroxanthin, lutein, neoxanthin, and β-carotene. This resulted in greener plants with no apparent visible stress. After monitoring the quantity of photosynthetic pigments for 4 weeks, we observed that inoculated plants had higher quantities of pigments in shoot and stem. The greatest difference in the quantity of all pigments between inoculated and noninoculated plants occurred in the first week of growth. Regardless of treatment, the quantity of pigments in stems was three to four times less than the quantity of these pigments in shoots. Application of Azospirillum, either as liquid inoculant or as alginate microbeads, did not alter the positive effect of the bacteria on pigment production or the positive response of the plants towards A. brasilense Cd inoculation.     

In-situ enrichment and analysis of atrazine-degrading microbial communities using atrazine-containing porous beads

We examined the community composition of microbes that colonized atrazine-containing beads buried in agricultural soils that differed in atrazine treatment history. Bacterial abundance was 5-40-fold greater in atrazine-fortified beads. In beads containing 20 mg atrazine kg⁻¹ buried in soil with a history of atrazine application (conditioned soil), the abundance of Actinobacteria increased approximately 80-fold whereas in control soil, Actinobacteria were enriched only 10-fold and the gamma-Proteobacteria and Planctomycetes increased by 60- and 25-fold, respectively. The gamma-Proteobacteria were enriched by 120- and 230-fold in beads containing 200 mg atrazine kg⁻¹ in conditioned and control soil, respectively. The results demonstrate that BioSep^® beads are a suitable matrix for recruiting a diverse subset of the bacterial community involved in atrazine degradation.