Stress responses of <Emphasis Type=Italic>Salix gracilistyla</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type=Italic>Salix subfragilis</Emphasis> cuttings to repeated flooding and drought

To compare the responses to repeated flooding and drought of Salix gracilistyla, which grows on coarse gravel substrates, and Salix subfragilis, which grows on fine silt or clay substrates, we measured pre-dawn leaf water potential (Ψw _pd), osmotic adjustment (Ψw _tlp, Ψo _sat), and biomass production of cuttings under greenhouse conditions. The experimental design involved a control and four treatments that crossed 1 or 3-week flooding (F) with 1 or 2-week droughts (D). Ψw _pd was reduced after 2 weeks of drought when preceded by 1 week of flooding. Neither species increased osmotic adjustment in response to increased duration of drought between repeated 3-week flooding. Moreover, a decrease in the ratio of leaf biomass to total biomass or an increase in the ratio of root biomass to total biomass with longer drought repetitions was not observed for either species. The root ratio of S. gracilistyla was more strongly inhibited by flooding than that of S. subfragilis. The shoot-to-root ratio of S. subfragilis was higher than that of S. gracilistyla in all F combinations. The hypertrophied lenticel ratio of S. gracilistyla after 1 week of flooding was nearly the same as that after 3 weeks of flooding, whereas values for S. subfragilis after 1 week of flooding were lower than those after 3 weeks of flooding. The low allocation to roots and the generation of hypertrophied lenticels by S. gracilistyla in response to flooding, as compared with S. subfragilis, seem to be related to the different habitat substrate conditions of the two species.     

Dynamics of seed imbibition and germination of Austrian pine (<Emphasis Type=Italic>Pinus</Emphasis><Emphasis Type=Italic>nigra</Emphasis> Arnold) from extreme habitat conditions within five Balkan provenances

Seed was collected from two habitat types (harsh/rocky and favorable/control) within five Balkan provenances. An experiment was conducted to examine water uptake (grams water per gram of fresh seed) during 48 h after exposure to water. A second experiment investigated the effect of simulated-drought conditions (4% sucrose solution) compared to non-drought conditions (distilled water) on subsequent germination percentage. Seed from rocky habitats had less water uptake than those from control habitats for three of the provenances. However, water uptake was not correlated with subsequent germination. Drought simulation decreased germination but patterns for seed within each provenance were similar to germination under non-drought conditions. With the exception of one provenance, seed from the rocky habitats had lower germination than seed from control habitats. The data suggests some degree of adaptation to environmental conditions although variability was very high within each provenance’s habitat types. This is of particular importance when considering potential impacts of climate change and the anticipated migration of species due to changes in habitat.     

EST-SSRs development and paternity analysis for <Emphasis Type=Italic>Liriodendron</Emphasis> spp

Liriodendron are ideal plants for research on mating system, systemic evolution and population genetics. Here we report the development and application of a set of simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers derived from expressed sequence tags (ESTs) of L. tulipifera. In total, 176 primer pairs were developed and yielded 132 EST-SSR markers that amplified clear SSR bands with genomic DNA of L. tulipifera. Transferability of these EST-SSR markers to related species and genera was further examined. Twelve highly informative loci screened from 132 EST-SSR markers were applied to explore the effective pollen dispersal patterns and male reproductive success of Liriodendron. A provenance trial population of Liriodendron comprised 12 L. chinense (Hemsl.) Sarg provenances and 5 L. tulipifera provenances. The four maternal trees were randomly sampled as tested maternal trees in the population. Paternities of 220 open-pollination progenies from 4 maternal trees above were potentially identified by means of paternity analysis, of which 138 progenies (accounting for 62.7%) were assigned to 49 male parents at the 95% confidence level. The cumulative exclusion probability of 12 EST-SSR loci was 98.5%. The average effective pollen dispersal distance of pollen donors ranged from 15 to 35 m, with the maximum dispersal distance of 77 m. There were obvious male reproductive success differences among individuals, ranging from 0 to 10.9%. The cumulative male reproductive success of individuals within 35 m radius around the known maternal trees reached 51.4%. Diversiform mating patterns, including selfing, intra-species mating and interspecies mating, coexisted in the occasion of open-pollination in Liriodendron.     

Emissions of volatile organic compounds from heated needles and twigs of <Emphasis Type=Italic>Pinus pumila</Emphasis>

A study was conducted to explore the mechanism that emissions of volatile organic compounds(VOC) from heated needles and twigs(200°C,within 15 min) of Pinus pumila affect fire behaviours using the technology of Thermal Desorption-Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry(TD-GC-MS).The results indicated that the main components of VOC from heated needles and twigs are terpenoids.Most of these terpenoids are monoterpenes.Terpenoids account for 72.93% for the needles and 92.40% for the twigs of the total VOC,and their emission ratios are 61.200 μg·g-1 and 217.060 μg·g-1 respectively.Heated twigs can emit more terpenoids than heated needles because twigs had more volatile oils than needles.In actual fires,these large amounts of terpenoid emissions,especially the monoterpene emissions,have strong effects on fire behaviors that are not only in the initial stage but also in the fast propagation stage of fires.These flammable gases are capable of causing violent combustion and creating crown fires.In addition,if these gases accumulate in an uneven geographical area,there will be a possible for eruptive fires and/or fires flashover to occur.     

Callus culture of <Emphasis Type=Italic>Cyclocarya paliurus</Emphasis> (Batal.) Iljinskaja leaves

The hormone combinations and dark culture of the callus induction for Cyclocarya paliurus (Batal.) Iljinskaja leaves were     

Phenotypic variation among five provenances of <Emphasis Type=Italic>Populus simonii</Emphasis> in northern China

We investigated phenotypic variation of Populus simonii from five provenances in northern China. Our results show that significant differences exist between plants of different provenances in morphological and physiological traits, except for leaf-stalk length and the number of leaf margins. The coefficient of variation for all traits ranges from 14.77% to 81.49%. The mean phenotypic coefficient of differentiation (V ST ) is 47.1%, which means that the variation within provenances is the major source for phenotypic variation in P. simonii. Given our cluster analysis of provenances based on an average linkage computing method, the five provenances of P. simonii investigated could be divided into three groups. Our results provide a theoretical basis for genetic resource conservation and provenance selection of natural P. simonii in northern China.     

除虫菊酯对云杉卷叶蛾的毒力测定

云杉卷叶蛾（Choristoneura fumiferana（Clemens））是北美地区严重的森林食叶害虫之一。本试验室采用浸叶法测定植物源杀虫剂除虫菊酯对云杉卷叶蛾4龄幼虫的致死剂量,分析幼虫死亡率与致死时间致死浓度之间的相互关系。结果表明,在浓度为12.5、25、50、100和200 μg&#183;L-1时,幼虫LT50（50%害虫死亡的时间）分别为94.78、45.54、20.36、14.39和11.37h,在120 h累积死亡率依次达到50%、67%、93%、100%和100%。4龄幼虫的LC50（50%害虫死亡的浓度）为16.1μg&#183;L-1。因此,除虫菊酯对云杉卷叶蛾幼虫的致死率随着浓度增加而增加,而致死时间随着浓度增加而降低。本实验为除虫菊酯为效防治云杉卷叶蛾提供参考依据。     

Cloning of a flower-specific expression promoter from <Emphasis Type=Italic>Arabidopsis thaliana</Emphasis> and its plant expression vector construction

Given the sequence of Chs gene promoter from Arabidopsis thaliana reported in GenBank (AF248988), a pair of specific     

卫星数据主成分分析估计娑罗双树生物量

Spatio-temporal assessment of the above ground biomass (AGB) is a cumbersome task due to the difficulties associated with the measurement of different tree parameters such as girth at breast height and height of trees. The present research was conducted in the campus of Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi, India, which is predominantly covered by Sal (Shorea robusta C. F. Gaertn). Two methods of regression analysis was employed to determine the potential of remote sensing parameters with the AGB measured in the field such as linear regression analysis between the AGB and the individual bands, principal components (PCs) of the bands, vegetation indices (VI), and the PCs of the VIs respectively and multiple linear regression (MLR) analysis between the AGB and all the variables in each category of data. From the linear regression analysis, it was found that only the NDVI exhibited regression coefficient value above 0.80 with the remaining parameters showing very low values. On the other hand, the MLR based analysis revealed significantly improved results as evidenced by the occurrence of very high correlation coefficient values of greater than 0.90 determined between the computed AGB from the MLR equations and field-estimated AGB thereby ascertaining their superiority in providing reliable estimates of AGB. The highest correlation coefficient of 0.99 is found with the MLR involving PCs of VIs.     

Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation of Camptotheca acuminata

UGPase gene related with wood cellulose synthesis was transferred into C. acuminata using the method of Agrobacte- rium-mediated genetic transformation, and an efficient transformation system was developed for C. acuminata on the basis of evaluations of several factors affecting Agrobacterium-mediated DNA transfer rate. The highest transformation rate was achieved when pre-cultttred leaf explants were infected with an Agrobacterium culture corresponding to OD600 （0.5） for 10 min, and cultured on explant regeneration medium for three days. The results of Southern hybridization showed that genomic DNA of the kanamycin-resistant shoots to an UGPase gene probe substantiated the integration of the transgene. Transformation efficiency （6%） was achieved under the optimized transformation procedure, This system should facilitate the introduction of important useful genes into C, acuminata.     

巨桉(Eucalyptus grandis)植被和其相邻的山地雨林中土壤营养的评价

A study was conducted to evaluate the status of soil nutrients under E. grandis plantation in comparison with that in its adjacent submontane rain forest. Twenty sequare plots, with an area of 20 m×20 m for each, were established in both of E. grandis plantation and its adjacent sub-montane rain forest, independently. Soil samples were collected from each square plot, at five points (at the four corners and at the center) of each plot. The collected soil samples were mixed to make a composite and representative sample for each plot, independently. The analyses were done in a soil laboratory following appropriate methods. The analysis result indicated that there were no significance differences between E. grandis plantation and its adjacent sub-montane rain forest in the level of major soil nutrients (total N, available P, exchangeable K, Ca and Mg), pH and total carbon of soils (p < 0.05). There were significance differences between two sites of forest soils in percentage of clay particles, and exchangeable Na content. E. grandis plantation was found improving soil nutrients and total carbon as compared with that of its adjacent submontane rain forest.     

The impact of shade on morphology,growth and biomass allocation in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Picea sitchensis</Emphasis>, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Larix</Emphasis> × <Emphasis Type="Italic">eurolepis</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Thuja plicata</Emphasis>

To determine the effect of shade on morphology, growth and biomass allocation in Picea sitchensis, Larix × eurolepis and Thuja plicata, seedlings were grown in the open or under shadehouses providing 25%, 50% and 75% reductions of full-light for two growing seasons. For most of the characteristics assessed there was no significant interaction between species and shade indicating that the morphological responses to changing shade treatments were not species-dependent. After two growing seasons the mean height increment for the three species was significantly greater in 25% (76.1 cm) and 50% shade (74.9 cm) than in the open (69.5 cm). Root collar diameter increment, shoot, root and total biomass declined significantly with increasing shade while the opposite was true for the height:diameter ratio. In both western red cedar and hybrid larch the shoot:root ratio was significantly greater in the shade while in Sitka spruce this characteristic was not influenced by shade. While all species had significantly greater specific shoot areas in 75% shade than in 0% shade, this trend was particularly pronounced in hybrid larch. In hybrid larch and western red cedar, the normalised specific projected shoot area increased significantly with increasing shade. The opposite trend was observed for Sitka spruce. We conclude that in the main the species studied demonstrated similar shade acclimation responses despite their reported differences in shade tolerance.     

Antioxidative and antiradical activities of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Eucalyptus camaldulensis</Emphasis> leaf oils from Thailand

The leaf essential oils (six samples) from three clones of Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh. were characterized by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Radical scavenging and antioxidant properties were investigated by the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay and the β-carotene bleaching test. It was found that the whole essential oil and its fractions had significant antioxidant effects when they were tested by each method. In the DPPH assay, the E. camaldulensis leaf oils showed IC₅₀ inhibitory concentrations in the range of 1.75–12.62 mg/ml. In the β-carotene bleaching test, the IC₅₀ valued were in the range of 14.30–118.55 μg/ml. Part of this report was presented at the 18th meeting of the Chugoku-Shikoku Branch of the Japan Wood Research Society, November 2006     

Intra-specific variation for response to salt and waterlogging in <Emphasis Type=Italic>Acacia ampliceps</Emphasis> Maslin seedlings

Salinity is a major form of land degradation worldwide, with seasonal or temporary waterlogging often being an associated issue. Acacia ampliceps is a highly salt-tolerant small tree, naturally-occurring in north-western Australia, which produces abundant biomass with potential for fuelwood and fodder. We investigated the extent of variation amongst provenances and families of A. ampliceps for seedling response to salt and waterlogging. Seven-week old seedlings from 27 families (seven provenances, grouped into two regions), were treated in sand-filled pots in a glasshouse with either mixed salt (S) solutions (150 mol m⁻³ for 14 days, 300 mol m⁻³ for 33 days), waterlogging (W) or combined salt (S) and waterlogging (SW). Only 3% of seedlings died, mostly from the combined salt × waterlogging treatment. Seedlings from the Kimberley region had significantly greater height and shoot biomass than those from the Pilbara. Within these regions, Wave Hill (seedlot 14631) and Halls Creek (15738) provenances had the best growth. Height growth was reduced similarly for S- and W-treated plants, whereas that of SW-treated plants was reduced much more. Salt and waterlogging caused shoot dry weight reduction at harvest of 41 and 46%, respectively, with a slight interaction between salt and waterlogging; SW treated plants were most affected. Generally there were relatively small differences in the growth response of provenances and families to salt, but larger (often highly significant) variation in response to waterlogging. Genotypic variation for shoot and phyllode water content and phyllode number in response to salt and waterlogging was generally small. The good agreement found at the provenance level between seedling growth in this experiment and growth of young trees on saline land in a trial in Pakistan suggests that glasshouse screening may be a useful means for selecting potential provenances for field evaluation.     

Seasonal variation of microelement contents in leaves of <Emphasis Type=Italic>Cyclocarea paliurus</Emphasis> among the provenances

Cyclocarya paliurus as a multiple function plant can accumulate biologically important microelement elements.To reveal the variation of selected microelement concentrations in leaves of C.paliurus provenances during the growing season,12 C.paliurus provenances in the field trial were sampled five times at approximately 1-month intervals.The method of inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometer(ICP-OES) was employed to determinate average concentrations of Fe,Mn,Zn,Cu and Se in leaves of 12 C.paliurus provenances.The results show that on average,the concentrations of five microelement in the leaves follows an order of Fe > Mn > Zn > Cu > Se.Variance analysis shows that there are significant differences in Fe,Mn and Zn concentrations among the twelve provenances(p<0.05),while there is no significant difference between Cu and Se concentrations.A significant difference was also observed in the concentrations of five microelements at the different sampling times(p<0.001),but the mean concentrations for each microelement showed different temporal dynamic patterns.Meanwhile,a significant correlation between concentrations of Se and other measured microelements was detected in the leaves of C.paliurus,except for Mn.Obtained results not only demonstrated that leaves of C.paliurus exhibited higher levels of microelements(Fe,Mn,Cu,Zn and Se),but also provided a basis for breeding strategies of superior provenances with rich content of microelements,and choosing optimum harvesting time for food industry in future.     

Influence of initial age and size on the field performance of <Emphasis Type=Italic>Larix olgensis</Emphasis> seedlings

Quality of seedlings is important for the success of plantations. The field performance of five stock types of Olga Bay larch (Larix olgensis Henry) seedlings three seasons after planting was evaluated. High survival rates were achieved for all five types of planting stock in the first-year growing season when weeds were controlled. In the second and third-year growing seasons, significant differences were observed in survival rates among different stocktypes. The 1 + 1 type of Olga Bay larch seedling demonstrated better survival than 1 + 0 type of seedlings. 1 + 1 seedlings with diameter larger than 5.0 mm as well as 1 + 0 seedlings with diameter larger than 4.5 mm were suitable for reforestation. The 1 + 1 stocktype with a root collar diameter between 6.0 and 7.5 mm was considered optimal for the establishment of fast-growing and high-yield plantations. The number of lateral roots > 1 cm in length was the best predictor of field performance, however, the number of first order lateral roots with diameter > 1 mm at the tap root junction (FOLR (D > 1 mm)) was more feasible and sufficiently reliable to predict the field performance of the deciduous conifers. The initial height and root collar diameter of seedlings showed a significant correlation with the field performance for both 1 + 1 and 1 + 0 seedlings in the first and second-year growing seasons and thus can be adopted as an indicator for predicting potential field performance of seedlings.     

Problems of using pines in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Tuber melanosporum</Emphasis> culture: soils and truffle harvest associated with <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pinus nigra</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">P. sylvestris</Emphasis>

In Mediterranean pine forests, truffles and mushrooms generate greater profits than any other woodland products. However, there are no studies on Tuber melanosporum Vittad. associated with pines. For this reason, we have carried out a study of this truffle in mountain woods with Pinus sylvestris L. and P. nigra Arnold subsp. salzmannii (Dunal) Franco, in central Spain. Two hundred and eight Tuber melanosporum burns were monitored for 7 years in five different habitats within the same geographical area. An ANOVA test confirmed significant differences in carpophore production. In higher producing habitats, pines were less abundant. We also confirmed that in 433 burns, T. melanosporum was always unequivocally associated with the root base of Quercus or Corylus trees. Similarly, 14 truffle collectors confirmed that they had never found a single burn with carpophore production associated exclusively with pines. Nevertheless, soil analyses indicated that the soil of these pine woods was very favourable to Tuber melanosporum. We therefore conclude that at present Pinus nigra salzmannii and P. sylvestris are of little interest to Tuber melanosporum culture, as they hinder carpophore production. However, this study has also confirmed that Pinus nigra salzmannii and P. sylvestris mycorrhize easily with Tuber melanosporum, both in the laboratory and in natural environments. On this basis, we propose that pines may act as transmitters of T. melanosporum, although they do not induce fruiting. As a result, the commercial cultivation of Pinus nigra salzmannii and P. sylvestris seedlings mycorrhized with Tuber melanosporum is not recommended in truffle culture at the present time.     

忍冬和华南忍冬叶表皮扫描电镜观察及其生态适应性研究

利用扫描电镜观察了忍冬（Lonicera jàponica Thunb）和华南忍冬（Lonicera confus）叶表皮形态特征,观察指标包括：气孔器、表皮毛、表皮细胞等.结果表明：气孔仅分布在下表皮,气孔器呈无规则型散生;上表皮细胞的垂周壁呈沟槽状下陷;下表皮密被表皮毛（包括腺状毛和非腺毛）,同时还分布有瘤状的草酸钙簇晶.为进一步证明这种瘤状结构是否为草酸钙簇晶,作者发现利用Fluo-3/AM（钙离子荧光指示剂）处理的活体叶片在激光共聚焦显微镜下能够发出强烈的荧光.此外,通过电子探针对瘤状物进行分析,发现其元素组成为C、O、Ca.上述叶表皮构造特征,有利于减少植物体水分散失,还有助于植物适应富钙的石灰土,从而适应我国西南岩溶区特殊的干旱、富钙的环境.电镜观察结果表明,在忍冬叶上表皮中脉处有呈线状分布的腺状表皮毛,而华南忍冬叶上表皮则无表皮毛分布,这一微形态特征可以作为二者种间特异性差别,从而为二者的合理区分提供一定的依据.     

Characterization of expressed sequence tags obtained by SSH during root formation in <Emphasis Type=Italic>Larix</Emphasis> cuttings

SSH was used to analyze gene transactivation during root formation of Larix cuttings. Two subtractive cDNA libraries     

Introduction of mitochondrial DNA from <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pleurotus ostreatus</Emphasis> into <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pleurotus pulmonarius</Emphasis> by interspecific protoplast fusion

Interspecific protoplast fusion between two monokaryotic strains (a methionine auxotrophic and chloramphenicol-resistant Pleurotus ostreatus strain and a wild-type strain of Pleurotus pulmonarius) was carried out to introduce mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) from P. ostreatus into P. pulmonarius. Because mycelial colonies regenerated on minimum medium containing chloramphenicol only after the treatment of protoplast electrofusion, the regenerants were regarded as protoplast fusants. The fusants isolated from regenerated colonies were uninucleate, and their resistance of chloramphenicol seemed to be a stable trait. The fusants mated with P. pulmonarius but not with P. ostreatus, and showed almost identical random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) patterns to that of the parental P. pulmonarius monokaryon. The sizes of mitochondrial genomes were estimated to be 81.5 kb for P. ostreatus monokaryon, 54.9 kb for P. pulmonarius monokaryon, and 84.5 or 86.0 kb for the fusants. BamHI and EcoRI digest patterns of the fusant mtDNAs were almost the same as the parental P. ostreatus monokaryon. From the above results, the fusants seemed to carry nuclei derived from the monokaryon of P. pulmonarius and mtDNA including the chloramphenicol-resistance gene from the P. ostreatus monokaryon, suggesting that the P. ostreatus mtDNA had been introduced into P. pulmonarius cells by interspecific protoplast fusion. Contribution No. 383 of the Tottori Mycological Institute