Selective herbicidal activity of iodide in relation to iodide accumulation and foliar peroxidase activity

The response of several plant species (dwarf bean, tomato, pea, cabbage, nettle and buttercup) to treatment with iodide has been investigated. Selective toxicity of iodide has been confirmed, sensitive species exhibiting severe desiccation of the leaves. Iodination of cellular components following treatment of bean leaves with iodide has been demonstrated, indicating that the iodide undergoes intracellular oxidation to iodine. This is thought to be brought about by peroxidase enzymes. Peroxidase activities (in relation to iodide oxidation) in the leaves of the plants studied have been determined. Although very low peroxidase activities are correlated with iodide tolerance, the results obtained indicate that the extent to which iodide accumulates in the leaves is also an important contributory factor in iodide selective toxicity.     

Mode of action of thiocyanate and iodide in relation to IAA metabolism

Whole plant studies have reaffirmed that of the halides and pseudohalide thiocyanate, only iodide and thiocyanate possess defoliant properties. Established work has indicated their possible involvement with IAA (indole-3-acetic acid). In vitro studies have suggested that IAA destruction is not through a direct interaction between IAA and the halides and pseudohalide but depends on their conversion to the halogen or pseudohalogen which can then destroy IAA. This may be accomplished by the peroxidase enzyme system for iodide only and docs not provide a mechanism for thiocyanate activity. However, both iodide and thiocyanate have chemical oxidation potentials suitable for their conversion to the halogen or pseudohalogen respectively via the photosynthetic apparatus. Hence, this would provide an explanation for then activity and the apparent inactivity of bromide, chloride and Buoride which would be oxidized very slowly or not at all.     

A specific and sensitive assay to quantify the herbicidal activity of chloroacetamides

Based on a recently discovered property of chloroacetamide herbicides—the inhibition of the incorporation of oleic acid into sporopollenin of Scenedesmus acutus—a rapid quantitative test was developed for chloroacetamide-type herbicidal activity. In this test, algal cells are incubated for 3 h with [¹⁴C]oleic acid, saponified and the lipids (including non-saponifiable ones) extracted and discarded. The radioactivity incorporated into the residual non-lipid fraction is determined, and inhibition of this incorporation is used as a marker of chloroacetamide-type activity. Twenty-two agrochemical compounds were screened in this assay, which was found to be very sensitive, a 50% inhibition being reached with submicromolar herbicide concentrations. It is specific to chloroacetamides and related amides, since all these herbicides tested were potent inhibitors, while other herbicides were not. Highest inhibition was shown by cafenstrole followed by butachlor, fluthiamid, metazachlor, alachlor, dimethenamid, metolachlor and mefenacet. For these herbicides (with the exception of butachlor) sensitivity in the test was positively correlated (r=0·984) with their phytotoxic effect on the alga. © 1998 SCI     

Uptake and metabolism as mechanisms of selective herbicidal activity of the 1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-a] pyrimidines

In order to identify the factors providing the triazolopyrimidines with a wide range of selectivity amongst agriculturally important plant species, studies were made on the uptake and metabolism of a representative compound, N-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)-5,7-dimethyl-1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine- 2-sulfonamide. This compound is much more phytotoxic to dicots than to monocots. Experiments showed that variations in leaf morphologies and geometries relative to spray applications resulted in different herbicide dosages applied to plant species used in selectivity evaluations. However, this parameter did not have a statistically significant correlation to herbicide selectivity measurements. Characterization of the metabolic pathways showed that the major herbicide metabolites involved methyl hydroxylation or hydroxylation of the aniline ring followed by glucose conjugation. Since these metabolites were not exclusive to either monocots or dicots, herbicide selectivity does not appear dependent on the pathway of metabolism. Studies on the kinetics of metabolism suggest instead that metabolic rate was important. Monocots metabolized the herbicide rapidly and generally were tolerant while the opposite was true of dicots.     

尿素除草活性的培养箱实验

以8种杂草为对象,通过培养箱试验研究不同浓度的尿素溶液对供试杂草萌发及根茎生长的影响。供试草种分别为鬼针草(Bidens bipinnata)、杂三叶(Trifolium hybridum)、马蹄金(Dichondra repens)、一点红(Emiliasonchifolia)、水蜈蚣(Kyllinga brevifolia)、狗尾草(Setariae Viridis)、高羊茅(Festuca arundinacea)、多年生黑麦草(Lolium perenne)。结果表明,尿素除对狗尾草的萌发无明显抑制作用外,对其他杂草的萌发、根长、茎长均有明显的抑制作用,并随着尿素溶液浓度的增高抑制作用增强,且以对根长的抑制作用最为明显。尿素对供试草种的萌发和根茎生长的抑制作用存在明显的种间差异,对尿素胁迫最敏感的是三叶草和水蜈蚣,然后分别是鬼针草、一点红、高羊茅、马蹄金、多年生黑麦草,最不敏感的是狗尾草,较低浓度的尿素处理反而促进了狗尾草的萌发。     

Glutathione synthesis in response to captan: A possible mechanism for resistance of Botrytis cinerea to the fungicide

Two Botrytis cinerea isolates, field captan-resistant and normal type, were grown in liquid medium for 4 days prior to captan application. The glutathione (GSH) and oxidized glutathione (GSSG) of their mycelium and medium were analyzed at various times during the fifth day of their growth. Only slight differences in GSH levels between the isolates were observed, but marked differences in mycelial GSH were found in response to captan. Following the application of captan, less GSH was produced and after a longer lag period by the normal type of the fungus compared to the resistant isolate. This increase in the GSH level in the resistant isolate could make more nonvital thiol compound available for detoxifying captan and therefore prevent damage the fungicide could cause to the vital protein thiols of fungal cells.     

Environmental factors affecting the herbicidal activity of DPX-A7881

DPX-A7881, methyl 2-[(4-ethoxy-6-methyl-amino-1, 3, 5-triazin-2-yl)carbamoylsulphanoyl] benzoate, is a sulfonylurea herbicide being developed in Canada and Europe for post-emergence broadleaf weed control in spring and winter rapeseed. Growth room studies were conducted to determine the environmental factors affecting the herbicidal activity of DPX-A7881 applied post-emergence on winter rapeseed (Brassica napusu L. ‘Tandem’) and on a closely related weed species, Sinapis arvensis L. (wild mustard). Laboratory tests were carried out at tempera tures ranging from 2–26°C, at relative humidities from near 40% to >95%, with rain-free periods from 0.25–8 h after herbicide application, at soil moisture contents from 50–200% of field capacity, and with irradiances from 23–450 μEm^?2s^?1 Significant control of S. arvensis was demonstrated for all treatments except under poor growing conditions at the lowest temperatures and irradiances tested. After two weeks' exposure to each of the tem perature treatments, the herbicide maintained control of S. arvensis during a subsequent week of favourable growing conditions. Relative humidity, soil moisture or simulated rainfall did not significantly alter the herbicidal activity of DPX-A7881 on S. arvensis. DPX-A7881 showed a high degree of crop safety on B. napus. The herbicide did not significantly reduce the dry weights of B. napus grown under any of the environmental conditions tested.     

植物甲醇提取物的除草活性测定方法研究

本研究通过对植物材料除草活性测定方法的研究,探索在除草活性测定过程中引起误差的几个因素及可能引起误差的几个原因,为今后植物源除草剂的开发提供测定方法。     

A possible involvement of gibberellin in the mechanism of Avenafatua resistance to triallate and cross-resistance to difenzoquat

Avena fatua L. populations from numerous fields in Alberta have simultaneously developed resistance to recommended rates of two dissimilar herbicides, triallate and difenzoquat. We used exogenous applications of gibberellic acid (GA₃) to investigate the possibility that endogenous gibberellins were involved in the A. fatua 's resistance mechanism. For control plants, without applied GA₃, shoots of the most resistant (R) populations emerged more rapidly and elongated faster than shoots of the susceptible (S) populations. Increases in shoot elongation in response to exogenous GA₃ were significantly lower in R populations compared with S populations. This suggests that R populations may have elevated endogenous gibberellin levels, relative to S populations. Additionally, inhibition of S population shoot elongation and shoot anatomical abnormalities caused by relatively low concentrations of triallate and difenzoquat could be prevented by exogenous application of GA₃. These results suggest that there may be a phytohormonal involvement in the mechanism of triallate/difenzoquat resistance in A. fatua . That is, higher endogenous gibberellin levels in R populations may result in meristematic growth that is rapid enough to preclude phytotoxic levels of these herbicides from reaching the shoot meristem, which is the likely site of action.     

Chlorfenprop-methyl: its hydrolysis in vivo and in vitro and a new principle for selective herbicidal action

Chlorfenprop-mèthyl is hydrolysed completely as soon as it penetrates the leaf in sensitive as well as in resistant plants. The product of hydrolysis chlorfenprop presumably is the herbicidally active compound. The in vitro hydrolysing activity has been characterized. The behaviour of the herbicide in a system for the detection of rapid herbicidal activity (leaching system) and in three auxin-dependent systems leads to the conclusion, that a difference at the site of action is the basis for the observed herbicidal selectivity.     

Studies on the mechanism of herbicidal action of N-(Phosphonomethyl) glycine*

Application of N-(phosphonomethyl) glycine or GLY'PHO-SATE to couch grass Pancum repens (L) Beauv. resulted in an intitial increase of the total amino acid content in the plant. which reached a maximum on the 8th day following treatment This was most marked in the rhizomes where the value was about three times that of the control plants. The initial increase fell off rapidly with time and on the 15th day after application the total amino acid content of the treated leaf and rhizome samples was less than the controls Resurgence of rhizome activity was noticeable on about the 48th day (viz. 7 weeks after t he Ist application).     

坡柳种子提取物的除草作用初报

以小麦、高粱、稗草3种植物种子为供试对象,用小杯法测定了坡柳种子石油醚、氯仿、乙酸乙酯和乙醇提取物的除草作用.结果表明,坡柳提取物对幼根的抑制程度比幼芽大,乙醇提取物的除草活性明显高于其他提取物,其对高粱幼根的IC如为4.10 mg/L,对小麦幼芽的IC50为2 189.53 mg/L.石油醚提取物的活性最弱,低浓度有促进植物生长的作用.     

Influence of wetting agents on the foliar uptake and herbicidal activity of glufosinate

The influence of four different wetting agents on the foliar retention, uptake and herbicidal activity of the glutamine synthetase inhibitor, glufosinate, was examined in growth-chamber experiments on barley (Hordeum vulgare L. cv Roland) and barnyard grass (Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) P.B.) as test species. The non-formulated monoammomum salt, glufosinate-ammonium, was applied as a spray, either alone or mixed with a wetting agent. The dose rates of herbicide and wetting agent were 0.5 g a.i. litre^?1 and 2.0 g litre^?1, respectively, on barnyard grass, and 2.0 g a.i. litre^?1 and 60 g litre^?1, respectively, on barley. Herbicide damage, rated 10 days after spraying, was greatest when glufosinate was used with a sodium C₁₂/C₁₄-alcohol-diglycolether sulfate (FAEO-sulfate) and least with polyoxyethylene (POE)(8) tridecyl ether; intermediate effectiveness was obtained with a combination of herbicide and a POE(15) tridecyl ether or POE(15)-tallow amine. The activity of the target enzyme, glutamine synthetase, measured 2 h after spraying, was reduced most when FAEO-sulfate was present and least with POE(8) tridecyl ether. The behaviour of the glufosinate wetting agent solutions on plant foliage was analysed by measurements of spray retention, droplet contact angles and foliar uptake of [¹⁴C]glufosinate. The results led, for both grass species, to the conclusion that differential ability of the wetting agents to enhance the permeation of glufosinate from the leaf surface deposit into the leaf tissue was the main factor responsible for the differences in herbicidal effectiveness of the glufosinate/wetting agent combinations used in this study.     

Antifungal activity, acid and sugar content in the wood apple (Limonia acidissima) and their relation to fungal development

Unripe wood apple fruit is generally free from visible fungal growth before and at harvest but a succession of fungi appears on the fruit shell, and sometimes in the pulp, during ripening. A TLC- Cladosporium bioassay of the chloroform extract taken from unripe fruit shell demonstrated three inhibition areas. Similar extracts from stem-bark and root-bark produced these three, and one additional, inhibition areas. The four compounds responsible for inhibition were identified as psoralene, xanthotoxin, 2,6-dimethoxybenzoquinone and osthenol.
Concentrations of the three antifungal compounds on unripe fruit shell increased during the first 4 days after harvest and then declined. They remained much below those required to inhibit the development of three fungi on TLC plates. Titratable acidity of the unripe fruit pulp was high but decreased by about 50% during ripening. Levels of reducing sugars were very low in the unripe fruit pulp but increased by about five times during ripening. Levels also increased in the fruit shell and its washings. The possible role of these factors in restricting fungal growth in unripe fruits is discussed.     

Mechanism of herbicidal activity of a new cyclohexane-1,3-dione, tepraloxydim to Poa annua L.

Tepraloxydim [(EZ)‐(RS)‐2‐{1‐[(2E)‐3‐chloroallyloxyimino]propyl}‐3‐hydroxy‐5‐perhydropyran‐4‐ylcyclohex‐2‐en‐1‐one] showed high activity against annual bluegrass (Poa annua L.), which is relatively tolerant to sethoxydim [(±)‐2‐(1‐ethoxyiminobutyl)‐5‐[2‐(ethylthio)propyl]‐3‐hydroxycyclohex‐2‐en‐1‐one]. Absorption and translocation rates of tepraloxydim and sethoxydim were higher in P. annua than in Setaria faberi, but the absorption and translocation patterns of tepraloxydim in the two plants were similar to those of sethoxydim. Metabolic rates of tepraloxydim and sethoxydim in P. annua and S. faberi were found to be similar. The concentration for 50% inhibition (I₅₀) of acetyl‐coenzyme A carboxylase (ACCase) with tepraloxydim was approximately 3 × 10^?6 mol L^?1 for P. annua and 7 × 10^?7 mol L^?1 for S. faberi. For sethoxydim, the I₅₀ was found to be 2 × 10^?6 mol L^?1 with the enzyme of S. faberi, while sethoxydim showed a slight effect on ACCase from P. annua activity, even at 10^?4 mol L^?1. The strong inhibition of ACCase with tepraloxydim is considered to be the major factor contributing to the high herbicidal activity against P. annua. Measuring the whole plant growth response, the ratio of the tepraloxydim I₅₀ dose of P. annua to that of S. faberi (P/S) was found to be 2.4, while the P/S ratio of sethoxydim and a tepraloxydim analog with a propyl chain at R₂ were 56.3 and 73.3, respectively. The herbicidal activity against P. annua was remarkably influenced by the length of the R₂ alkyl chain, while the effect on S. faberi was not affected. Acetyl‐coenzyme A carboxylase from P. annua also exhibited a higher resistance to the tepraloxydim analog with a propyl chain than to tepraloxydim. These results suggest that a binding site structure of cyclohexane‐1,3‐diones in the ACCase differs between P. annua and S. faberi.     

The hydrolysis of herbicidal phenoxyalkanoic esters to phenoxyalkanoic acids in Saskatchewan soils

The hydrolysis of the iso-propyl, n-butyl-and iso-octyl esters of 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T), the n-bytyl ester of 2,4-dichlorophenoxybutyric acid (2,4-DB) and the iso-octyl ester of 2,4-dichlorophenoxypropionic acid (2,4-DP) was studied in four prairie soils of differing textures and pH at 25±1°C. The esters were analysed using gas chromatography. After 24 h in soils at wilting point moisture, and above, less than 20% of the applied iso-propyl and n-butyl esters could be recovered from one soil type and none from the remaining three. Loss of the iso-cotyl esters was slower; however, no trace of the 2,4,5-T and 2,4-DP esters was observed in any of the moist soils after 48 and 72 h respectively. In all cases loss of all esters from air-dried soils minimal. The phenoxyalkanoic acid hydrolysis products were recovered from all soil types, treated with the various esters and identified using thin-layer chromatography.     

苣荬菜芽根内源激素含量变化及其与休眠关系的研究

以多年生杂草苣荬菜(Sonchus brachyotus DC.)芽根为试材,探讨了其萌发率与赤霉素(GA)、脱落酸(ABA)、两者含量的比值(GA/ABA)及温度的变化规律,并用DPS软件对GA、ABA、GA/ABA、温度与苣荬菜芽根的萌发率进行了相关和通径分析.结果表明,随着温度的变化,GA含量呈现"V"字形变化趋势,ABA含量呈现不规则的倒"V"形,GA/ABA的变化趋势呈"V"字形.这4项因素与苣荬菜芽根的萌发率有显著的线性关系,相关系数达到0.975 5,GA/ABA、GA与萌发率呈现极显著正相关,分别为r=0.960 3· ·和r=0.867 8· ·,温度与萌发率之间差异不显著,而ABA与萌发率之间呈极显著负相关,r=-0.8418· ·.4项因素对苣荬菜芽根休眠的影响程度依次为GA/ABA＞GA＞ABA＞温度.通径分析结果表明,两两指标间的互作效应对苣荬菜芽根休眠的影响也很大.     

Chlorophyll content of tomato yellow leaf curl virus-infected tomatoes in relation to virus resistance

A good association was found between chlorophyll content of TYLCV-infected tomato lines and individual F₂ plants, and their TYLCV resistance which was evaluated visually. Moreover, by examining the resistance of the F₃ progeny it was demonstrated that determination of chlorophyll content provided an earlier and more precise quantitative evaluation of resistance than visual evaluation. The chlorophyll test is simple and useful for studying virus-vector-plant interactions and estimating TYLCV resistance in extensive breeding programs.     

Chronic discoloration of leaf tips of gladiolus and its relation to the hydrogen fluoride content of the air and the fluorine content of the leaves

The gladiolus variety Snow Princess, which is very susceptible to HF, was used in field experiments to investigate the correlation between traces of HF occurring in the atmosphere and a gradually developing leaf tip injury such as occurs in some gladiolus varieties. The average HF-pollution in the atmosphere could be estimated by using filter papers soaked in lime water. The plants growing in atmospheres polluted with HF showed a gradual increase of leaf tip burn. Leaf tips 15 cm in length were analysed for their fluorine content A positive correlation was found between the average concentration of HF in the atmosphere, the length of leaf tip burn and the fluorine content of the leaf tips.Samenvatting Op verschillende plaatsen in Nederland kwam bij bepaalde tuple- en gladiolerassen een geelwitte verkleuring voor, die zich vanuit de bladpunt zeer langzaam uitbreidde. Dat deze rassen zeer gevoelig voor HF zijn, werd aangetoond door middel van kunstmatige begassingen, waarbij dezelfde verkleuringen ontstonden. Om na te gaan of zeer kleine hoeveelheden HF in de atmosfeer tot deze zich geleidelijk ontwikkelende bladbeschadiging aanleiding kunnen geven, werden in bovengenoemde gebieden en op plaatsen waar geen luchtverontreiniging voorkomt proefveldjes aangelegd en beplant met het gladioleras Sneeuwprinses. Van deze planten werd de lengte van de bladpuntbeschadiging tijdens het groeiseizoen verscheidene keren gemeten. Bovendien werden bladpunten van 15 cm lengte op fluorgehalte geanalyseerd. De bij de proefvelden opgestelde HF-meetapparaten leverden gegevens over de gemiddelde HF-gehalten van de lucht tijdens de teelt op.Uit dit onderzoek is gebleken dat in gebieden waar de zich zeer geleidelijk ontwikkelde bladverkleuring werd waargenomen, meer fluor in het blad en in de lucht werd gevonden dan op plaatsen waar dit zeer gevoelige gladioleras vrijwel niet beschadigd werd.

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Chronisch optredende verkleuring van bladtoppen bij gladiolen en het fluorwaterstofgehalte van lucht en fluorgehalte van blad

     

A selective medium for Botrytis cinerea to be used in a spore-trap

A selective medium has been developed for the use in spore-traps to study the dispersion ofB. cinerea on gerbera grown in glasshouses.Samenvatting Een selectief medium voorB. cinerea is, ontwikkeld voor het gebruik in sporevangers. Deze sporevangers werden gebruikt bij het bestuderen van de ontwikkeling vanB. cinerea in gerbera geteeld onder glas.