湿地松多效益经营模式林分采伐技术研究

文中在利用 Richards函数对湿地松生长进行拟合和利用动态规划方法在计算机上直接模拟抚育间伐的基础上 ,初步确定了江西省丘陵区湿地松多效益经营模式林分的采伐技术。研究结果表明 :湿地松多效益经营模式林分始伐年龄为 81 0年 ,主伐年龄为 2 5年 ,最优抚育间伐方案为间伐 3次 (含始伐 ) ,时间分别为第 8、1 2及 1 6年 ,间伐强度分别为 95 0、70 0、30 0株·hm2 ,最后保留株数为 5 5 0株·hm2 。     

湿地松纸浆林初植密度试验

在低丘红壤上设立湿地松纸浆林每公顷900～2 700株的5种初植密度随机区组试验,8年的结果表明,随造林密度增大,林分胸径、冠幅、活冠层长度和单株材积减小,不同密度间有显著差异;造林密度对树高生长没有显著影响。8龄时每公顷初植密度2 250株以上的林分已到间伐始伐期,但间伐下的小径材无造纸价值。结合造纸利用分析,每公顷1 350～1 800株是湿地松纸浆林较适宜的初植密度。     

湿地松人工林间伐效果初步研究*

对湿地松人工林抚育间伐研究表明：在立地指数为１４条件下１５年生湿地松短轮伐期纸浆材的最佳经营密度为１８００～１６５０株／ｈｍ２；建筑材最佳经营密度为１３５０～１２００株／ｈｍ２，１５年生后，应立即进行第二次间伐。     

湿地松纸浆原料林密度控制与管理技术研究

为探索湿地松优质高产纸浆原料林密度控制与管理技术,进行了不同初植密度造林与间伐试验.试验结果表明:8a生、12a生密度试验林不同密度林分胸径、树高、蓄积量和总产量有极显著差异,8a生密度试验林不同密度林分木材性有极显著差异.林分在8a生时,平均树高生长效应是林分越密树高越高,林分平均胸径生长效应是林分密度越小胸径越大,蓄积量的生长效应是林分越密蓄积越大,木材材性是以中等林分密度质量最好.营造湿地松高产优质纸浆原料林适宜初植模式为2 m×2 m、2 m×2.5 m,即初植密度分别为2 505株/hm2和1 995株/hm2,此时2 505株/hm2林分按下层间伐方式间伐25%、1 995株/hm2林分按下层间伐方式间伐20%后4 a(林分年龄为12 a),这二种密度林分蓄积分别为224.08 m3·hm-2和206.64 m3·hm-2,蓄积加间伐材材积的总产量分别为244.56 m3·hm-2和218.72 m3·hm-2.为培育出质量和产量兼优的湿地松纸浆原料林,当林分生长到8 a生时,应及时地进行一次抚育间伐,间伐强度为20%～25%.     

杉木林何时开始间伐比较适当?

杉木中幼林抚育间伐是提高生长量的重要途径,也是提高经济效益最快的有效措施。但是,始伐年龄必须适当,否则对林木的生长和经济收入都是不利的。始伐年龄过早,对促进林木生长的作用不大,经济收入也少。始伐年龄过迟,虽可提高间伐利用价值,但不利于林分的速生丰产。何时开始进行抚育间伐比较适当呢?要     

国外松的抚育间伐

国外松(通常指湿地松和火炬松),我国上世纪40年代开始引种,70年代在我国亚热带地区大面积推广。国外松的抚育间伐目的,是提高林分生长量和林分质量。由于抚育间伐改善了林分内的通风透光条件,消除了被压木和病死木,扩大了保留木的营养空间,增加了林分的稳定性,从而促进了保留木的生长和林分的丰产。一、第一次间伐的确定。国外松造林密度,按培育目标分为造纸材2400株/公顷,矿柱材1950株/公顷,采脂兼建筑材1110~1500株/公顷。造林后经过3年的砍除灌木抚育,一般到5年生时就开始郁闭成林,生长速度逐渐加快。8年生林分达到充分郁闭,树下的枝桠开…     

杉木团状造林抚育间伐效益研究

通过两次抚育间伐试验，显示16年生杉木团状造林林分(1穴2～4株、每公顷3400～6800株)在生长上与1穴单株式造林(每公顷2500～3000株)存在显著性差异，前者单位面积总蓄积量比后者大27．72％～70．14％，又具有间伐作业设计和施工简单易行，有利于提高林分质量和稳定性，增加间伐材和经济效益的优越性。其中1穴2株式表现最为突出，其单位面积总蓄积量比单株式大57．27％～70．14％，每公顷多获纯利13004～14249元，且在间伐材品质和促进保留木生长、提高主伐材品质和效益上均优于其他处理。     

不同间伐时间和强度对杉木生长影响的研究

选取实验种植基地的杉木1200株,在不同的始伐时间和不同间伐强度下进行了培育,研究了对杉木生长的影响.结果表明:杉木中幼林生长与间伐强度和始伐时间之间呈相关性.即始伐时间越早、间伐强度越大,杉木中幼林抚育效果就更好,获得的经济效益也最大.所以,要想培育中大径杉木,应该在始伐期和强度间伐期进行研究,以取得最佳的种植效果.结合福建省邵武故县国有林场实际情况,开展中幼林抚育间伐试验,探索适合本地环境、气候、经营条件的抚育间伐方案,为实现杉木速丰林的经营目标提供参考依据和技术支持.     

间伐强度对湿地松人工林培育大径材的影响试验

指出了抚育间伐在森林经营管理中起着十分重要的作用,然而不同间伐强度对林木胸径及材积的影响是不同的,对15年生湿地松进行了不同抚育间伐强度试验,20年时对林分生长进行全面调查和总结,通过方差分析得出:当间伐强度为60%时林分平均胸径、平均单株材积达到极显著水平,间伐强度为50%时林分平均胸径、平均单株材积达到显著水平。     

落叶松人工林的抚育间伐

森林采伐迹地或荒山荒地,经过人工更新形成了一代新林。人工林从幼林到成熟利用大约需要40～50年。从幼龄林郁闭到成熟林采伐这个阶段的主要矛盾是个体密度大,生活空间紧张,营养条件不足。因此,需要采取抚育间伐的经营措施进行调节,以加速林木生长,培育优质森林。近几年,我们对人工落叶松林的抚育间伐进行了初步探讨。落叶松人工林随着年令的增长,林木开始分化为优势木、平均木和被压木。密度越大,分化现象越严重。在林木分化的基础上开始了自然稀疏过程。每公顷3300株的林分分化现象与年龄有密切关系:15年生的林分,被压木占14％;20年生的林分被压木占16％;25年生的林分被压木占18％。说明年龄越大分化现象越严重,从而说明抚育间伐的必要性。根据我们对人工林生长过程的分析可以看到,树高、直径和材积的生长,在12年和20年出现两次明显的下降,这一现象说明,抚育间伐开始时间应在12年,最晚不超过20年。第一次间伐后,连年生长量     

Cutting technic forPinus elliottii plantation of the multi-benefit management pattern

The cutting technic for thePinus elliottii plantation of the multi-benefit management pattern in the hilly region of Jiangxi Province was studied by establishing the model of growth progress according to Richards function and simulating the tending cutting on computer by use of dynamic programming. The results showed that the best time for the initial thinning was at tree age of 8–10 and final cutting was at tree age of 25. The optimal thinning project was 3 times of thinning cutting including the first thinning, and the thinning time was at tree ages of 8, 12 and 16, respectively. Their thinning intensities were separately 950, 700 and 300 trunks per hectare, and the preserved density was 550 trunks per hectare until the final cutting Foundation item: This study was supported by Natural Science Foundation of Jiangxi Province (A grant 0330023) Biography: WANG Qing-chun (1970-), male, Ph. Doctor, Senior Engineer in Academy of Forest Inventory & Planning, Jiangxi, Nanchang 330046, P.R. China. Responsible editor: Song Funan     

Lipophilic extractives in different tree fractions and forestry assortments of Pinus sylvestris due for thinning or final cutting

The objectives were to determine the content and composition of lipophilic extractives, particularly fatty and resin acids, in three Scots pine trees from each of two stands in northern Sweden, one that was due for thinning and one due for final cutting. Extractives content of branches, needles, barks, stem discs from branch whorls, and sapwood and heartwood samples from various heights was measured. Fractions had very different concentrations and distributions of extractives due to differences in the composition of tissues. The needles had the highest total extractive concentration (around 150?kg/ton d.w.), followed by the branches, bark, timber from the final cut stand, and then the pulpwood and timber from the thinning stand. The final cut stand generally provided higher yields of extractives in assortments per hectare than the thinning stand; the difference was five-fold for timber, three-fold for whole trees, two-fold for branches, needles and bark and similar for pulpwood. This information on the content and composition of extractives in different tissues, and the dependence of these quantities on tree age could be used together with information on conventional stand data such as tree numbers and dimensions to guide the selection and management of feedstocks for biorefineries.     

Effect of thinning intensity on tree growth and temporal variation of seed and cone production in a Pinus koraiensis plantation

Thinning of Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis Sieb. et Zucc.) is used to facilitate timber and cone production. The present study in Northeast China investigated the effects of thinning intensity on individual tree growth, temporal variation in cone yield, and seed quality in Korean pine plantation. In 2005, five thinning intensity levels (none, extreme, heavy, moderate and light) were set in 15 permanent plots in a 32-year-old Korean pine plantation at Mengjiagang Forest Farm, Jiamusi City, Heilongjiang Province. We recorded tree growth and seed cone production from 2013 to 2016, i.e., from 8 to 11 years after thinning. Except for height growth, thinning increased tree growth (diameter at breast height and crown size) and improved cone yield. The extreme thinning treatment (to 300 trees per hectare) resulted in the largest tree diameter, tree volume, crown size and 4-year cone production per tree. The highest cone yield per tree in the mast year (2014) was observed when stands were thinned to 500 trees per hectare (heavy thinning). Although the best cone and seed quality and the largest cone and seed mass per tree were recorded in the heavily thinned stand, no significant differences were found between heavy and moderate thinning stands (750 trees per hectare). At the stand level, the moderately thinned stand had the highest basal area, stock volume and seed cone production per stand. Our results suggest that thinning to 750 trees per hectare will improve timber and cone productivity in 40-year-old P. koraiensis stands.     

桂西南马尾松人工林生长对不同强度采伐的动态响应

[目的]研究不同强度采伐下马尾松的生长动态,筛选适宜的采伐强度,为马尾松人工林近自然经营提供技术支撑。[方法]2007年10月在14年生马尾松人工林(保存密度1 100株·hm~(-2))内进行采伐试验,设置4个采伐强度,即保留密度分别为225、300、375、450株·hm~(-2),以不采伐为对照;其后,自2008年开始连续8 a,每2 a测定1次马尾松的胸径、树高、枝下高和冠面积等生长指标,并计算单株材积和林分蓄积量,应用方差分析和Duncan多重比较分析生长指标对不同采伐强度的动态响应。[结果]表明:采伐强度显著影响林分生长,其中,林分平均胸径、单株材积、冠面积的年均增长量随保留密度增大而减小,但均显著高于对照(P0.05)。采伐后第1 3年,马尾松冠面积增长量显著高于采伐后期,胸径则在采伐后第3 5年最高,而不同采伐强度对林分树高生长影响不明显。保留密度显著影响林分枝下高和蓄积量的动态变化,其年均增长量随密度增大而递增。5个处理间林分蓄积年均增长量的差异随林龄的增大而逐渐缩小。[结论]马尾松人工林生长对不同强度采伐的动态响应以树冠最敏感,冠面积首先陡然增大,进而引起胸径的快速生长。树高和枝下高在采伐后年均增量变化相对平稳。4个采伐强度均显著促进单株材积生长,而仅保留密度为225株·hm~(-2)的采伐对林分蓄积增长量影响显著。综合比较林分的单株材积和林分蓄积连年增长量,建议在桂西南15年生马尾松人工林近自然经营中宜选择300株·hm~(-2)的保留密度进行采伐。     

落叶松人工林间伐技术优化研究*

本文以林分生长模型为基础，将林分的经营指数作为状态变量，将主伐时林分平均直径作为目标，将达到这一目标时林分总收获蓄积量作为指标函数，建立了离散确定性动态规划模型，编制了计算机模拟系统。利用此系统即可对落叶松不同培育目标下的最佳间伐时间、间伐强度和主伐年龄等进行决策。结果表明，优化决策方法在保留株数、间伐次数和总收获蓄积量上都优于一般决策方法，它既可对落叶松林分进行生长预测，也可为制定经营单位的经营     

柚木人工林疏伐试验研究

对闽南山地柚木人工林开展不同强度疏伐试验,结果表明,在Ⅲ类立地和初植密度1335株,hm2的条件下,7．5a生左右时即可开始进行疏伐;在疏伐强度10％-40％范围内,随着疏伐强度的加大,林分生长量、土壤肥力、光合作用强度等也趋于提高。根据生产实际,若以年均树高生长量达1．3m、胸径达1．5cm以上为目标,并结合生态效益,则适宜的首次疏伐强度为20％～40％,保留密度为750～1000株/hm2。     

Influence of precommercial thinning grade on branch diameter and crown ratio in Pinus sylvestris in southern Sweden

Precommercial thinning is regarded as one of the most important measures for influencing timber quality in stands of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.). The present study considers the influence of both thinning intensity and tree height at the time of thinning on diameter of the thickest branch and crown ratio. A total of 115 plots (either naturally regenerated, planted or sown, and either thinned down to 528–8000 stems?ha^?1 or untreated) included in 20 sites in southern Sweden were analysed. The average tree height after thinning varied from 1.2 to 8.3?m. An increasing number of remaining stems resulted in a reduction in branch diameter, although the reduction appeared to be only minor if the number of stems after thinning was more than 3000 stems?ha^?1. It was found that late thinning reduced the diameter of the thickest branch. The crown ratio decreased with stand height, number of stems after thinning and average height at thinning. The results were consistent for all trees and for the 500 thickest trees per hectare.     

华北落叶松抚育间伐技术的研究

本文论述了如何以效应生长量分析为基础,通过对华北落叶松人工林间伐林分的研究,建立与间伐有关的系列断面积收获预估模型。以此为基础,提出了一套确定抚育间伐强度和预测目标径级收获量的具体方法.通过对伐前密度为5550株·hm~(-2),地位指数级为10的华北落叶松人工林的研究,提出了间伐起始期15a,间隔期5a,采取4次间伐,间伐株强分别为30.3％,17.1％.22.4％,7.8％的间伐体制。     

Evaluation of growth response,stand value and financial return for pre-commercially thinned jack pine stands in Northwestern Ontario

This study examined the impact of pre-commercial thinning (PCT) on tree growth, product recovery, stand value and financial return in jack pine stands in Northwestern Ontario. Ten sites composed of both control and PCT stands representing various stand densities (2000–6000 trees/ha) and stand ages (26–36 years old) were selected for this study. Three thousand and eighty-two trees were measured for DBH and total height, and were reconstructed in 3-D using a taper equation for jack pine. The reconstructed virtual trees were then “sawn” using the software package Optitek to obtain optimal lumber value recovery, which was then used to determine total product value per tree and financial return. The quadratic mean DBHs of trees from the PCT stands were significantly larger than those from the control stands for all 10 sites. Six of ten PCT stands had significantly taller trees than did the controls of the same sites. With increasing stand density, tree DBH decreased in the control stands while no consistent pattern could be recognized for the DBH of the PCT stands. The increment in average DBH due to PCT increased with increasing thinning intensity. PCT reduced total tree volume per hectare, benefited merchantable stem volume per hectare, and improved the total lumber volume and value recovery per hectare. On average, the PCT stands produced approximately $2760 and $1770/ha (or 19.6 and 16.1%) more product value per hectare for the dimension mill and stud mill, respectively. PCT also significantly reduced logging and lumber conversion costs. Higher total product values and lower total costs resulted in higher benefit/cost (B/C) ratios in the PCT stands than did in the control stands. The increased financial return due to PCT is associated with the magnitude of difference in quadratic mean DBH resulting from PCT. The B/C ratio difference between control and PCT stands increased with increasing thinning intensity. Overall, this study indicates that PCT appears to be an economically viable silvicultural investment for jack pine stands in Northwestern Ontario.