Sub-Lethal Effects of Fenvalerate on the Development,Fecundity, and Juvenile Hormone Esterase Activity of Diamondback Moth,Plutella xylostella （L.）

The toxicities of fenvalerate （20% EC） to the 3rd instar larvae of diamondback moth （DBM）, Plutella xylostella （L.）, reared on three host plants viz., radish, oilseed rape, and cabbage were tested. The LC50 values of fenvalerate to the 3rd instar larvae of DBM varied with host plants, however, there wasn＇t any significant difference among them （P〉 0.05）. Similarly, DBM fed on three host plants had same pupal weight, pupal period, pupation rate, adult emergence rate, female ratio, and fecundity. The activity of juvenile hormone esterase （JHE, EC 3.1.1.1） in the 3rd instar larvae of DMB did not significantly vary with host plants, either. These suggested that DBM had similar fitness on the three host plant species. When fed on the host plants pretreated with fenvalerate at the concentrations equivalent to LC20, LC50 and LC50, the pupation rate, pupal weight, adult emergence rate, female ratio, fecundity, and JHE activity of the tested insects were declined as compared with insects in control treatments fed on the same host plant species. Furthermore, the pupal period of the tested insects was extended after fenvalerate treatment. The decrease in JHE activity after fenvalerate treatment in the tested insects could partly explain the changes in the mentioned growth parameters. Whether the role of fenvalerate in the inhibition of JHE activity could serve as a new way to control DBM needs further investigation.     

Effect of Host Plants on Development,Fecundity and Enzyme Activity of Spodoptera exigua （Hübner）（Lepidoptera：Noctuidae）

The beet armyworm,Spodoptera exigua (Lepidoptera:Noctuidae),is an economically important pest of crops worldwide,attacking plants from over 20 families including trans-continental agricultural cotton,corn and citrus crops.In this study,performance and subsequent enzyme activity of beet armyworm reared on host plants from five families were investigated.Significant differences were found in development,fecundity and enzyme activity on different host plants.Survival rate was the highest (42.8％) on asparagus lettuce (Lactuca sativar var.asparagina) and the lowest (17.0％) on sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum).Larval duration was the shortest on asparagus lettuce (12.0 d),and was 43.4％ longer on sweet peppers (21.2 d).The activity of acetylcholine esterase (AChE) and carboxylesterase (CarE) in 3rd instar larvae,and soluble carbohydrate and crude protein contents in different host plants were determined.AChE activity was the highest in the larvae feeding on Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa),but declined by nearly 60％ on maize (Zea mays) seedlings.The ratio of soluble carbohydrate content to crude protein content in host plants was found to have a positive effect on oviposition and a negative correlation with larval duration and life time (from larval to adult stages) of the insect.     

温度对不同发育阶段东亚飞蝗酚氧化酶活性的影响

为比较昆虫发育时期免疫防御能力的强弱,对不同发育时期东亚飞蝗体外酚氧化酶活性的动态变化进行了测定和比较分析。结果显示:从东亚飞蝗不同发育时期看,1~5龄蝗蝻及雄成虫25℃时酚氧化酶活性达到峰值,雌成虫30℃时酚氧化酶活性达到峰值,雌虫酶活性高于雄虫;不同温度作用下,1~5龄蝗蝻在15~45℃温度变化中变化规律相似,1龄蝗蝻酶活性最低,2~4龄蝗蝻时期酶活性升高,5龄蝗蝻时酶活性达到峰值,成虫酶活性在30℃和45℃时,雌虫酶活性高于雄虫(P<0.05)。东亚飞蝗不同发育时期、不同温度作用下酚氧化酶活性动态变化显示了其免疫能力的强弱差异。     

东亚飞蝗蝗蝻不同体色的AFLP分析

应用AFLP技术对来自不同种群的东亚飞蝗5龄蝗蝻的9种体色类型进行分析,结果表明:在东亚飞蝗不同体色的蝗蝻中,浅绿色、黄色、红色、黑色种群与散居型相关的绿色关系较近,而赤褐色、红绿色、灰色种群与群居型相关的褐色关系较近.     

海南东亚飞蝗的发生与防治

根据多年对海南东亚飞蝗的防治经验,总结了其在海南的发生特点,提出了可行的综合防治方法。     

不同提取方法对东亚飞蝗酚氧化酶活性的测定与比较

[目的]研究东亚飞蝗酚氧化酶活性及动态变化。[方法]通过不同抽提方法制备虫体体液和淋巴液,测定不同位点酚氧化酶活性及动态变化。[结果]血淋巴中酚氧化酶活性显著高于虫体体液中酚氧化酶活性,且雌虫酶活性显著高于雄虫;虫体体液内酚氧化酶活性随着体外放置时间的延长而显著增强;成虫血淋巴内酚氧化酶活性随着时间的延长而显著增强。[结论]酚氧化酶一部分存在于东亚飞蝗组织和细胞中参与虫体发育和构建,一部分存在于血淋巴中参与免疫防御作用。酚氧化酶稳定性非常强,是昆虫宽泛适应能力和强大免疫能力的有效保障。     

东亚飞蝗烟雾载药防治技术

以海南西部甘蔗地与宿根甘蔗撩荒地的东亚飞蝗为对象,应用烟雾载药技术进行田间防治试验,施药量1500～3000mL.hm-2,采用样框法和目数法相结合调查药效,以罩笼法试验作旁证。罩笼结果表明,第3天虫口减退率达92.75%～100%;田间小区试验表明,在施药1d后蝗虫种群急剧减少,第7天虫口减退率达62.51%～95.87%,第15天校正防效维持在61.00%～82.61%之间,高于常规喷雾的40.32%～46.23%。在田间小区试验成功后,进行了1700hm2的大田推广试验,在1500～3000mL.hm-2施药量条件下,药后7d虫口减退率达78.27%～97.52%。烟雾载药技术可用于甘蔗地和宿根甘蔗撩荒地东亚飞蝗大发生时地面应急防控。     

东亚飞蝗几丁质酶家族基因的表达特性与功能研究

 【目的】研究东亚飞蝗几丁质酶家族基因的时空表达特性及其在蜕皮发育中的生物学功能,筛选在飞蝗发育过程中致死性的几丁质酶基因,为实现基于RNAi的飞蝗有效控制提供重要的基础数据。【方法】在东亚飞蝗EST数据库搜索几丁质酶基因片段,用生物信息学方法分析所获得的基因片段序列;以飞蝗不同龄期第4天若虫和5龄东亚飞蝗不同组织部位为材料提取RNA并反转录为cDNA,应用RT-PCR方法研究时空表达特性;选取在表皮高表达的几丁质酶基因LmCht6,采用RNA干扰方法研究其生物学功能。【结果】基于东亚飞蝗EST库搜索和进一步的序列分析,共获得7条几丁质酶基因片段;不同组织部位与不同龄期RT-PCR结果表明这7条几丁质酶基因的时空表达特性存在明显差异,其中LmCht6主要在表皮表达;LmCht6的RNA干扰试验表明：2龄飞蝗注射dsLmCht6后,其几丁质酶基因LmCht6表达量明显降低;飞蝗从2龄到3龄的龄期转化过程中,表现为发育延迟,新表皮与旧表皮无法完全分离,导致死亡率达到72.2%。【结论】东亚飞蝗拥有多个几丁质酶基因,它们的时空表达特性存在差异;LmCht6在飞蝗蜕皮过程中具有十分重要的生物学功能,该基因被沉默后飞蝗无法完成蜕皮而导致死亡。     

土壤含水量对飞蝗越冬卵孵化影响初探

春季土壤含水量可因各种原因发生变化,从而使东亚飞蝗（Locusta migratoria manilensis）自然越冬的卵在春季处于不同含水量土壤的孵化环境中。关于春季不同土壤含水量变化对自然越冬蝗卵孵化情况影响的详细报道尚未见到。试验选取2008年4月5日、12日、17日和21日4个不同时期,对田间挖取的蝗卵用不同含水量的土壤（10％-26.5％）进行处理,以比较不同含水量土壤对春季自然越冬蝗卵在孵化方面的影响。结果表明,处理的越冬蝗卵在孵化率、卵孵化期持续天数、卵处理日期至孵化日期之间间隔天数（或孵化日期早晚）上的差别与不同含水量土壤处理有明显关系,与处理卵的日期早晚无明显关系。     

柳州市东亚飞蝗发生因子分析及防控对策

介绍了近年来柳州市东亚飞蝗的发生情况及发生演变态势,指出该市东亚飞蝗的暴发与当地的气候、环境、食料、天敌及人为因素有关。提出加强政府领导,蝗灾发生后及时启动蝗虫防控应急预案;开展蝗虫普查和监测工作,及时掌握虫情;开展宣传和技术培训,增强农民防蝗意识;加强药物防治等防控对策。