Effects of Powdery Mildew on 1000-Kernel Weight,Crude Protein Content and Yield of Winter Wheat in Three Consecutive Growing Seasons

In order to clarify the impact posed by wheat powdery mildew (Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici) on the yield and yield components in different epidemic seasons, field trials were conducted in three growing seasons, 2009–2010, 2010–2011 and 2011–2012, in Langfang City, Hebei Province, China. The relationships between 1000-kernel weight, crude protein content of grain and yield and disease index (DI), as well as area under disease progress curve (AUDPC) were studied. The models of the percentage of loss of 1000-kernel weight, crude protein content and yield were constructed using DI at critical point (CP) of growth stages (GS) and AUDPC in the three growing seasons, respectively. The CPs for estimating 1000-kernel weight, crude protein content of grain and yield of wheat caused by powdery mildew were GS 11.1, GS 10.5.3 and GS 10.5.3, respectively. Models based on DI at CP to estimate the percentage of loss of 1000-kernel weight, crude protein content of grain and yield were better than models based on AUDPC. And models of the percentage of loss of 1000-kernel weight, crude protein content and yield for 2011–2012 season were significant different from these for 2009–2010 and 2010–2011 seasons. These results indicated that besides powdery mildew, weather conditions also had influence on 1000-kernel weight, crude protein content of grain and yield loss of wheat when powdery mildew occurred.     

Evolution of Petroleum Hydrocarbons in Soil Polluted with Crude Oil Treated with a Natural Product

Bioremediation of petroleum hydrocarbons contaminated/polluted soils has been recognized as an efficient, economic, versatile and environmentally good treatment. This method is limited by the microorganisms activity in degrading the spills hydrocarbons. Low solubility of the hydrocarbons involves low bioavailability to microorganisms. The main objective of this research is to increase biodegradation of petroleum hydrocarbons by treating the crude oil polluted soil with the natural biodegradable product and bacterial inoculum. Biodegradation was quantified by total petroleum hydrocarbons （TPH） analyses. The paper presents data obtained in biodegradation process of an artificial polluted soil with 5% and 10% crude oil, treated with a natural biodegradable product and bacterial inoculum during two years of experiment. Biodegradation process takes time to rehabilitate and reuse of the soil in agricultural scopes.     

层次分析法在弱秋眠性紫花苜蓿筛选中的应用

应用层次分析法构建紫花苜蓿品质评价数学模型,以生产性能、耐逆性和营养品质作为3个准则,以全年鲜草产量（c1）、再生系数（c2）、分枝数（c3）、干鲜比（c4）、耐热性（c5）、耐涝性（c6）、叶茎比（c7）、粗蛋白（c8）、酸性洗涤纤维（c9）等9个指标构建的综合模型为：Y=0.42C1＋0.14C2＋0.08C3＋0.06C4＋0.12c5＋0.06c6＋0.02c7＋0.09C8＋0.01c9。参评的14个品种,以WL-4167、WL-324、WL-525HQ等wL系列品种得分（92.95）最高,具有在南方海涂地大面积推广的潜力。     

Effect of Milk Proteins on Physical and Chemical Characteristics of Crispy Puff Snacks

Dairy proteins included sweet whey solids （SWS）, whey protein concentrate （WPC）, milk protein concentrate （MPC） or sodium caseinate （SC） at level of 10% by weight were extruded with corn, rice, oat flour and other ingredients in a twin screw extruder. The functional properties and textural of crispy balls snacks （CBS） have been studied. The results showed that different protein types were significantly affected on functional and chemical properties of extrudate. The bulk density of CBS-SC was the lowest due to the highest expansion, while CBS-WPC retained the most water in the product, whereas, the maximum value of water solubility index was obtained in the CBS-CWP. Results also showed that protein digestibility value of extrudates had higher than non-extruded products. Color analysis of CBS-SC and CBS-SWS products had the highest AE values （P ≤ 0.05）, whereas CBS-SWS was statistically higher than CBS-SC in rank. Also, it was noticed that CBS-SWS had the highest value of browning index. The hardness of all extrudates products was desirable for expanded crispy where ranged from 17.3 N to 12.18 N. Generally, MPC and SC incorporated with cereal flour had acceptable quality characteristics and improved significantly the functional and texture properties of crispy balls products.     

In Vitro Detection of Herbicide-Tolerant Fungi Isolated from Pesticides Polluted-Soil

Forty-five rhizofungal isolates were isolated, identified and characterized from 11 herbicides polluted-soil. Among the isolates, 10 fungal species proved to be the most potent and promising ones in herbicides tolerance. The herbicides exhibited severe and dramatic effect and modulation on fungal DNA and protein represented in DNA and protein profile. Severely loss in the total soluble cell ions （SCI） and total cell protein percentage （TCPC） concentrations were observed. The loss of SCI by glyphosate, Aspergillus flavus （86,30%） was the most affected one, followed by Penicillium spiculisporus （76,30%）, Penicilliurn verruculosum （64.40%） and Alternaria tenuissima （64%）, respectively. For pendimethalin, Alternaria tenuissima （54.01%） was the most affected fungi. For diclofop-methyl, Penicillium spiculisporus （74.20%） was the most affected fungi. The loss of TCPC by glyphosate, Alternaria tenuissima （64.71%） was the most effected fungi, followed by Penicillium spiculisporus （57.14%）, respectively. For pendimethalin, A. terreus （54.29%） w, as the most affected fungi. For diclofop-methyl, Penicillium spiculisporus （60%） was the most affected fungi, fbllowed by Alternaria tenuissima （58.82%）, Aspergillus tamarii （55.56%）, respectively. The results proved severe reductions and alteration in protein, SCI, TCPC and DNA in fungal strains exposed to these herbicides which might reflex a degree of tolerance occurred during the assimilation of those toxic compounds from the pesticides polluted-soil.     

Characterization of Embryonic Stages through Variations in the Egg＇s Contents in Spodoptera fitura

This paper describes the embryonic development of the common cutworm Spodoptera litura （Fabricius） （Lepidoptera： Noctuidae） which is divided into eight embryonic stages, through variations in the egg＇s contents. Experiments were conducted on the eggs ofS. litura under laboratory conditions. The highest concentration of the protein （min.-max.： 32-! 40 lag/egg） and the lowest of the carbohydrate （min.-max.： 3.0-44.0 lag/egg） were obtained; similarly, the DNA content was smaller （min.-max.： 1.0-38.2 lag/egg） than the RNA （min.-max.： 9.2-360.0 lag/egg） throughout the embryogenesis. Three peaks of ecdysteroid titre were observed which were responsible for appearance of particular events during embryogenesis. The last highest peak of 400_＋33.4 lag/egg was appeared at 84 h after oviposition when larva was ready to hatch. Therefore, it is concluded that eight embryonic stages in S. litura were characterized by fluctuation in the egg＇s contents, which were responsible for gradual-progressive embryonic development. The egg-larval development did not show a normal distribution of embryonic developmental-time.     

Study on Hsp90 Expression in Different Tissues and Its Antibody in Serum of Chickens Infected with Marek’s Diseases

To investigate the dynamic change of heat shock protein 90 （Hsp90） in the genesis and development of tumor, we successfully established tumor animal model using Marek’s disease and then determined the location of Hsp90 in the tumor tissue using immunohistochemistry method, the antibody titer level of Hsp90 in the serum and the expression level in the tissue using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA） method. Our result showed that Hsp90 location in the tumor tissue was signiifcantly associated with the tumor cell and most in the cytoplasm of the tumor cell, and Hsp90 expression level in the tissue and the antibody titer level in the serum was most signiifcantly increased with the development of tumor. This is the ifrst report to show the presence of Hsp90 in tumor tissues induced by the Marek’s disease, with its expression correlated to the tumoral grading. These data may also be valuable for developing new molecular anti-cancer therapies.     

Variation on Wild Sunflower （Helianthus ruderalis L.） for Quantitative and Qualitative Parameters

Our expedition have identified location in the central part of Kosovo where were collected a samples （accessions） at coordinates; Sub-Locality SL-1 （N42°34′36″, E21°07′45″）, altitude 574 m, SL-2 （N42°34′29″, E 21°07′45″altitude 591 m and SL-3 （N42°34′30″, E21°07′46″） on altitude 565 m. The aim of present investigation was carried out to study genetic variability of quantitative and qualitative parameters. The populations from SL-2 were characterized of higher significance on seed oil （23.74%） and protein content （16.74%）. The estimation average value of seed protein and oil content was 15.52% and 23.48% respectively. The variability of plant height ranged from 182.33 cm to as much as 200.89 cm, while distinction＇s between them were ＋ 18.56 cm which was a significant higher at P〈0.05 probability level. The SL-3 showed the higher value of HWK （34.6 g）, head per plant （39.33） and head diameter （9.5 cm） but, was characterized significantly lowest on seed protein content （13.99%）. The all traits included in our investigations showed a higher genetic variability with majority of extreme values. The sunflower populations differed significantly in several parameters measured, they have a different genetic and morphological backgrounds. Results from wild sunflower form indicated notable differences in dispersion of important genes for different traits and showed the potential for using in future for breeding program.     

饲料CNCPS组分与瘤胃可利用粗蛋白相关性研究

以装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的黄牛作为瘤胃液的供体动物,应用短期人工瘤胃发酵技术和纯化学分析方法,分别测定17种饲料样品的CNCPS组分、体外培养发酵24h的uCP、发酵液的NH3-N浓度和pH值,研究饲料CNCPS组分与uCP的相关性。结果表明,uCP与饲料中的NDF、ADF和CF含量呈负相关关系;uCP与饲料中的CP、EE和NPN含量呈正相关关系;uCP与CNCPS组分中的PA、PB2、PB3、PC呈极显著的正相关关系,与CC、CB2、CA呈极显著的负相关关系;与uCP关系最显著的CNCPS指标为PB3和PB2。     

Decreased Pollen Viability and Thicken Pollen Intine in Antisense Silenced Brassica campestris Mutant of BcMF19

Brassica campestris male fertility 19 （BcMF19; GenBank accession number GQ902048.1）, a gene that is specially expressed in tapetum cells and microspores during anther development in B. campestris ssp. chinensis, which is learned from the previous in situ hybridization study. In the present study, we constructed antisense-silenced plants of BcMF19 using B. campestris ssp. chinensis to validate this prediction. The morphology of the pistils, long anthers, and short anthers was significantly affected in 35sbcmf19 compared with the control samples. 4＇-6-Diamidino-2-phenylindole staining revealed that two generative nuclei and one large vegetative nucleus were not affected in the mutant compared with control. Statistical analysis of Alexander＇s staining results showed that 96% of the control pollen grains had vitality, whereas only 86% of the mutant pollen grains did. Under scanning electron microscopy, the mutant demonstrated numerous abnormal pollen grains and resembled dried persimmon. The frequency of normal pollen grains was approximately 18%. Under transmission electron microscopy, the pollen intine during the binucleate and mature pollen stages in 35sbcmf19 exhibited abnormal thickening, especially at the germinal furrows, compared with control. In vitro pollen germination test showed that the tips of the mutant pollen tubes transformed into globular alveoli and stopped growing compared with control. On the other hand, in vivo pollen germination test suggested that BcMF19 affected the pollen tube extension in the pistil. These findings indicate that BcMF19 is essential to the pollen development and pollen tube extension orB. campestris ssp. chinensis.     

Characterization and Comparison of Ochratoxin A-Ovalbumin (OTA-OVA) Conjugation by Three Methods

In order to generate an antibody against a small hapten molecule, the hapten is cross-linked with carrier protein to make it immunogenic. In this study, the hapten （ochratoxin A, OTA） was coupled to ovalbumin （OVA） by an active ester reaction. To develop a technique for detecting the conjugation, the hapten-protein conjugate （OTA-OVA） was characterized thoroughly by immunoarray technology, ultraviolet （UV） spectroscopy and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry （MALDI-TOF-MS）, respectively. The molecular weight of OTA-OVA was 50 350.141 Da, and the molecular weight of OVA was 44 887.506 Da, which were determined by MALDI-TOF-MS, respectively. In OTA-OVA, the molecular coupling ratio was 13：1 by MALDI-TOF-MS while the molecular coupling ratio was 10：1 by UV. In this experiment, UV and MALDI-TOF-MS were selected as the efficient methods to evaluate the cross-linking effect and calculate the molecular coupling ratio.     

Penetration of a Single Domain of Bacillus thuringiensis Cry1 le-Domain I to a Lipid Membrane In vitro

Domain I of the activated Crystal protein from Bacillus thuringiensis has a seven a-helix bundle structure, which is responsible for membrane channel formation in its insecticidal mechanism. Crylle is toxic to Asian corn borer, Ostrinia furnacalis （Guen6e）, and plays important roles in insect biological control. The domain I from Crylle has been expressed and purified in its normal conformation, as embedded in the full length homologous toxin structure. The membrane insertion ability of this single domain was compared with the full length homologous toxin using a monolayer insertion experiment. The results indicated that the Crylle-domain I had the ability to insert into the lipid monolayer, and this ability is greater than that of the IE648 toxin. However, the state of insertion is not stable and remains for only a short period of time. The Crylle-domain I plays no role in receptor binding as it had a nonspecific binding with the brush border membrane vesicles of the Asian corn borer.     

Absorption of Food in African Pike Hepsetus odoe （Bloch, 1974） in Ado Ekiti Reservoir,Ekiti State,Southwestern Nigeria

The protein, carbohydrate and lipid contents of the food ingested and their absorption in the intestine ofHepsetus odoe in Ado-Ekiti Reservoir, Ekiti State, Nigeria were investigated. Samples were analysed chemically for protein, fat and carbohydrate using the official methods of analysis described by the Association of Official Analytical Chemist. The ingested food had mean total protein, mean total carbohydrate and mean total lipid of 60.2% - 8.55%, 15.4% ± 1.9% and 15.6% ±1.1% of the organic content respectively. Calculated mean total percentages absorbed were 72.4% protein, 52% carbohydrate and 51.5% lipid. The foregut had the highest percentage absorption while the hindgut had the lowest for all the nutrients. Different sizes of fish showed different dietary protein, carbohydrate and lipid contents. Absorptive capacity for these components of the food also varied with fish size.     

安徽红籽瓜及其自交一代粗脂肪含量分析

对安徽红籽瓜及其自交一代进行了分析比较,结果表明:①安徽红籽瓜种仁粗脂肪含量丰富.②含山、凤阳、合肥红籽瓜自交一代粗脂肪含量并没有显著差异;但是含山和凤阳的红籽瓜自交一代与黑籽瓜自交一代之间存在显著差异.③变异系数的比较显示含山的红籽瓜自交一代更有希望选育出优良自交系.④由相关回归分析可知,粗脂肪含量与种子长×宽、千粒重、种子长呈正相关,其回归方程分别为:y=27.215x1+22.398,y=0.115x2+33.746和y=12.858x23+27.427,(y为粗脂肪含量%;x1为种子长宽乘积mm2;x2为种子千粒重g;x3为种子长mm.)     

Relationship Between Leaf C/N Ratio and Insecticidal Protein Expression in Bt Cotton as Affected by High Temperature and N Rate

Expression of insecticidal protein for transgenic Bacillus thuringiensis （Bt） cotton is unstable and related to nitrogen metabolism. The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between leaf carbon nitrogen ratio （C/N） and insecticidal efficacy of two Bt cotton cultivars. C/N ratio and Bt protein content were both measured at peak square period and peak boll period respectively under 5-7 d high temperature and different nitrogen fertilizer rates on the Yangzhou University Farm and the Ludong Cotton Farm, China. All plants were grown in field. The results showed that the C/N ratio enhanced slightly and the Bt protein content remained stable at peak square period, but significant increases for the C/N ratio and decreases markedly for the leaf Bt protein concentration were detected at the peak boll period. The similar patterns at the two growth periods were found for the leaf C/N ratio and Bt protein content by different N fertilizer treatments. When nitrogen rate was from 0 to 600 kg ha-l, the C/N ratio was reduced by 0.017 and 0.006 for Sikang 1 and Sikang 3 at peak square period, compared to the 1.350 to 1.143 reduction for Sikang 1 and Sikang 3 at peak boll period, respectively. Correspondingly, the leaf Bt protein contents were bolstered by 2.6-11.8 and 26.9-36.9% at the two different growth periods, respectively. The results suggested that enhanced C/N ratio by high temperature and nitrogen application may result in the reduction of inseetiocidal efficacy in Bt cotton, especially in peak boll period.     

Extraction of Proteins from Apple Leaves for Two-Dimensional Electrophoresis Analysis

In order to develop an efficient method about protein extraction which is suitable for apple proteomic analysis, four protocols of total protein extraction from apple leaves, which are trichloroacetic acid/acetone precipitation method （TCA）, phenol extraction methanol/ammonium acetate precipitation method, Tris-HCl extraction method and modified Tris-HCl extraction method were compared. The results showed that the modified Tris-HCl extraction method was the most suitable method in protein extraction for two-dimensional electrophoresis （2-DE） from apple leaves based on the highest resolution and more informative spots of 2-DE gels with no apparent vertical or horizontal streaking.     

非洲山毛豆种子物理特征与常量化学成分分析

以野生非洲山毛豆种子为材料,对其种子的部分物理特征和常量化学成分进行了研究．结果表明,种子的长、宽、厚分别为4．63mm、4．01mm、1．92mm,千粒重21．52g,容重659．8g／L,自流角25．89°,静止角23．15°．常量化学成分：ω（水分及挥发物）=9．89％,ω（粗脂肪）=13．47％,ω（粗蛋白）=38．73％,ω（总糖）：21．35％,ω（灰分）=4．84％,ω（淀粉）=10．76％,ω（粗纤维）=11．91％．山毛豆种子油脂油脂酸价2．7mg／g,过氧化值1．17mmol／kg,皂化价188mg／g,碘价118g／100g,密度0．8599g／mL,折光系数1．4648．山毛豆种子是一种脂肪和蛋白质含量较高的豆类种子．     

冬小麦新品种灵台2号选育报告

冬小麦新品种灵台2号是以长武112中的变异单株经过多年连续选择选育而成的.在2000-2002年平凉地区山塬组冬小麦区域试验中,折合平均产量4 727.2 kg/hm2,较对照品种兰天10增产11.70%.生育期274 d,属中熟品种.籽粒含粗蛋白(干基)12.81%、赖氨酸(干基)0.46%、湿面筋26.2%、沉降值60.8 ml,容重746 g/L.中抗条锈病、黄矮病和白粉病,抗性表现1～3级;抗寒性、抗旱性均为1～3级;抗倒伏.适宜在陇东的冬麦区灵台县、泾川县、崆峒区等旱塬地、川水地,陕西省长武县、千阳县,宁夏泾源县及周边同类地区种植.     

Effects of Altitude Change on Nutritional Quality and Elymus nutans Regularity in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

In order to reveal the effects of different altitudes on the nutritional quality of wild forage in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau,this study used Elymus nutans as the tested plants to evaluate the changes of nutrient contents and the correlation between the nutrient contents and altitudes.Four sampling sites were set up at altitudes of 2 562,2 660,2 775 and 2 905 m with the vertical distance among each sampling point was about 100 m.The results showed that the crude protein,ash and phosphorus contents of Elymus nutans decreased significantly with an increase in altitudes.The crude protein contents decreased by 1.87 % with each 100 m increase in altitudes.The variation rule of crude protein contents with altitudes in the simulated curve was "y=–0.0187x+63.244 (R~2=0.9557)".The crude ash contents decreased by 1.77% with each 100 m increase in altitudes.The variation rule of crude ash contents with altitudes in the simulated curve was "y=–0.0177x+56.144 (R~2=0.978)".Neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) showed an overall increasing trend with the increase of altitudes,but the most obvious increase was at 2 775 m.The contents of crude fat and Ca did not change regularly with altitudes.     

籽用西葫芦白雪公主选育报告

籽用西葫芦新品种白雪公主是以QS9916为母本、QS9901为父本育成的杂交种.2007年在民勤、金昌井灌区进行的多点试验中,折合平均产籽量2024 kg/hm2,较对照品种山西X8增产18.4％,该品种籽粒含粗蛋白466.9 g/kg、粗脂肪405.3 g/kg、棕榈酸12.41％、硬脂酸5.86％、油酸44.03％...