棉花黄萎病菌毒素ELISA检测方法的建立及其应用

以纯化的棉花黄萎病菌毒素(PLPC)免疫新西兰白兔制备了PLPC特异性抗血清,建立了可特异性检测棉花黄萎病菌毒素的A蛋白双抗体夹心ELISA方法。应用建立的ELISA方法测定了病菌培养滤液、人工接种幼苗和大田病株不同组织中的毒素,结果表明:不同产毒能力菌株(VD 8和VD-5)在25℃下振荡培养3d后就能在培养滤液中检测到毒素,这比生物测定要早2～3d。将VD-8菌株的孢子以灌根方式接种泗棉3号幼苗5d后,就能从接种幼苗的茎杆和叶柄中检测到毒素,这比幼苗自然发病显症要早3～5d。在测定的30份大田病株茎杆、叶柄、叶脉样品中,阳性样品率为100%。这些结果表明建立的ELISA方法可用于菌株产毒能力的测定和大田棉花黄萎病的早期诊断。     

棉花黄萎菌间接ELISA方法的建立及其检测棉花体内带茵的应用

利用棉花黄萎病的病原菌的菌丝蛋白作为抗原,制备了该病原菌菌丝蛋白的多克隆抗体,建立了特异性检测棉花黄萎病菌的间接ELISA方法.该方法检测灵敏度达到5 ng/mL棉花黄萎菌菌丝蛋白.应用该方法可定量检测棉花组织及其根部土壤中棉花黄萎菌的含量,同时发现病株的茎、根及根部土壤的带菌量多少与病株发病程度有一定的相关性.本研究说明,该方法可在棉花黄萎病的早期检测和预报上具有重要的应用前景.     

棉花黄萎菌落叶型菌系毒素纯化及抗血清制备

用SephacrylS 200HR层析柱纯化了V991菌系毒素,经叶片针刺涂抹方法确认其致萎功能后,免疫大白兔制备了抗血清。用间接ELISA方法对强、中、弱3种不同致病力共10个菌株的培养液进行了特异性检测,结果表明:抗血清具备一定生理型特异性,能够准确检出全部强致病力落叶型菌系,可作为不同生理型划分的指标之一。用毛细管电泳、SDS PAGE和Western杂交方法检测了V991毒素的组分:在中性条件下,毒素在毛细管电泳时存在2个峰;SDS PAGE将毒素分为8条带,其中4条主带具有强烈的致萎性;Western点杂交的反应强度与相应蛋白回收带的致萎功能之间明显相关。     

小麦赤霉病菌定性和定量ELISA检测方法的建立

以3株小麦赤霉菌(禾谷镰刀菌BDX4-5,BDX3-2,HwH4-5)的混合菌体蛋白为免疫原,制备多克隆抗体,建立了检测小麦赤霉菌的间接ELISA法。结果表明,小麦赤霉菌抗血清的效价为1∶640 000,灵敏度为0.005μg/mL。由ELISA法测定的结果可知,此抗体可以与镰刀菌发生特异性反应,而与其他供试的病原真菌的菌体蛋白呈阴性反应。对田间人工接种的小麦籽粒进行了ELISA定量测定,病菌的生物菌量与病害的发病程度相符合。     

棉花黄萎病菌毒素结合位点初探

以纯化的棉花黄萎病菌毒素(PLPC)免疫新西兰白兔制备了PLPC特异性抗血清。将PLPC(15μg·ml 1)用不同浓度的抗体(1～20μg·ml 1IgG)吸附后处理泗棉3号的切根苗,毒素所引起的症状都有不同程度的减轻。表明所制备的抗体在与毒素发生特异性免疫学反应的同时,可部分封闭毒素分子上与毒素受体结合的位点。利用竞争ELISA测定了泗棉3号幼苗子叶的质膜制剂与PLPC的结合活性。结果表明,质膜制剂与毒素结合后能部分阻断毒素与其抗体的免疫学反应,即质膜制剂中含有毒素的结合位点。分别用胰蛋白酶和煮沸处理质膜制剂后,质膜制剂对毒素与其抗体的反应的抑制作用消失,初步表明质膜制剂中与毒素结合的是蛋白质。     

棉花多抗病性育种的抗性诱导研究

采用强致病力菌株,制备成棉子菌粉载菌体和孢子悬浮液,研究不同菌量、不同接菌方法和致病温度,诱导棉花苗期抗枯、黄萎病性的育种新技术。通过4种接种剂量梯度试验表明,棉花苗期诱导抗性的最佳接菌量是90 g.m-2棉子菌粉载菌体,播种前土壤接菌,棉黄萎病菌孢子悬浮液的最佳接菌浓度是2×107孢子.ml-1,2片真叶时伤根接菌10 ml,薄膜拱盖提温,20~25℃是诱导发病的最适温度,接菌15~20 d后,淘汰棉枯萎病发病8%以上和棉黄萎病12%以上的品种群体材料,并淘汰抗病群体材料中的感病个体,构建既抗棉枯萎病、又抗棉黄萎病性的多抗病性育种方法。     

马铃薯Y病毒脉坏死株系(PVYN)外壳蛋白基因的克隆、表达及其间接ELISA方法的建立

【目的】制备马铃薯Y病毒脉坏死株系（PVY^N）多克隆抗体,建立间接ELISA法用于检测PVY^N病毒。【方法】依据PVY^N的CP基因序列设计引物,利用RT-PCR方法获得CP基因并连接构建到原核表达载体,进行原核表达,以纯化的重组蛋白作为抗原免疫新西兰大白兔,获得PVY^N的抗血清并纯化。【结果】测序结果与其他已知序列比较,PVYNCP基因的核苷酸同源性95%,推断氨基酸的同源性达98%。以纯化蛋白为抗原进行免疫,成功获得了PVY^N外壳蛋白抗血清,纯化后的IgG采用间接ELISA法检测抗原,抗体效价达1：500,使用该抗体稀释度检测感染植株,结果呈阳性。【研究结论】通过分子生物学途径获得了PVY^N的多克隆抗体,建立的间接ELISA方法可以用于PVY^N的病毒检测。     

荧光标记基因转化棉花黄萎病菌及标记菌系选育

为了研究黄萎病菌的侵染机制,通过农杆菌介导的转化方法,将绿色荧光蛋白基因sGFP导入落叶型黄萎病菌VD07038,将红色荧光蛋白基因mCherryRFP导入非落叶型黄萎病菌Bp2中,分别获得了具有绿色、红色荧光信号的阳性转化子。经过分子验证和连续继代培养,证明了这些转化子具有遗传稳定的对潮霉素的抗性。通过对转化子的菌落形态、生长速度和致病力进行检测,发现大部分转化子与野生型基本一致,少量转化子发生变异,其中转化子Bp2R-30不能产生微菌核,致病力显著下降。利用荧光显微镜观察了转化子VD07038G-10在感病棉花品种苏棉22幼苗根部的侵染情况。结果表明,在接菌12 h后VD07038G-10的孢子可吸附在根表面;接种7~9 d后,菌丝入侵到棉花根部的维管组织。本研究获得的荧光蛋白标记的棉花黄萎病菌VD07038G-10可用于实时观测黄萎病菌侵染棉花根系的过程,并且可以定量鉴定不同棉花品种对该菌系的抗性,为棉花黄萎病菌抗性鉴定提供一种新方法。     

β-激动剂多组分残留的酶免疫分析方法

制备并筛选能和多种β-激动剂反应的簇特异性抗体,建立能同时检测多种药物的酶免疫分析方法,为研制多组分残留检测试剂盒奠定基础。选取沙丁胺醇、克伦特罗和多巴胺3种代表性β-受体激动剂,分别与钥孔血蓝蛋白（KLH）偶联作为免疫抗原,与牛血清白蛋白（BSA）偶联作为检测抗原,免疫家兔获取抗血清,ELISA检测抗血清交叉反应率,筛选交叉反应性最大的抗体作为簇特异性抗体,用于建立ELISA方法并制作标准曲线。经测定获得的3种抗血清,其中的抗沙丁胺醇抗血清除对沙丁胺醇具有100%的反应之外,还对克伦特罗具有128%的交叉反应性,具有部分簇特异性。用沙丁胺醇抗血清建立了同时适用于沙丁胺醇和克伦特罗的ELISA分析方法,为多组分残留检测试剂盒的研制奠定了基础。     

陆地棉GAI基因原核表达与多克隆抗体制备

 DELLA蛋白是GA信号响应的关键负调节因子,本文采用基于EST的电子克隆方法,从棉花中克隆了DELLA蛋白家族的一个成员GhGAI。根据电子克隆序列,从陆地棉花胚珠cDNA中扩增得到GhGAI全长基因片段。将其在原核中表达,得到了分子量（Mr）为62000的蛋白质条带。表达蛋白经His-Tag亲和层析纯化后,对兔子进行免疫,制备的抗血清通过间接ELISA检测,具有较高的效价和特异性。     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Optimization of Extraction Technology and Determination of Content of Total Phenols of Leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms

[Objectives] To determine the optimum extraction technology for total phenols of leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms.[Methods]The single factor test and ortho...     

Cytoplasmic male sterility,resistance to gall mite and mildew,and season of leafing out in black currants

Summary Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is described in the F₁ hybrids Ribes × carrierei (R. glutinosum albidum × R. nigrum) and R. sanguineum × R. nigrum. In backcrosses to R. nigrum, progenies with R. glutinosum cytoplasm were either all male sterile, or segregated for full male fertility (F) and complete (S) and partial (I) male sterility. Ratios of F:I+S suggested that two linked genes controlled cms, F plants being dominant for one (Rf ₁) and recessive for the other (Rf ₂).Segregation for cms in relation to three linded genes, Ce (resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribes), Sph ₃(resistance to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) and Lf ₁(one of two dominant additive genes controlling early season leafing out) indicated that Rf ₁and Rf ₂were in this linkage group. The gene order and approximate crossover values appeared to be: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqef0uAJj3BZ9Mz0bYu% H52CGmvzYLMzaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngBPrgifHhDYfgasa% acOqpw0xe9v8qqaqFD0xXdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8Wq% Ffea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dme% aabaqaciGacaGaamqadaabaeaafaaakeaacaWGdbGaamyzamaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGWaGaaiOlaiaacgdacaGG0aGaaiiiaiaacc% caaaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaamOuaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaaccdacaGGUaGaaiOmaiaacs% dacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaaaacaWGsbGaamOzaSGa% aGOmaOWaaWaaaeaacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccaaaGaamitaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaaaaiaadofacaWGWbGaamiAaSGa% aG4maaaa!6E4D!\[Ce\underline { 0.14 } Rf1\underline { 0.24 } Rf2\underline { } Lf1\underline { } Sph3\]. Crossover values of 0.36 for Ce-Lf ₁, and 0.15 for Lf ₁-Sph ₃were estimated from the relative mean differences in season of leafing out between seedlings dominant and recessive for Ce and Sph ₃.It is suggested that competitive disadvantage of lf ₁-carrying gametes and/or zygotes at low temperatures may be implicated in the almost invariable deficit of plants dominant for the closely linked mildew resistance allele Sph ₃. Poor performance of lf ₁- (and possibly lf ₂-) carrying gametes and young zygotes during periods of low temperature at flowering might also account for the liability of some late season cultivars and selections to premature fruit drop (running off).     

Screening techniques and sources of resistance to parasitic angiosperms

Parasitic angiosperms cause great losses in many important crops under different climatic conditions and soil types. The most widespread and important parasitic angiosperms belong to the genera Orobanche, Striga, and Cuscuta. The most important economical hosts belong to the Poaceae, Asteraceae, Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Fabaceae. Although some resistant cultivars have been identified in several crops, great gaps exist in our knowledge of the parasites and the genetic basis of the resistance, as well as the availability of in vitro screening techniques. Screening techniques are based on reactions of the host root or foliage. In vitro or greenhouse screening methods based on the reaction of root and/or foliar tissues are usually superior to field screenings and can be used with many species. To utilize them in plant breeding, it is necessary to demonstrate a strong correlation between in vitro and field data. The correlation should be calculated for every environment in which selection is practiced. Using biochemical analysis as a screening technique has had limited success. The reason seems to be the complex host-parasite interactions which lead to germination, rhizotropism, infection, and growth of the parasite. Germination results from chemicals produced by the host. Resistance is only available in a small group of crops. Resistance has been found in cultivated, primitive and wild forms, depending on the specific host-parasite system. An additional problem is the existence of pathotypes in the parasites. Inheritance of host resistance is usually polygenic and its transfer is slow and tedious. Molecular techniques have yet to be used to locate resistance to parasitic angiosperms. While intensifying the search for genes that control resistance to specific parasitic angiosperms, the best strategy to screen for resistance is to improve the already existing in vitro or greenhouse screening techniques.