离心式叶轮内紊流流场数值分析及PIV测试

采用RNGk-ε紊流模型计算了闭式叶轮以及相对应的半开式叶轮内部的三维紊流流场。计算结果表明，闭式叶轮在小流量工况时，叶片吸力面存在大范围的回流，最优工况和大流量工况叶片压力面进口前沿为低速区，进口前靠前盖板侧存在漩涡。开式叶轮间隙中存在的回流导致叶轮中叶片上下两个明显的回流区，与封闭式叶轮相比最优工况点流量和扬程下降，效率下降达18%。为满足PIV测试的要求设计了透明离心泵。二维PIV测试的结果能较好地验证紊流计算的结果，同时也说明，即使在最优工况下叶轮中各叶槽问的流动也有明显的差别。     

低比转数冲压多级泵叶轮内三维流动数值模拟

应用标准k-ε湍流模型加壁面函数法对低比转数冲压多级离心泵叶轮内的三维湍流流动进行了时均N-S方程的数值计算。分析了叶轮内部流场的速度分布和压力分布,研究了离心泵叶轮通道内流动的规律。并利用CFD软件CFX的模拟结果得到了设计工况下离心泵叶轮的扬程和效率的预测值,预测结果与相关的试验数据相吻合。     

开缝叶片低比转数离心泵空化性能的数值模拟

为了进一步提高低比转数离心泵的空化性能,对离心泵叶轮叶片进口附近的开缝进行研究.考虑开缝的3个参数,设计6组水力模型探究开缝对低比转数离心泵性能的影响.针对离心泵运行过程中产生空化的流动特点,基于Rayleigh-Plesset方程来描述空泡成长和溃灭过程的空泡动力学模型,采用RNG k-ε模型对在相同工况下的离心泵中两相流动进行数值模拟与分析.模拟结果表明:在叶片进口处开缝可以提高泵空化性能,其中第二组模型的空化性能提升比较明显,空化余量由4.447 m下降到3.910 m,降低了12.1%,水力效率由71.56%上升至76.46%;在相同工况下,开缝叶轮流道内的能量分布更加均匀,而扬程在额定流量下只有很小的变化.该模拟结果对研究低比转数离心泵内部流动特性及性能的提升具有一定的参考价值.     

离心泵叶轮内部三维紊流数值模拟与验证

基于N—S方程和标准的k-ε紊流模型,对一比转数ns=96的离心泵叶轮内部的流动情况进行了数值模拟,模拟软件对3个典型工况进行计算,得到了叶轮内的速度和压力分布,并和PIV实验结果比较,两者在总体上是一致的。     

不同比转数前伸式双叶片离心泵内部流动规律研究

采用k-ε模型、SST模型和DES模型分别对比转数为70的前伸式双叶片离心泵进行非定常数值计算,获得不同流量工况下(Q/Qd分别为0.6、1.0、1.6)叶轮内部流场的相对速度分布,将不同湍流模型的内部流动模拟结果与PIV试验结果进行对比分析,发现基于k-ε模型的模拟结果与PIV试验测量结果较为吻合。采用k-ε模型对比转数为157的前伸式双叶片离心泵进行非定常数值模拟,研究发现叶轮内部流动规律与比转数为70的离心泵叶轮内部流动规律具有相似性:在流道中部靠近叶片工作面上存在低速区及与叶轮旋转方向相反的轴向旋涡,随着流量的增大,低速区与轴向旋涡逐渐减小;引入少叶片数离心泵内部流动理论,揭示了低速区和轴向旋涡存在和发展的内在机理。     

叶片开槽对低比转数离心泵内部流动的影响

基于Fluent泵内流场数值模拟及性能预测,针对低比转数离心泵在小流量范围内叶轮内部流动的不稳定性,对低比转数离心泵进行了叶片改型尝试,分析了在改型前后叶轮内部流场流动情况及离心泵性能的变化规律,发现在叶片单开槽后离心泵的扬程在小流量范围内较未开槽前有所上升,效率有所提高;但在大流量范围内离心泵的扬程较未开槽前呈下降趋势,并且效率也随之降低,因此,低比转速离心泵在小流量情况下表现出来的流动不稳定性可以通过叶片单开槽的方法来进行抑制.为了研究叶片开槽数目对其影响,将开槽数目增加至2个,研究其内部流场流动情况和性能变化规律,发现叶片双开槽在抑制叶轮流道流动不稳定性及效率的提高上不及叶片单开槽情况.研究结果表明：在小流量工况下,叶片开槽对离心泵内部流动紊流情况会有一定的改善作用,而开槽数目是否合理也将影响离心泵的性能.     

中比转数离心泵多工况设计

为了实现TS65-40-125型中比转数离心泵在实际运行中的水力性能需同时满足多个工况点的要求,借鉴在低比转数离心泵多工况设计中广泛应用的加大流量设计法,对其叶轮进行3次改进.采用Ansys Workbench 12对整个计算域进行结构化网格划分,并对网格无关性进行了分析,利用商业软件CFX进行数值模拟,进口边界设定为均匀来流,出口边界设定为压力出口,采用SST k-ω模型,分析了不同设计方案下叶轮内的压力、湍动能、速度分布,并对泵的外特性进行了预测,最后选取一个最优方案进行试验.结果表明：采用加大流量设计法,恰当的选取叶轮几何参数,可以有效地增加中比转数离心泵的扬程、提高水泵效率,拓宽水泵高效区.TS65-40-125型中比转数离心泵叶轮采用加大流量设计法改型后,设计点水泵扬程比原型对应工况点最多提高了5 m,在5个工况点效率基本满足国家标准要求.研究结果可为中比转数离心泵的多工况设计提供一定的参考.     

不同比转数离心泵设计工况下湍流模型的适用性研究

应用离心泵数值模拟中常用的5种湍流模型,使用Fluent软件对5台不同比转数的离心泵在设计工况下的内部流动进行了叶轮蜗壳耦合数值计算.基于数值模拟结果,对这5种湍流模型进行了对比性研究.研究表明:在设计工况下,5种湍流模型的计算结果与试验值都存在不同程度上的误差;在低比转数离心泵和中等比转数离心泵中.RNG κ-ε模型的计算结果与试验值较为接近,而对于高等比转数离心泵,SST κ-ω模型的计算结果相对于其他模型来说较为理想;5种湍流模型所计算出的中间截面处的涡量大小和湍流强度分布都比较相似,但也存在不同程度上的区别,其中RNGκ-ε模型相对于其他模型来说差异最为明显.     

离心泵叶片开槽抑制空化数值模拟

为了进一步提高低比转数离心泵的空化性能,提出在叶片压力面开槽的方法来抑制空化。针对离心泵运行过程中产生空化的流动特点,基于Kubota空化模型,采用SST k-ω模型对在相同工况下的离心泵中两相流动进行数值模拟与分析。模拟结果表明：叶片表面开槽后,离心泵各个工况下的扬程有所上升,在设计点扬程提高12.8%,同时效率提高4.2%。叶片开槽可以有效阻止低压区域向外扩张,改变压力的分布,对离心泵内各个阶段空化均有抑制作用。叶片开槽可以优化流场结构,使流道内的压力增加,减小空泡的体积分数。叶片开槽时离心泵叶轮内空泡体积在空化的各个阶段均小于无槽时叶轮内空泡体积,在空化发展阶段,开槽时空泡体积持续衰减。     

低比转数离心泵叶轮内汽蚀两相流三维数值模拟

阐述低比转数离心泵叶轮内汽蚀两相流基本理论,采用两相流混合模型对叶轮内定常三维湍流汽蚀流场进行数值模拟。根据计算结果的液相和空泡相主要流动特征,分析汽蚀发生过程叶片上的静压分布,揭示叶轮内汽蚀两相流场的内在特性。     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。