对娟姗牛×荷斯坦牛的F1母牛在高温高湿地区的适应性观察

福建省位于我国南方沿海地区,属于亚热带气候,夏季高温多雨,一直以来福建素有"不适合养奶牛的地区"之称.上世纪90年代后期,全国兴起"养奶牛热",在乳品消费者逐渐增多的形势和政府的大力支持下,福建省自上世纪末也大力发展奶牛业,在短短的五、六年时间内,南平地区的奶牛存栏数从几百头扩增到45000头左右.由于短时间内迅速扩群,大部分奶牛是从北方及中原地区购入,对高温高湿环境不适应,在南平地区表现出各种疾病尤其是肢蹄病增多,从而导致许多奶牛的生产性能下降,生产利用年限缩短.为了降低奶牛对高温高湿的应激,奶牛场采取了很多措施,如搭建四面通风的棚舍,舍内安装风扇,夏季进行牛体喷雾等.为了进一步改善奶牛对本地气候的适应性,给现有牛群导入娟姗牛的血液是开展的诸多试验中的一项.     

牛软组织受伤如何防治

畜主朱文红，家住重庆市巴南区花溪镇群乐村十二社，养奶牛已七年，现一共有奶牛6头，全部都是荷斯坦奶牛。其中成母牛4头，在成母牛中，产奶牛2头，停奶待产牛2头；后备牛2头。日产奶31．5公斤。     

南方高温季节荷斯坦牛热射病的防治对策

南方高温季节荷斯坦牛热射病的防治对策江西省畜牧良种场第一牧场（南昌３３００４４）涂铁城，林春斌，范碧云，邹清慧搞好高温期奶牛防暑降温工作，揭示奶牛应激反应，探讨防治对策，对我国南方奶牛生产有一定现实意义。现将１９９５年９月南昌地区高温炎热天气引起我场...     

湖北省奶水牛发展存在的问题与对策

牛奶是事关民生的重要＂菜篮子＂产品之一,与人民群众健康生活息息相关。奶业是现代畜牧业重要组成部分,也是衡量畜牧业发达程度的主要指标。我国南方地区受高温高湿气候条件等多方面因素的影响,奶牛的生产潜力无法得到充分发挥,成为我国南方奶业发展不足、优质鲜乳品供需紧张、奶业发展呈现＂北强南弱＂、＂北奶南运＂失衡现状的重要制约因素。为此,国家适时调整奶业生产格局,明确提出大力发展南方奶水牛产业．构建我国奶业的“第二支柱”．实现奶业均衡科学发展。湖北有“千湖之省”的美誉．高温高湿的气候、地少人多的条件具有南方典型特征,饲养水牛历史悠久．存栏量一直稳居全国第四位,培育出的江汉水牛和恩施山地水牛具有耐热、抗病力强、耐粗饲、体型较大的优良特性,经过改良后产奶性能较好．乳质较优。     

河北奶业之乡实地调查：奶农从养牛到杀牛的悲剧

有人靠养奶牛致富．年收入达300万元：有人养奶牛连本都赔上，从而被迫“杀牛”．这是发生在河北省奶牛饲养龙头地区-唐山市丰润区的一种怪现状。     

制约规模奶牛场增效的环境成因--遵循动物生理特质及舍内外环境控制技术指导

在奶牛品种中，体型最大的是荷斯坦奶牛，也是我国养殖数量最大的奶牛，这种牛最怕热，而体型最小的娟姗牛则属于耐热品种。研究证实，奶牛最舒适温度为10℃～16℃左右。牛舍环境温度过冷过热均会对奶牛生长发育和生产性能产生不利影响。当环境温度超过27℃时就会抑制奶牛的生产能力，如当气温为30℃时，产奶量下降14．6％。专家指出，奶牛对热应激极为敏感。如果热应激持续时间长，可致使奶牛心脏和呼吸器官负担过重，肾脏因尿的浓度增大而受到损害，还可使奶牛的胃酸、生长激素、甲状腺素、雌激素及前列腺素的分泌减少，造成代谢机能紊乱，生产性能及繁殖性能明显下降。每年夏季高温天气，我国南北方大部分地区奶牛均会发生不同程度的热应激反应，尤其在南方，如三峡库区高温高湿地区，在6～9月，湿热应激使奶产量下降25％～40％，受胎率降低40％左右，严重者甚至发生热射病死亡，造成的经济损失相当严重。因此热应激防治技术是保障奶牛高效生产的重要措施之一。再者，奶牛由于采食量大，代谢快，一头成年奶牛一天产生的粪尿可达40kg～50kg，1000头规模奶牛养殖场每天可形成粪尿50吨以上。如果治理不好，将成为周边环境面源污染的重要因素，对该地区农业生态环境和居民身心健康造成明显影响，因此，奶牛污物污染问题亟待引起规模化奶牛场高度重视。只有认真对待和治理奶牛污物污染问题，奶牛场增效才能有可持续性的支撑基础条件。     

关于安达地区发生奶牛低磷血症的调查

1990年2月以来,安达及其周围市县相继发生了繁殖奶牛代谢疾病——低磷血症,患牛逐渐增多。到3月来为止,已有安达、肇东、青岗、明水、兰西、望奎等6个市县的近千头奶牛发病。其中养奶牛最多的安达市较重,据18个乡镇场的调查发病牛656头,占成母牛的3.2%,病死、淘杀36头。患牛主要是妊娠后期和产后两个月内的奶牛,尤其是高产奶牛多发,营养不良的奶牛多发。给这一地区奶牛业生产带来严重危害。     

夏季高温对奶牛繁殖成绩的影响

夏季高温对奶牛繁殖成绩的影响白晓坤胡莉萍摘译夏季家畜的生产性能降低，自古以来就受到各国研究者的关注，特别是高温对奶牛其生理生产的影响，从生理角度探讨其适宜温度有很多的研究。但气温变化对繁殖的影响问题尚有许多不清楚之处。本报告是对本地区内气温和人工授精...     

奶牛高产高效生产技术

近年来，随着人们对奶类产品需求量的增加．饲养奶牛的农户逐渐增多，出现“奶牛热”。为给奶牛生产以指导，现将奶牛高产高效的技术介绍如下，供养奶牛户参考。     

“围产康”对产后奶牛血浆维生素A含量的影响

西宁地区某奶牛场临产健康奶牛８头，按分娩时间顺序氏错分配到试验组与对照组，给４头试验牛在产后４ｈ（小时）内及产后２４－２８ｈ灌服“围产康”各一次，４头对照牛不服药，检查产后４ｈ内（服药前）及产后４８－５２ｈ时全部奶牛的血浆维生素Ａ含量，结果表明，产后奶牛服用“围产康”可显著提高血浆维生素Ａ含量（Ｐ〈０．０２）同时发现对照牛在产后４８－５２ｈ血浆维生素Ａ含量较产后４ｈ内显著降低（Ｐ〈０．０５）。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

中华人民共和国农业部公告 第267号

为贯彻落实《兽药生产质量管理规范》(简称《兽药GMP》),进一步推动兽药GMP实施进程,我部制定了《兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法》,现予公告。本公告自2003年6月1日起施行。附件:兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法二○○三年四月十日第一章 总则 第一条 为推动《兽药生产质量管理规范》(以下简称兽药GMP)的实施,规范兽药GMP检查验收工作,制定本办法。 第二条 农业部负责全国兽药GMP管理和检查验收工作;负责制修订兽药GMP检查验收管理规定;负责兽药GMP检查员队伍建设和监督管理工作,负责国际兽药贸易中GMP互认工作。 …