Down-regulation of the macrophage lineage through interaction with OX2 (CD200)

OX2 (CD200) is a broadly expressed membrane glycoprotein, shown here to be important for regulation of the macrophage lineage. In mice lacking CD200, macrophage lineage cells, including brain microglia, exhibited an activated phenotype and were more numerous. Upon facial nerve transection, damaged CD200-deficient neurons elicited an accelerated microglial response. Lack of CD200 resulted in a more rapid onset of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Outside the brain, disruption of CD200-CD200 receptor interaction precipitated susceptibility to collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) in mice normally resistant to this disease. Thus, in diverse tissues OX2 delivers an inhibitory signal for the macrophage lineage.     

A role for CD40 expression on CD8+ T cells in the generation of CD8+ T cell memory

The delivery of CD4 help to CD8+ T cell responses requires interactions between CD40 and CD40 ligand and is thought to occur through antigen-presenting cell (APC) activation. Here we show that generation of memory CD8+ T cells displaying an enhanced capacity for cell division and cytokine secretion required CD4 help but not CD40 expression by the APCs. Activated CD4+ and CD8+ T cells expressed CD40; and in the absence of this protein, CD8+ T cells were unable to differentiate into memory cells or receive CD4 help. These results suggest that, like B cells, CD8+ T cells receive CD4 help directly through CD40 and that this interaction is fundamental for CD8+ T cell memory generation.     

ABAD directly links Abeta to mitochondrial toxicity in Alzheimer's disease

Mitochondrial dysfunction is a hallmark of beta-amyloid (Abeta)-induced neuronal toxicity in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Here, we demonstrate that Abeta-binding alcohol dehydrogenase (ABAD) is a direct molecular link from Abeta to mitochondrial toxicity. Abeta interacts with ABAD in the mitochondria of AD patients and transgenic mice. The crystal structure of Abeta-bound ABAD shows substantial deformation of the active site that prevents nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) binding. An ABAD peptide specifically inhibits ABAD-Abeta interaction and suppresses Abeta-induced apoptosis and free-radical generation in neurons. Transgenic mice overexpressing ABAD in an Abeta-rich environment manifest exaggerated neuronal oxidative stress and impaired memory. These data suggest that the ABAD-Abeta interaction may be a therapeutic target in AD.     

雷公藤内酯醇对AD细胞模型炎性因子的影响

[目的]以Aβ1-42寡聚体为工具药建立AD细胞模型,观察雷公藤内酯醇（T10）对AD的防治作用并初步探讨其作用机制。[方法]用不同浓度的T10（10-11、10-10、10-9、10-8mol/L）预孵育小胶质细胞12h,然后加入10μmol/LAβ1-42共孵育12h,ELISA法检测上清TNF-α、IL-1β的含量,收获条件培养基,加入海马神经元中,作用24h,MTT法检测神经元存活率。[结果]在体外T10可减少Aβ1-42诱导的小胶质细胞TNF-α、IL-1β的释放,提高海马神经元的存活率。[结论]T10可通过抑制小胶质细胞激活保护海马神经元。     

CD40 agonists alter tumor stroma and show efficacy against pancreatic carcinoma in mice and humans

Immunosuppressive tumor microenvironments can restrain antitumor immunity, particularly in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA). Because CD40 activation can reverse immune suppression and drive antitumor T cell responses, we tested the combination of an agonist CD40 antibody with gemcitabine chemotherapy in a small cohort of patients with surgically incurable PDA and observed tumor regressions in some patients. We reproduced this treatment effect in a genetically engineered mouse model of PDA and found unexpectedly that tumor regression required macrophages but not T cells or gemcitabine. CD40-activated macrophages rapidly infiltrated tumors, became tumoricidal, and facilitated the depletion of tumor stroma. Thus, cancer immune surveillance does not necessarily depend on therapy-induced T cells; rather, our findings demonstrate a CD40-dependent mechanism for targeting tumor stroma in the treatment of cancer.     

RNAi技术介导舞毒蛾热激蛋白Hsp40基因功能分析

[目的]测定Hsp40基因沉默对舞毒蛾生长发育及Hsp40基因表达量的影响.[方法]体外合成双链RNA （dsRNA）,并将dsRNA通过微注射入舞毒蛾3龄幼虫体内,测定Hsp40基因沉默对舞毒蛾生长发育及Hsp40基因表达量的影响.[结果]分别注射ddH2O、dsRNAGFP和dsRNAHsp40后8d,dsRNAGFP处理组舞毒蛾幼虫相对取食量显著高于ddH2O和dsRNAHsp40处理组（P＜0.05）;但3种处理对舞毒蛾幼虫的相对生长率、食物利用率、食物转化率、近似消化率方面均无显著性差异.注射后4d,ddH2O处理组的舞毒蛾幼虫体重累计增长率最大,其次是dsRNAHsp40处理组,dsRNAGFP处理组的体重累计增长率最小,这与4d的幼虫鲜重一致;其余时间点,dsRNAHsp40处理组的体重累计增长率均大于ddH2O和dsRNAGFP处理组.将1μl（1μg/μl）的dsRNA注射入舞毒蛾幼虫体内,6～48h Hsp40基因表达量显著下降,96h基因表达量上调.[结论]该研究为进一步利用沉默舞毒蛾Hsp40基因在害虫防治中的应用提供理论依据.     

细胞型朊蛋白在BV2小神经胶质细胞体外激活中的作用

【目的】研究细胞型朊蛋白对小神经胶质细胞不同激活方式的影响。【方法】用IFN-γ、IL-4和IL-10分别刺激BV2细胞,RT-PCR方法检测PrPC的mRNA表达量。SiRNA干扰将PrPC沉默,用上述因子刺激细胞,用RT-PCR和Western-blot检测相关参数。【结果】用IFN-γ、IL-4和IL-10分别刺激小神经胶质细胞后可导致PrPC的mRNA表达量下降;PrPC沉默后的小神经胶质细胞对IFN-γ刺激的反应应答减弱;PrPC沉默可以显著地改变由IL-4诱导的神经胶质细胞的激活表型;但是对IL-10诱导的小神经胶质细胞激活却没有影响。【结论】PrPC既能影响小神经胶质细胞从静止状态到激活状态的转换,也在小神经胶质细胞的经典激活和替代激活途径中发挥调节作用。     

Requirement for the SLP-76 adaptor GADS in T cell development

GADS is an adaptor protein implicated in CD3 signaling because of its ability to link SLP-76 to LAT. A GADS-deficient mouse was generated by gene targeting, and the function of GADS in T cell development and activation was examined. GADS- CD4-CD8- thymocytes exhibited a severe block in proliferation but still differentiated into mature T cells. GADS- thymocytes failed to respond to CD3 cross-linking in vivo and were impaired in positive and negative selection. Immunoprecipitation experiments revealed that the association between SLP-76 and LAT was uncoupled in GADS- thymocytes. These observations indicate that GADS is a critical adaptor for CD3 signaling.     

Reciprocal control of T helper cell and dendritic cell differentiation

It is not known whether subsets of dendritic cells provide different cytokine microenvironments that determine the differentiation of either type-1 T helper (TH1) or TH2 cells. Human monocyte (pDC1)-derived dendritic cells (DC1) were found to induce TH1 differentiation, whereas dendritic cells (DC2) derived from CD4+CD3-CD11c- plasmacytoid cells (pDC2) induced TH2 differentiation by use of a mechanism unaffected by interleukin-4 (IL-4) or IL-12. The TH2 cytokine IL-4 enhanced DC1 maturation and killed pDC2, an effect potentiated by IL-10 but blocked by CD40 ligand and interferon-gamma. Thus, a negative feedback loop from the mature T helper cells may selectively inhibit prolonged TH1 or TH2 responses by regulating survival of the appropriate dendritic cell subset.     

Inhibitory Fcγ receptor engagement drives adjuvant and anti-tumor activities of agonistic CD40 antibodies

CD40, a member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) superfamily, is expressed on antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and is essential for immune activation. Although agonistic CD40 antibodies have been developed for immunotherapy, their clinical efficacy has been limited. We have found that coengagement of the Fc domain of agonistic CD40 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) with the inhibitory Fcγ receptor FcγRIIB is required for immune activation. Direct comparison of mAbs to CD40 enhanced for activating FcγR binding, hence capable of cytotoxicity, or for inhibitory FcγRIIB binding, revealed that enhancing FcγRIIB binding conferred immunostimulatory activity and considerably greater anti-tumor responses. This unexpected requirement for FcγRIIB in enhancing CD40-mediated immune activation has direct implications for the design of agonistic antibodies to TNFR as therapeutics.     

CZE法用于肾上腺素的优化分离及其在马齿苋中含量测定的研究

[目的]采用区带毛细管电泳法实现去氧肾上腺素、肾上腺素和去甲肾上腺素3种化合物的优化分离,建立测定中药马齿苋中去甲肾上腺素的简便、快速的分离检测方法。[方法]采用未涂层弹性石英毛细管柱(60 cm×75μm i.d.,有效长度50 cm)作为分离通道,以含8 mmol/Lβ-CD的20 mmol/L硼砂(pH=9.5)为运行缓冲溶液,进样0.5 psi(3.447 kPa)×10 s,分离电压15 kV,检测波长215 nm,柱温25℃。[结果]3种肾上腺素在10 min内得到基线分离,且去氧肾上腺素、肾上腺素和去甲肾上腺素分别在16.74～267.84 mg/L(r=0.999 5),16.18～258.88 mg/L(r=0.999 2),16.181～94.16 mg/L(r=0.999 2)浓度范围内呈良好的线性关系,平均回收率(n=6)分别为99.16%、101.24%和98.96%,RSD均小于2.2%。同时,测得中药马齿苋中去甲肾上腺素的质量分数为0.052%。[结论]该方法简便、快速,可用于肾上腺素类药物的分离和含量测定。     

Age and Duration of Weathering by 40K-40Ar and 40Ar/39Ar Analysis of Potassium-Manganese Oxides

Supergene cryptomelane [K(1-2)(Mn(3+)Mn(4+))(8)O(16). chiH(2)O] samples from deeply weathered pegmatites in southeastern Brazil subjected to (40)K-(40)Ar and (40)Ar/(39)Ar analysis yielded (40)K-(40)Ar dates ranging from 10.1 +/- 0.5 to 5.6 +/- 0.2 Ma (million years ago). Laser-probe (40)Ar/(39)Ar step-heating of the two most disparate samples yielded plateau dates of 9.94 +/- 0.05 and 5.59 +/- 0.10 Ma, corresponding, within 2 sigma, to the (40)K-(40)Ar dates. The results imply that deep weathering profiles along the eastern Brazilian margin do not reflect present climatic conditions but are the result of a long-term process that was already advanced by the late Miocene. Weathering ages predate pulses of continental sedimentation along the eastern Brazilian margin and suggest that there was a time lag between weathering and erosion processes and sedimentation processes.     

无试剂型葡萄糖生物传感器的研制

利用制备的羧基-β-环糊精衍生物包络二茂铁得到了羧基-β-环糊精二茂铁包络物作为新型媒介体.采用廉价易得的蛋清代替价格较高的牛血清白蛋白,用蛋清戊二醛交联媒介体、酶,成功制得了电流型葡萄糖传感器.由于羧基-β-环糊精提供的疏水空腔将二茂铁包络,减少了二茂铁的流失,另外亲水性的外壁为酶提供的良好的外环境保证了酶的活性,故该传感器具有良好的稳定性,对葡萄糖表现出良好的响应,重现性也较好,且响应时间短.检测线性范围为:1×10~(-5)～2.68×10~(-3)mol·L~(-1),相关系数为0.9994,检测限为1.2×10~(-6)mol·L~(-1)(S/N=3).     

Surface expression of HLA-E, an inhibitor of natural killer cells, enhanced by human cytomegalovirus gpUL40

The nonclassical major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecule HLA-E inhibits natural killer (NK) cell-mediated lysis by interacting with CD94/NKG2A receptors. Surface expression of HLA-E depends on binding of conserved peptides derived from MHC class I molecules. The same peptide is present in the leader sequence of the human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) glycoprotein UL40 (gpUL40). It is shown that, independently of the transporter associated with antigen processing, gpUL40 can up-regulate expression of HLA-E, which protects targets from NK cell lysis. While classical MHC class I molecules are down-regulated, HLA-E is up-regulated by HCMV. Induction of HLA-E surface expression by gpUL40 may represent an escape route for HCMV.     

羟丙基-β-环糊精/胰岛素的合适包合比及体外透膜能力研究

[目的]研究羟丙基-β-环糊精/胰岛素包合的合适比例及经包合后的胰岛素的体外透膜能力。[方法]连续递变试验测定包合比递增的作用变化,溶液法制备包合物;DTA和1H-NMR验证包合物;HPLC检测中性条件下包合后胰岛素的溶解度;Caco-2细胞模型考察包合后胰岛素的体外透膜能力。[结果]羟丙基-β-环糊精与胰岛素分子比增大至120∶1,包合作用仍未现饱和;40∶1分子比包合物中胰岛素中性条件溶解度达16.70 g/L,且胰岛素表观渗透系数较包合前增大约10倍。[结论]羟丙基-β-环糊精包合胰岛素难达饱和,其40∶1包合物即有较高胰岛素Caco-2细胞转运能力。     

甲砜霉素及HP-β-CD甲砜霉素在家兔体内的药代动力学比较研究

用健康家兔经口服给药(剂量为30 mg/kg),研究甲砜霉素及HP-β-CD甲砜霉素的药动学规律.以RP-HPLC法测定血浆中甲砜霉素的浓度,药物浓度-时间数据用3P97药动学程序软件处理.家兔单剂量口服给药甲砜霉素和HP-β-CD甲砜霉素血药浓度-时间数据均符合一级吸收一室开放模型.甲砜霉素主要动力学参数为:Lagtime(0.05±0.02)h,t1/2ka(0.83±0.02)h,t1/2ke(2.27±0.31)h,T(peak)(1.84±0.12)h,C(max)(6.98±0.95)mg/L,AUC(34.98+0.68)mg/(L·h),F(110.74±0.02)%. HP-β-CD甲砜霉素主要动力学参数为:Lagtime(0.02±0.01)h,t1/2ka(0.91±0.16)h,t1/2ke(0.86 ±0.15)h,T(peak)(0.96±0.07)h,C(max)(8.59±0.55)mg/L,AUC(43.02±0.87)mg/(L·h),F(142.07±0.02)%.HP-β-CD甲砜霉素在家兔体内的药动学特征表现为分布广泛,消除迅速;口服给药吸收迅速且完全,生物利用度高.     

Evidence for genetic linkage of Alzheimer's disease to chromosome 10q

Recent studies suggest that insulin-degrading enzyme (IDE) in neurons and microglia degrades Abeta, the principal component of beta-amyloid and one of the neuropathological hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease (AD). We performed parametric and nonparametric linkage analyses of seven genetic markers on chromosome 10q, six of which map near the IDE gene, in 435 multiplex AD families. These analyses revealed significant evidence of linkage for adjacent markers (D10S1671, D10S583, D10S1710, and D10S566), which was most pronounced in late-onset families. Furthermore, we found evidence for allele-specific association between the putative disease locus and marker D10S583, which has recently been located within 195 kilobases of the IDE gene.     

Role of prostacyclin in the cardiovascular response to thromboxane A2

Thromboxane (Tx) A2 is a vasoconstrictor and platelet agonist. Aspirin affords cardioprotection through inhibition of TxA2 formation by platelet cyclooxygenase (COX-1). Prostacyclin (PGI2) is a vasodilator that inhibits platelet function. Here we show that injury-induced vascular proliferation and platelet activation are enhanced in mice that are genetically deficient in the PGI2 receptor (IP) but are depressed in mice genetically deficient in the TxA2 receptor (TP) or treated with a TP antagonist. The augmented response to vascular injury was abolished in mice deficient in both receptors. Thus, PGI2 modulates platelet-vascular interactions in vivo and specifically limits the response to TxA2. This interplay may help explain the adverse cardiovascular effects associated with selective COX-2 inhibitors, which, unlike aspirin and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), inhibit PGI2 but not TxA2.     

Functional requirement for class I MHC in CNS development and plasticity

Class I major histocompatibility complex (class I MHC) molecules, known to be important for immune responses to antigen, are expressed also by neurons that undergo activity-dependent, long-term structural and synaptic modifications. Here, we show that in mice genetically deficient for cell surface class I MHC or for a class I MHC receptor component, CD3zeta, refinement of connections between retina and central targets during development is incomplete. In the hippocampus of adult mutants, N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor-dependent long-term potentiation (LTP) is enhanced, and long-term depression (LTD) is absent. Specific class I MHC messenger RNAs are expressed by distinct mosaics of neurons, reflecting a potential for diverse neuronal functions. These results demonstrate an important role for these molecules in the activity-dependent remodeling and plasticity of connections in the developing and mature mammalian central nervous system (CNS).     

低磷胁迫对烤烟云烟87糖代谢及营养元素吸收的影响机理初探

为了探明低磷胁迫对烟草糖代谢及养分吸收的影响机理。以云烟87为试材,设置正常供磷（T1,1 mmol/L Pi）和低磷（T2,0.1 mmol/L Pi）两个处理的沙培试验,检测低磷胁迫下烟株不同部位的蔗糖、淀粉、营养元素的含量及糖代谢相关酶的活性,分析糖代谢关键基因（SUT1、INV、AGPase）及高亲和营养元素转运蛋白家族基因（PT1、PT2、HAK1、IRT1）的表达差异。结果表明：①低磷胁迫显著增加了烟株根部和地上部的蔗糖含量;虽然焦磷酸化酶（AGPase）基因在低磷条件下表达量下调,但是由于淀粉酶活性被强烈抑制,淀粉含量仍显著增加;②低磷胁迫增加了烟株根部和地上部K和Fe的含量,降低了Mg的含量,Ca含量差异不显著;K和Fe的积累可能是由高亲和钾转运蛋白（HAK1）及铁调控转运体基因（IRT1）的表达量提高引起的,为磷与其他营养元素之间的互作提供理论基础。