热应激状态下泌乳奶牛通过激活GHIGF-I轴增强糖异生变化

【目的】选取分娩1周后的泌乳期荷斯坦奶牛6头,提前适应期1周后,正式饲喂从2013年6月29日至8月5日,总共35 d(5周),使泌乳奶牛处于热应激状态。进而检测泌乳奶牛乳产量及乳蛋白含量,血液中生长激素(GH)、胰岛素样生长因子(IGF-I)、葡萄糖以及肝脏中热休克蛋白70(HSP70)和糖异生作用的变化情况,拟从GH-IGF-I轴的角度阐明泌乳奶牛发生热应激时对糖异生作用及乳品质下降的机制。为进一步揭示奶牛热应激的发生机理及控制奶牛热应激的发生提供理论依据。【方法】分别统计第1—5周泌乳奶牛的产奶量及分析乳蛋白含量,并采集泌乳奶牛颈静脉血液和进行活体采取肝脏组织的方法,检测血液中葡萄糖和GH、IGF-I的含量,采用实时荧光定量PCR(q RT-PCR)技术对奶牛肝脏组织中HSP70和糖异生的关键酶丙酮酸羧化酶(PC)、磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧激酶(PEPCK)以及生长激素受体(GHR)、胰岛素样生长因子受体(IGFR)进行检测。【结果】在35 d的饲喂过程中,日间平均气温在32℃以上的持续时间达25 d,且最高温度为38℃,高温持续时间大于72 h,即此气候条件下奶牛处于一个热应激状态。随着泌乳奶牛热应激程度的不断加深,从第1周到第5周产奶量和乳蛋白含量都有不同程度的下降。通过比较第5周和第1周泌乳奶牛肝脏中HSP70的表达,发现第5周HSP70的表达量极显著高于第1周。检测血液中GH、IGF-I以及葡萄糖的含量,发现在第5周的时候其含量均高于第1周且差异显著(P0.05);检测泌乳奶牛肝脏组织中PC和PEPCK的表达水平,发现第5周显著高于第1周(P0.05);通过检测第5周与第1周肝脏组织中GH和IGF-I受体的表达水平,发现GHR和IGFR同样上调,其中IGFR显著上调(P0.05)。【结论】随着泌乳奶牛热应激的程度的不断加深,血液中的葡萄糖含量显著升高,其可能是由于垂体分泌的GH刺激肝脏产生更多的IGF-I,即通过GHIGF-I轴上调肝脏糖异生途径关键酶的表达,使糖异生途径处于激活状态。而乳中乳蛋白含量的下降可能是由于其前体物被过多的用来进行糖异生作用,增加血液中葡萄糖含量,维持机体正常供能所致。     

Quantitation of hepatic glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis in fasting humans with 13C NMR

The rate of net hepatic glycogenolysis was assessed in humans by serially measuring hepatic glycogen concentration at 3- to 12-hour intervals during a 68-hour fast with 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The net rate of gluconeogenesis was calculated by subtracting the rate of net hepatic glycogenolysis from the rate of glucose production in the whole body measured with tritiated glucose. Gluconeogenesis accounted for 64 +/- 5% (mean +/- standard error of the mean) of total glucose production during the first 22 hours of fasting. In the subsequent 14-hour and 18-hour periods of the fast, gluconeogenesis accounted for 82 +/- 5% and 96 +/- 1% of total glucose production, respectively. These data show that gluconeogenesis accounts for a substantial fraction of total glucose production even during the first 22 hours of a fast in humans.     

玉米S型细胞质雄性不育与恢复花粉中基因表达差异分析

以近等基因系S-Mo17Rf3Rf3和S-Mo17rf3rf3为材料,通过抑制消减杂交对S(Rf3)和S(rf3)花粉中差异表达的基因进行了研究.结果表明,玉米(Zea mays L.)S(Rf3)和S(rf3)花粉中存在与信号传导、膜系统形成、花粉的成熟以及抗细胞衰老等细胞和生理活动相关的基因表达的差异,但没有发现参与糖代谢、淀粉合成及其转运相关基因的表达差异.O-乙酰半乳糖胺转移酶(O-linked GlcNAc transferase,OGT)基因在Rf3花粉中表达累积.依据OGT基因的功能及其在玉米不同育性花粉中的表达模式,推测OGT受糖类物质诱导表达并与S(Rf3)配子的育性恢复有关.这一假说还有待进一步实验证实.     

人参皂苷Rb3对肝糖异生作用机理的研究

为了探讨人参皂苷Rb3在降低血糖方面的分子调控机制,利用HepG2细胞为研究材料,系统分析了人参皂苷Rb3对肝糖异生关键酶PEPCK、G6Pase和转录因子FOXO1、HNF4α的影响。结果表明,人参皂苷Rb3可以显著抑制HepG2细胞肝糖异生途径关键转录因子FOXO1、HNF4α蛋白表达,从而抑制PEPCK和G6Pase酶活性及糖异生作用,该作用能够被AMPK抑制剂Compound C部分阻断,推测人参皂苷Rb3抑制肝糖异生作用是通过激活AMPK信号通路实现。AMPK信号转导通路作为重要的糖脂代谢靶点,在糖尿病及相关代谢类疾病的调控中发挥着重要的作用,为探讨人参皂苷Rb3治疗糖尿病的作用机制提供了新的理论依据。     

O-glycosylated cell wall proteins are essential in root hair growth

Root hairs are single cells that develop by tip growth and are specialized in the absorption of nutrients. Their cell walls are composed of polysaccharides and hydroxyproline-rich glycoproteins (HRGPs) that include extensins (EXTs) and arabinogalactan-proteins (AGPs). Proline hydroxylation, an early posttranslational modification of HRGPs that is catalyzed by prolyl 4-hydroxylases (P4Hs), defines the subsequent O-glycosylation sites in EXTs (which are mainly arabinosylated) and AGPs (which are mainly arabinogalactosylated). We explored the biological function of P4Hs, arabinosyltransferases, and EXTs in root hair cell growth. Biochemical inhibition or genetic disruption resulted in the blockage of polarized growth in root hairs and reduced arabinosylation of EXTs. Our results demonstrate that correct O-glycosylation on EXTs is essential for cell-wall self-assembly and, hence, root hair elongation in Arabidopsis thaliana.     

Rapamycin-induced insulin resistance is mediated by mTORC2 loss and uncoupled from longevity

Rapamycin, an inhibitor of mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1), extends the life spans of yeast, flies, and mice. Calorie restriction, which increases life span and insulin sensitivity, is proposed to function by inhibition of mTORC1, yet paradoxically, chronic administration of rapamycin substantially impairs glucose tolerance and insulin action. We demonstrate that rapamycin disrupted a second mTOR complex, mTORC2, in vivo and that mTORC2 was required for the insulin-mediated suppression of hepatic gluconeogenesis. Further, decreased mTORC1 signaling was sufficient to extend life span independently from changes in glucose homeostasis, as female mice heterozygous for both mTOR and mLST8 exhibited decreased mTORC1 activity and extended life span but had normal glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity. Thus, mTORC2 disruption is an important mediator of the effects of rapamycin in vivo.     

农作物抗旱性鉴定仪的研制和应用

依据陈毓荃等首次提出的连续升温电导法，研制了ＮＫＪ－１型农作物抗旱性鉴定仪，对１４种小麦抗旱性的鉴定结果与田间观测结果一致，也适于果树抗热性鉴定。     

Persistence of cadmium-induced metabolic changes in liver and kidney

Daily intraperitoneal injection of cadmium chloride (1 milligram per kilogram) for 45 days enhanced gluconeogenesis as evidenced by significant increases in the activities of liver and kidney cortex pyruvate carboxylase, phosphopyruvate carboxylase, hexosediphosphatase, and glucose-6-phosphatase, the quartet of key, rate-limiting enzymes involved in the biotransformation of noncarbohydrate precursors into glucose. Whereas cadmium treatment decreased the level of hepatic glycogen, the concentration of blood glucose and urea was significantly elevated by this heavy metal. Discontinuation of the heavy metal treatment for 28 days, in rats previously injected with cadmium for 45 days, failed to restore the observed biochemical alterations in hepatic and renal carbohydrate metabolism to control values. Evidence indicates that cadmium augments the glucose-synthesizing capacity of liver and kidney cortex and that various metabolic changes persist even after a 4-week period of withdrawal from exposure to the heavy metal.     

大麦黄矮病毒蚜传蛋白中蚜传功能位点分析

为探讨大麦黄矮病毒(BYDV)蚜传(AT)蛋白参与介导蚜虫传播BYDV过程的关键功能区,利用Clustal等多种序列分析工具对BYDV AT蛋白进行综合分析.结果显示,在GAV株系、MAV株系和PAV株系的AT蛋白通读蛋白区均具有高度保守序列“VDSS”和“KRFFEY”,两保守区之间的氨基酸序列在株系间存在特异性变异...     

猪体内囊尾蚴发育过程中能量代谢酶组织化学观察

采用酶组织化学技术半定量观察猪体内囊尾蚴发育过程中乳酸脱氢酶 (L DH)、琥珀酸脱氢酶 (SDH)、谷氨酸脱氢酶 (GDH)、三磷酸腺苷酶 (ATPase)、酸性磷酸酶 (ACP)、碱性磷酸酶 (AKP)、6 -磷酸葡萄糖酶 (G6 Pase)、黄嘌呤氧化酶 (XOD)、脂酶 (FE)活性的变化。结果表明 ,随虫体发育 SDH,FE,ACP,AKP,ATPase活性升高 ,L DH,GDH,XOD无明显变化 ,未显示 G6 Pase活性。结果揭示随虫体生长发育糖类与脂类分解产生能量的代谢通路及物质转运途径增强 ,乳酸酵解、氨基酸分解、核苷酸分解途径无明显变化 ,虫体可能不具有糖异生作用。     

锦鲤疱疹病毒囊膜蛋白ORF132的克隆及分析

提取感染锦鲤疱疹病毒(KHV)的锦鲤(Cyprinus carpio koi)肾脏组织DNA,通过PCR扩增了KHV ORF132基因。该基因全长513 bp,所编码的蛋白包含170个氨基酸,分子量18.5 ku,等电点8.11,有信号肽以及2个潜在的O糖基化位点。应用DNA Star程序,通过综合分析二级结构柔性区、蛋白的亲水性、表面可能性、抗原性指数,预测KHV ORF132蛋白主要B细胞表位区段位于Leu40～Ala45、Asn53～Pro66、Arg97～Thr118、Ala125～Pro136、Glu140～Arg145、Asn160～Arg170。     

意大利蜜蜂Ci蛋白的生物信息学分析

【目的】掌握意大利蜜蜂转录因子(Ci)的生物信息学并阐述其功能,为揭示Ci蛋白在意大利蜜蜂Hh信号通路中的功能和作用打下基础。【方法】从NCBI获取意大利蜜蜂Ci蛋白氨基酸序列,分别使用ProtParam预测其理化性质、SignalP-5.0预测信号肽、TMHMM-2.0预测跨膜结构,通过NetOGlyc 3.0、NetNGlyc 1.0、NetPhos 3.1、SUMOplot等进行O-糖基化位点、N-糖基化位点、磷酸化位点及苏木化位点预测,采用GOR4、SWISS-MODEL、CD-Search等预测意大利蜜蜂Ci蛋白高级结构,在多重序列比对分析的基础上利用MEGA 11.0构建系统发育进化树,并通过String数据库预测相互作用蛋白。【结果】意大利蜜蜂Ci蛋白存在2个亚型,分别是XP＿624136.4和XP＿006558245.2。其中,XP＿624136.4亚型的开放阅读(ORF)为4338 bp,编码1445个氨基酸残基,编码蛋白分子量为15.50 kD,理论等电点(pI)为8.39;XP＿006558245.2亚型的ORF为3873 bp,编码1290个氨基酸残基,编码蛋白...     

水溶性癞葡萄降血糖多肽MC2-1-5的分离纯化

以四氧嘧啶型糖尿病小鼠血糖浓度为筛选指标,通过超滤、凝胶色谱、半制备型反相高效液相色谱分离纯化得到癞葡萄中起降血糖作用的多肽MC 2-1-5。串联飞行时间质谱仪测得该降血糖多肽相对分子量为3 405.517 4 Da。动物试验结果表明,该肽在以2mg/kg剂量灌胃给予四氧嘧啶型糖尿病小鼠时,小鼠的血糖值在灌胃2和4 h后较相应的初始血糖值降低61.70%和69.18%。     

丙酸对山羊小肠上皮细胞糖异生途径关键基因表达的影响

为探究丙酸对山羊小肠上皮细胞(GIEC)糖异生途径关键基因表达是否有影响,试验分为2个部分:第1部分分为4个处理组,分别添加0、0.75、1.50和3.00mmol/L丙酸培养GIEC,6h后收集细胞提取总RNA;第2个部分分为2个处理组,分别添加0和3.00mmol/L丙酸培养GIEC,培养3、6、12和24h时,收集细胞提取总RNA。通过qRT-PCR对糖异生途径关键基因的mRNA表达量进行测定。结果表明,0.75和1.50mmol/L丙酸对PC、FBP1和PGC1A的mRNA表达量无显著影响(P0.05);1.50mmol/L丙酸可显著增加PCK2的mRNA表达量(P0.05);3.00mmol/L丙酸可显著增加PCK2和PGC1A的mRNA表达量(P0.05),还可上调PC和FBP1 mRNA表达量但无差异(P0.05)。与未处理组相比,3.00mmol/L丙酸在6h时可极显著上调PCK2和PGC1A的mRNA表达量(P0.01),还可增加PC和FBP1的mRNA表达量(P0.05);在12～24h对糖异生途径关键基因没有影响(P0.05)。综上,丙酸可以在山羊小肠细胞中诱导糖异生途径关键基因PCK2、PC、FBP1和PGC1A的mRNA表达,并且PCK2在山羊小肠上皮细胞糖异生途径中发挥关键作用。     

尼罗罗非鱼P2X4R基因克隆及原核表达分析

[目的]克隆尼罗罗非鱼P2X4R基因,并构建原核表达载体进行诱导表达,为深入研究P2X4R在鱼类中的生物学功能打下基础.[方法]利用PCR克隆尼罗罗非鱼P2X4R基因的3个片段(G1、G2和G3),拼接获得目的基因后连接pCold II载体构建pCold II-P2X4R重组质粒,再转化大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)感受态细胞,以IPTG进行诱导表达.分别采用SDS-PAGE和Western blotting检测分析重组蛋白P2X4R的表达情况,并运用生物信息学在线分析软件对其理化性质、糖基化位点、跨膜区域、亚细胞定位及信号肽等进行预测分析.[结果]克隆获得的尼罗罗非鱼P2X4R基因大小为1108 bp,与pCold II载体重组后转化BL21(DE3)感受态细胞获得的原核表达载体经IPTG诱导可表达获得目的蛋白,在IPTG 1.0 mmol/L、37℃诱导4 h的条件下重组蛋白表达量高于在IPTG 0.1 mmol/L、16℃过夜诱导的表达量.重组蛋白P2X4R的分子量约43.0 kD,其氨基酸数量为354个,理论等电点(pI)为6.78,不稳定指数为37.62,属于稳定蛋白,脂肪族指数为74.35;重组蛋白P2X4R具有3个N-糖基化位点和1个O-糖基位点;该蛋白未见跨膜区,其蛋白几乎100%位于细胞膜内,不含信号肽.[结论]诱导表达获得的尼罗罗非鱼P2X4R蛋白具有3个N-糖基化位点和1个O-糖基化位点,推测其存在糖基化现象,可制备相应抗体用于揭示罗非鱼巨噬细胞的抗原呈递作用机制.     

蜂胶中4种黄酮对HepG2细胞胰岛素抵抗的改善作用

为探究蜂胶中4种黄酮成分(高良姜素、短叶松素、松属素、柯因)对胰岛素抵抗的改善作用。通过高浓度胰岛素诱导的方式建立胰岛素抵抗HepG2细胞模型;设立正常组、模型组、高良姜素处理组、短叶松素处理组、松属素处理组、柯因处理组,测定各试验组对HepG2细胞增殖、葡萄糖消耗量、糖原含量、已糖激酶(hexokinase,HK)和丙酮酸激酶(pyruvate kinase,PK)的影响。结果显示:4种黄酮成分在有效浓度范围内对胰岛素抵抗HepG2细胞增殖均无显著影响(P0.05);柯因、短叶松素作用效果不明显(P0.05);高良姜素和松属素均能不同程度地提高IR-HepG2细胞葡萄糖消耗量(glucose consumption,GC)、肝糖原含量、HK和PK活力(P0.05)。上述结果表明蜂胶中高良姜素和松属素能较好地调节IR-HepG2糖代谢,改善胰岛素抵抗,为蜂胶产品的深度开发提供参考。     

Regulation of blood glucose by hypothalamic pyruvate metabolism

The brain keenly depends on glucose for energy, and mammalians have redundant systems to control glucose production. An increase in circulating glucose inhibits glucose production in the liver, but this negative feedback is impaired in type 2 diabetes. Here we report that a primary increase in hypothalamic glucose levels lowers blood glucose through inhibition of glucose production in rats. The effect of glucose requires its conversion to lactate followed by stimulation of pyruvate metabolism, which leads to activation of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-sensitive potassium channels. Thus, interventions designed to enhance the hypothalamic sensing of glucose may improve glucose homeostasis in diabetes.     

Identification of small molecule activators of cryptochrome

Impairment of the circadian clock has been associated with numerous disorders, including metabolic disease. Although small molecules that modulate clock function might offer therapeutic approaches to such diseases, only a few compounds have been identified that selectively target core clock proteins. From an unbiased cell-based circadian phenotypic screen, we identified KL001, a small molecule that specifically interacts with cryptochrome (CRY). KL001 prevented ubiquitin-dependent degradation of CRY, resulting in lengthening of the circadian period. In combination with mathematical modeling, our studies using KL001 revealed that CRY1 and CRY2 share a similar functional role in the period regulation. Furthermore, KL001-mediated CRY stabilization inhibited glucagon-induced gluconeogenesis in primary hepatocytes. KL001 thus provides a tool to study the regulation of CRY-dependent physiology and aid development of clock-based therapeutics of diabetes.