用新Tortoise坐标变换计算Vaidya黑洞的熵

采用一种新的Tortoise坐标变换,约化视界附近Klein-Gordon方程,得到了黑洞的Hawking温度;并用薄膜模型计算了黑洞熵,得到了熵与视界面积成正比的Bekenstein关系.用这种Tortoise坐标变换,还可以使计算动态黑洞熵时所用的截断因子变得与静态和稳态情况相同.     

一般球对称带电蒸发黑洞的非热辐射

研究一般球对称带电蒸发黑洞视界附近粒子的能级交错，给出交错能级最大值的表达式，得出一般球对称带电蒸发黑洞非热辐射频率范围是随时间变化的结论．     

Detection of the intrinsic size of Sagittarius A* through closure amplitude imaging

We have detected the intrinsic size of Sagittarius A*, the Galactic center radio source associated with a supermassive black hole, showing that the short-wavelength radio emission arises from very near the event horizon of the black hole. Radio observations with the Very Long Baseline Array show that the source has a size of 24 +/- 2 Schwarzschild radii at 7-millimeter wavelength. In one of eight 7-millimeter epochs, we also detected an increase in the intrinsic size of 60(-17)(+25)%. These observations place a lower limit to the mass density of Sagittarius A* of 1.4 x 10(4) solar masses per cubic astronomical unit.     

Blood out of a stone

Almost 50 years ago, astronomers provided evidence for powerful radio emissions localized in two giant "lobes" on opposite sides of elliptical galaxies. These lobes are now known to be powered by jets emanating from black holes at the centers of the galaxies. In his Perspective, Blandford discusses how the black hole may generate the jets. He highlights the report by Koide et al., who have simulated one mechanism for supplying the jets with energy via a magnetic connection to the gas just outside the black hole's event horizon.     

由黑洞的熵计算其温度

通过黑洞热力学第一定律,由黑洞的熵来计算黑洞的温度．由此方法算出的史瓦西黑洞和克尔-纽曼黑洞的温度与以前的结果相符,Vaidya黑洞的温度与引入新的乌龟坐标变换后算得的结果一致．     

Black hole accretion

Black holes are most often detected by the radiation produced when they gravitationally pull in surrounding gas, in a process called accretion. The efficiency with which the hot gas radiates its thermal energy strongly influences the geometry and dynamics of the accretion flow. Both radiatively efficient thin disks and radiatively inefficient thick disks are observed. When the accreting gas gets close to the central black hole, the radiation it produces becomes sensitive to the spin of the hole and the presence of an event horizon. Analysis of the luminosities and spectra of accreting black holes has yielded tantalizing evidence for both rotating holes and event horizons. Numerical simulations imply that the relativistic jets often seen from accreting black holes may be powered in part by the spin of the hole.     

低丘红壤不同坡位持水特性的比较

研究了低丘红壤不同坡位对持水特性及孔隙状况的影响,发现上坡10cm土层1~50μm的孔径孔隙度高于下坡,而上坡100cm土层1~50μm的孔径孔隙度低于下坡;上坡10cm土层不同土壤水吸力下的持水量显著低于相应的下坡,而上坡100cm土层不同土壤水吸力下的持水量显著高于相应的下坡;用Van Genuchten方程对红壤水分特征曲线进行拟合,拟合效果较好。     

关中地区塿土诊断层的形成过程及意义探讨

 【目的】通过对关中地区塿土剖面的多角度剖析,试图阐明此类土壤诊断层的形成过程及意义。【方法】根据野外考察和室内试验资料,对土壤剖面从诊断层划分、微形态特征、剖面构造空间变异、成土年龄等方面进行了综合分析和对比。【结果】Bt层形成于8 500～3 100 aB.P.,BC层在3 100～2 000 aB.P.,Ap层在2 000～0 aB.P.;BC层在理化性质、结构构造、微形态等方面与马兰黄土十分相似,而与Ap层和Bt层有显著的差异,Ap层与马兰黄土的相似性系数R1在0.8105～0.8951,Bt层的R1为0.6718,而BC层的R1在0.9051～0.9352。【结论】塿土具有Ap1-Ap2-Bc-Bt-Bk-C剖面构造,复合剖面的形成主要是由于环境变化引起成土强度发生变化的结果;Ap层是2 000 a以来人类施加土粪、农业耕作和粉尘堆积同时作用的综合产物,其特征主要受到人类活动强度和方式的控制,Bc层是3 100～2 000 aB.P.期间风尘自然堆积的产物,成土强度较弱;Bt是全新世大暖期的自然产物。     

温带云冷杉混交林凋落物养分的空间分布特征

  目的  凋落物层是森林生态系统的重要组分,研究其养分的空间分布特征对于维持森林生态环境和可持续经营具有独特且关键的意义。  方法  以温带云冷杉混交林为研究对象,基于等距离网格布点法对4块1 hm2的固定样地进行林分调查和凋落物收集,测定分析半分解（F）层和完全分解（H）层凋落物样品各400个,采用地统计分析和克里格插值方法探究不同分解程度凋落物的养分特征和空间分布及其影响因素。  结果  （1）天然云冷杉针阔混交林F层凋落物的有机碳（OC）、全氮（TN）及全磷（TP）含量分别为421.68、18.86和1.26 g/kg,而在H层中分别为350.78、17.80和2.68 g/kg,OC和TN均随分解程度的增加而减小,TP随分解程度的增加而增加;各样地凋落物OC、TN和TP变异系数范围为10.94% ~ 65.63%,其中F层凋落物OC和TP的空间变异程度较H层小。（2）凋落物OC、TN和TP的空间异质性在森林群落尺度上均主要受结构性因素影响,空间自相关性较强;各样地凋落物OC、TN和TP呈明显的条带状和斑块状梯度性分布,且F和H层OC在同一样地内表现为相似的空间格局,而F层TN和TP高值出现的位置在H层往往较低;F层凋落物OC和TP的分形维数较H层大,其空间结构特征较复杂,而F层凋落物TN较H层具有更好的结构性,空间依赖性较强。（3）H层凋落物OC和TN与凋落物现存量均呈显著负相关（P < 0.05）,且受持水率影响显著,而TP与凋落物现存量呈显著正相关;凋落物OC、TN和TP及其生态化学计量比之间具有显著的相关关系。F层凋落物TN和TP受生物多样性指数和物种数等指标的显著影响,而H层主要受到针叶树种及株数比例的显著影响,林分特征对OC的影响较TN和TP小。  结论  温带天然云冷杉针阔混交林凋落物层养分空间分布特征受凋落物性质（分解程度和持水率等）和林分结构（树种和林分密度等）因子的共同作用。      

湿地边界确定的理论、方法与案例

在分析目前关于湿地边界标准的主观规定性及其原因的基础上,认为:在湿地形成过程中的一些机理问题还没有弄清楚的情况下,可用黑箱方法来确定湿地的边界。在分析陆地系统与水体系统结构差异的基础上,确定湿地下界应为有根植物分布的下限。基于土壤诊断层是各种自然地理要素长期综合作用结果这一地理学论断,将土壤诊断层在湿地边界处的尖灭现象与系统论的“黑箱”方法相结合,论述了利用土壤诊断层尖灭点作为湿地上界在理论上的科学性。案例研究表明,利用这两个标准来确定湿地的上、下边界在实践上是可行的,研究区陆地土壤诊断层尖灭线海拔高程为55.74m,最大水平误差小于1m,最大垂直误差小于4cm。基于湿地边界标准的湿地的定义应为:湿地是陆地和水体之间的过渡带,是由于地表淹水/土壤水饱和而形成的一种隐域性自然综合体,其上界位于陆地土壤诊断层的尖灭点处,其下界是有根植物下界。     

小兴安岭4种典型阔叶红松林土壤有机碳分解特性

土壤有机碳分解是陆地生态系统碳循环的重要组成部分.主要采用土壤有机碳释放速率的室内培养实验的方法,并根据三库一级动力学模型,对小兴安岭地区4种典型阔叶红松林的土壤有机碳分解特征及各组分含量进行研究.实验结果如下:(1)土壤有机碳的分解趋势表现为前期迅速,后期缓慢,并且土壤腐殖质层(A)大于淀积层(B);在4种阔叶红松林中,云冷杉红松林土壤有机碳的分解速率最大,枫桦红松林最小;土壤有机碳的分解速率与土壤总有机碳、活性碳及土壤的C/N呈显著的正相关关系(P＜0.05).(2)在土壤A层和B层,4种阔叶红松林的活性碳分别占总有机碳的0.89％-1.78％和1.91％-2.87％,平均驻留时间为12-35 d和27-58 d.缓效性碳占总有机碳的22.58％-28.44％和23.87％-42.63％,平均驻留时间为4-19 a和18-37 a.惰性碳占总有机碳的69.98％-76.24％和54.50％-74.22％,平均驻留时间为173 a;土壤有机碳各组分含量及驻留时间的大小顺序均为:云冷杉红松林＞椴树红松林＞枫桦红松林＞蒙古栎红松林.     

GPR Diagnostics of Chernozem Humus Horizon Thickness

This work aimed to search for indicators of the thickness of the humus horizon of chernozem soils based on the data of ground-penetrating radar (GPR) surveying. The investigation was carried out on a test site located in Russia’s Tula oblast. The area is dominated by arable podzolized chernozems, including ones eroded to a varying extent. In parallel with GPR profiling in the field, soil was drilled to determine the lower boundary of the humus horizon. Based on the conjugate analysis of GPR profiling data and the field determination of the thickness of the humus horizon, a new indicator was proposed: the coefficient of asymmetry of the modal value of the peak of the spectral density of the first-period reflected GPR pulse obtained at a frequency of 100 MHz. The proposed indicator demonstrates a good statistical relationship with the thickness of the humus horizon of chernozem soils. For the test region, a regression model of this relationship was constructed with a determination coefficient of approximately 0.82. To calculate the thickness of the humus horizon (A+AB), it is suggested to use the lower boundary of the second period of the spectral density of the reflected signal, which correlates well with the actual data. The developed approach can be used to map the thickness of the humus horizon in the chernozem soils of the research region. Theoretically, this approach can be extended to soils of other regions.     

三峡库区紫色土柑桔园氮流失控制研究

为了研究三峡库区紫色土柑桔园在不同配方施肥,不同施肥深度和不同耕作方式处理下氮素流失规律及其控制力变化.以重庆紫色土柑桔园为研究对象,采用同一氮磷钾配方施肥水平,2个施肥深度与3种耕作方式组合,以地面撒施肥与中耕2次为对照,单次计量分析各处理地表径流量、0~40cm土层和40cm以下至母岩层侧渗流渗出水量及养分流失量,并用SPSS软件统计分析.结果表明,试验园同一耕作方式下,降雨量越大,地表径流及侧渗流总量越大;单次降雨中,覆盖处理流失水量最大,其流失量由大到小的顺序是:覆盖深施肥、覆盖浅施肥、中耕2次地面撒施肥、生草深施肥、清耕深施肥、生草浅施肥、清耕浅施肥;本试验一年中约1.39%~1.71%的化肥氮被雨水淋洗出土体并排放到环境中(对照为1.64%),各处理0~40cm土层侧渗流氮最大,其次是40cm以下至母岩层,地表径流中氮最小,侧渗流是桔园土壤氮流失的主要途径;生草深施肥有增加氮流失趋势,氮肥浅施比深施氮素养分流失量小10%以上.结果表明,三峡库区紫色土柑桔园地耕作制对柑桔果园氮养分流失有很大影响,地面撒施肥和生草深施肥有增大氮流失趋势;氮肥浅施、调节土壤容重等措施可有效控制氮流失.     

Photometry and spectroscopy of the GRB 970508 optical counterpart

An optical transient within the error box of the gamma ray burst GRB 970508 was imaged 4 hours after the event. It displayed a strong ultraviolet excess, and reached maximum brightness 2 days later. The optical spectra did not show any emission lines, and no variations on time scales of minutes were observed for 1 hour during the decline phase. According to the fireball and afterglow models, the intensity should rise monotonically before the observed optical maximum, but the data indicate that another physical mechanism may be responsible for the constant phase seen during the first hours after the burst.     

从《天净沙》的六种译文看接受美学理论

本文从接受美学理论的两位主要创始人伊瑟尔和姚斯的意义未定性理论和期待视野理论入手，并以马致远的《天净沙》及其六种译文为例分析了诗歌语言的模糊性和期待视野，笔者认为正是诗歌中的诸多未定性的点和意义空白召唤读者展开联想，而读者期待视野的差异性又使这些联想各不相同，从而不同的译者给出了不同的译文。     

浏阳大围山土壤铜锌含量的剖面分布规律

以湖南浏阳大围山花岗岩风化物发育的5种类型山地土壤为研究对象,按土壤发生学划分土壤层次采集剖面土样,分析测定了土壤中铜、锌总量及其有效态含量,研究山地土壤及剖面层次中铜、锌含量的分布规律及其与土壤理化性质间的关系。结果表明,大围山山地土壤中,全铜平均含量为34.5 mg/kg,其中A层29.2 mg/kg,各剖面层次间全铜含量变化较小,分布相对均匀;而全锌平均含量为104.4 mg/kg,其中A层土壤97.2 mg/kg,小于B层或AB层全锌的含量。A层土壤中有效铜和有效锌含量分别为1.85 mg/kg和4.82 mg/kg,多数土壤有效铜低于临界值(2.0 mg/kg),而有效锌高于临界值(1.5 mg/kg)。有效铜含量随剖面变化出现表聚或淀积特征,而有效锌含量大多以A层大于AB层或B层。土壤有效铜、锌含量与土壤有机质含量之间呈正相关。总体来看,浏阳大围山多数山地土壤锌较丰富,而铜较缺乏。     

信阳茶园低产土壤障碍因子诊断及改良

信阳茶园低产土壤有粘化型和瘠薄型二类 ,主要有下蜀系黄土母质发育的黄土质黄褐土 ,黄土粘盘黄褐土 ,第三纪红土母质发育的红粘土以及石质土、粗骨土。通过对上述低产茶园土壤的诊断 ,阐述了粘化型土壤障碍因子是土体中有粘化层或粘盘层 ,土壤通性差 ,排水不畅有渍水层。瘠薄型土壤水土流失严重 ,土层浅薄 ,全量养分缺乏等。针对这些障碍因子提出了相应的改良措施     

多种栽培模式下旱地小麦土壤水分的动态变化

旱地小麦采用不同栽培模式,通过对各生育阶段不同层次土壤水分动态变化的观察和研究结果表明:垄沟栽培、平覆膜、覆草、常规4种模式处理,全生育期各层土壤水分均呈降低趋势,尤以0~80 cm土层水分变化最为明显,降低幅度最大;4种栽培模式主要影响小麦生长前期0~80 cm土层水分变化,其中垄沟栽培和覆草栽培贮水效果明显高于平覆膜和常规栽培;小麦生长后期各种栽培模式难以控制上层土壤水分的大量损失,而各种模式在全生育期均对120 cm以下土层水分影响不明显。120 cm以下土层水分贮量在生育后期明显高于上层土壤水分。因此,进一步研究如何控制小麦生长后期上层土壤水分损失和怎样利用深层土壤水分,在旱原地区具有重要的意义。     

均值-VaR分析与资本资产定价模型:一个理论拓展

在均值—VaR分析框架内首先从微观角度的单一投资期资产配置决策入手,发现投资者的资产配置决策分为两步:第一步确定最优风险资产组合,第二步确定无风险资产与最优风险资产组合之间的配置比率;并且最优风险资产组合同投资者的初始财富和风险偏好均无关。随后我们将上述微观模型应用到存在多个"一致预期"投资者的资本市场宏观模型当中去,在一系列假设条件下我们得到了均值—VaR框架下的两基金分立定理:各个投资者的最优投资组合都是由共同的最优风险资产组合和无风险资产组成,不同的只是二者之间的配置比率不同。最后我们允许投资者的风     

Lithology and paleontology of the reflective layer horizon a

Cores recovered from horizon A are Late Cretaceous (Maestrichtian) in age and consist o alternating layers of calcareous turbidites and "red clay." The presence of red clay suggests that the water depth in this area during Cretaceous time was at least as great as at present-more than 5100 meters. A middle Cretaceous (Cenomanian) core consisting of interbedded sand and gravel and light-to-dark-gray lutite was taken in the same area from a layer stratigraphically below the horizon; the presence of hydrogen sulfide and iron sulfide may indicate anaerobic conditions that may be attributable to local ponding of sediment in Cenomanian time.