Response of selected drought tolerant wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes for agronomic traits and biochemical markers under drought-stressed and non-stressed conditions

ABSTRACT

Genetic improvement of wheat for drought tolerance can be achieved by developing suitable ideotypes with enhanced yield-response associated with agronomic traits and biochemical markers. The objective of this study was to determine drought response of elite drought tolerant wheat genotypes using agronomic and biochemical traits to select promising lines for breeding. Fourteen wheat genotypes selected from the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center’s heat and drought tolerance nursery and one standard check variety were evaluated under drought-stressed (DS) and non-stressed (NS) conditions using a randomised complete block design in three replications. Significant (P?<?0.05) genotype, drought condition and genotype?×?drought condition interaction effect were detected for the tested traits suggesting differential response of genotype for selection. Grain yield positively correlated with sucrose (r?=?0.58; P?<?0.05), fructose (r?=?0.52; P?<?0.05) and total sugar (r?=?0.52; P?<?0.05) contents under NS condition and with sucrose (r?=?0.80; P?<?0.001), total sugar (r?=?0.84; P?<?0.001) content, proline content (r?=?0.74; P?<?0.001) and number of grains per spike (r?=?0.58; P?<?0.05) under DS condition. Genetically unrelated wheat genotypes such as SM04, SM19, SM29, SM32, SM45 and SM97 possessing key agronomic and biochemical traits were selected for cultivar development for drought-stressed environments.     

Yield production and water-use efficiency of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars under shallow groundwater use in semi-arid region

As a free water resource, groundwater is extensively used for agricultural purposes. This is sometimes referred to as underground irrigation. Two-year lysimetric experiments from 2009 to 2011 were conducted in order to determine the effects of different shallow water table levels without any supplementary irrigation on water requirements, yield production and water-use efficiencies of three wheat cultivars namely W33g, Cross Alborz and Bahar. The experiments were carried out in a randomized complete block factorial experiment design with three replicates at the Razi University Lysimetric Research Station, Iran. Nine treatments were applied to each experiment by maintaining groundwater EC of 5 dS m^?1, with different water table levels of 0.6, 0.80 and 1.10 m, respectively. The results showed the highest and lowest groundwater uses by wheat for water table depths of 0.6 m and 1.10 m, during the experimental years, respectively. For all wheat cultivars, the average groundwater contributions were found to be 70.90% (5 mm day^?1), 67.85% (4.3 mm day^?1) and 63.4% (3.6 mm day^?1) for water table levels of 0.60, 0.80 and 1.10 m, respectively. Finally, the results showed the highest yield production and groundwater-use efficiency under water table levels of 0.80 m for all the three wheat cultivars.     

Evaluation of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes for yield and related traits under drought stress conditions

ABSTRACT

Drought is a major factor threatening crop production worldwide. Developing wheat varieties that are adapted to drought prone environments is a sustainable strategy to improve wheat production and productivity. The aim of this study was to evaluate and select bread wheat genotypes for yield and yield components, and for stability under drought stress and non-stress conditions. One hundred and twenty genotypes were evaluated at five test sites in the 2018/19 cropping season using a 10 x 12 alpha lattice design with two replicates. The level of drought stress was imposed using different sowing dates (early planting representing non-stressed, while late planting as drought stressed conditions) following the onset of the main rain at each site. Grain yield and yield components were recorded, and drought indices were calculated for each genotype. Among the drought tolerance indices, GMP, MP, HM, STI and YI were found to be the most suitable for predicting drought tolerance because they had significant and positive correlations with yield under drought stress and non-stress conditions. Rank sum analysis identified the most drought tolerant genotypes as ‘YS-34', ‘YS-85' and ‘YS-82’. The selected wheat genotypes are useful genetic resources for future drought tolerance breeding programmes in Ethiopia or similar agro-ecologies.     

不同水分条件下保水剂对冬小麦产量及水分利用效率的影响

试验采用保水剂(B)与灌水水平(W)两因素2×4完全均衡方案和裂区区组设计,研究不同水分条件下保水剂对冬小麦产量及水分利用效率的影响。结果表明,灌水水平在20%~80%条件下,不施保水剂时,灌水量为80%时冬小麦产量达到最大值;施用保水剂时,灌水量为60%时冬小麦产量最高。随着灌水量的增加,土壤水分含量有所提高,施用保水剂后土壤水分显著提高;在冬小麦孕穗期灌水量为田间持水量的60%时,施用保水剂后土壤水分增加1.57倍。低灌水水平和高灌水水平均削弱保水剂对水分生产效率、灌水利用效率和降水利用效率的增加效应。可见,灌水的增产效应与灌水对水分生产效率、灌水利用效率、降水利用效率的提高有着密切关系。在本年度(2011年10月~2012年6月)降水及气候条件下,施用保水剂时,最佳灌水量为田间持水量的60%时冬小麦产量最高。     

ALA对冬小麦叶片气体交换和水分利用效率的影响

以冬小麦“百农矮抗58”为材料,研究了在始穗期喷施不同浓度(10 、30、50 mg/L)的5-氨基乙酰丙酸（5-aminolevulinic acid, ALA)对冬小麦叶片气体交换和水分利用效率的影响。结果表明,10～50 mg/L ALA处理的叶片气孔导度高于不喷施的对照,但在开花期和乳熟期对气孔导度的促进作用大于腊熟期; 叶片净光合速率也明显高于对照。在开花期和乳熟期,ALA提高叶片的净光合速率主要是由于减少了光合的气孔限制; 而在腊熟期则主要是由于减少了光合的非气孔限制。在开花期和乳熟期,10～50 mg/L ALA处理的叶片水分利用效率与对照没有显著性差异,但在腊熟期,叶片水分利用效率较对照有显著性提高。与对照相比,10～50 mg/L ALA处理冬小麦的穗粒数、千粒重和产量显著增加,其中以30 mg/L ALA处理增产效果最大。     

不同基因型小麦铁营养效率差异及其可能机制

采用营养液培养试验对苗期6个不同小麦基因型旱选10,鲁麦14,小偃54,京411,洛夫林和中国春的铁营养效率进行了研究,并对其可能机制进行了探讨。试验设低铁(2μmol/L)和正常铁(100μmol/L)2个处理。结果表明,小麦的铁营养效率存在基因型差异,其范围从58%到92%。供试基因型中铁营养效率最高的基因型为中国春,最低的为旱选10。本试验条件下,小麦种子中铁浓度与其苗期铁营养效率间未发现相关性。多重回归分析表明,小麦铁营养效率差异主要由铁吸收决定,而铁吸收主要由根表面积差异决定。说明具有较大根表面积的小麦基因型在苗期具有更高的铁营养效率与抵抗铁缺乏的能力。     

土下覆膜与适宜灌水提高冬小麦水分利用率

为缓解河北平原区水资源匮乏与小麦生产水分高耗的特征性矛盾,该文采用大田试验方法,设置土下微膜覆盖结合拔节期灌水75 mm、抽穗期灌水75 mm、灌浆期灌水75 mm、雨养,露地条件下雨养和常规生产(CK)共6个处理,定位研究了连续3个生长季的土下微膜覆盖与不同时期灌水对冬小麦用水与产量形成的效果。结果表明,采用土下微膜覆盖种植小麦,基本苗数和有效穗数较CK分别降低了8.6%~12.0%和7.4%~11.7%,拔节至抽穗期75 mm灌水保证了覆盖下小麦生物产量形成及穗粒数、粒重的提高。土下微膜覆盖并适时灌水75 mm,开花后营养器官干物质向籽粒转运量比CK提高37.2%~57.3%,对籽粒贡献率提高4.7%~10.1%。土下微膜覆盖结合抽穗前一次灌水,全生育期田间耗水减少99.9~118.9 mm,用占CK 3/4的耗水量生产了与其相当的籽粒产量,水分利用效率提高26.1%~34.5%。回归分析表明,土下微膜覆盖下拔节-抽穗田间耗水118 mm可获得最高的生物产量,抽穗-灌浆耗水78 mm可获得15个以上的结实小穗数和灌浆期不小于5的叶面积指数,从而籽粒产量得以有效维持。2 m土体贮水随小麦生育进程和种植年限的推进而呈现亏损态势,而且趋近地表土壤水分亏损就越多。从第2季开始,持续干旱导致覆盖下灌浆期灌水对提高产量已不具有作用,反而增加耗水,灌溉时间前移可增加产量并提高水分利用效率。播种时土壤贮水较上季小麦收获时大幅增加,播种-拔节期间土壤贮水保蓄是小麦节水生产的关键,土下微膜覆盖则可实现麦田土壤贮水的秋冬保蓄、春季供应的跨季节调用。在河北省小麦产区,土下微膜覆盖结合春季适时少量灌水是有效降低小麦耗水、提高水分利用效率和维持小麦产量的新型种植方法。     

Screening drought-tolerant genotypes in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) using different multivariate methods

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is one of the most widely cultivated crops in rainfed areas of Iran, where drought is the main limiting factor on yield. The object of this study was the identification of drought-tolerant genotypes in bread wheat. Forty bread wheat genotypes were tested in separate experiments under drought stress and normal conditions in two years (2009–2010 and 2010–2011). Nine drought-tolerance/susceptibility indices including stress susceptibility index (SSI), mean productivity (MP), tolerance (TOL), stress tolerance index (STI), geometric mean productivity (GMP), yield index (YI), yield stability index (YSI), linear regression coefficient (β) and drought response index (DRI) were determined. Simultanously applied factor analysis used two factors instead of nine indices in this study. Mahdavi was recognized as the most drought-tolerant genotype in both years based on factor analysis. In this study an equation was developed for estimating the Stress Tolerance Score (STS). The results of the equation were identical to those of factor analysis in both years. The equation was much easier to use than factor analysis and is suggested as a screening tool for the identification of drought-tolerant genotypes. In this study, Mahdavi was the most drought-tolerant genotype also corresponding to this equation.     

Physiological responses of irrigated wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes to water stress

The recent drought in South Africa has reduced the production of both dryland and irrigated wheat. This study evaluated physiological traits of irrigated wheat genotypes in response to water stress (WS) imposed at different growth stages. A 8?×?2?×?3 [(genotypes)?×?(water treatmets; stresses and non-stressed)?×?(growth stages; tillering, flowering and grain filling)] factorial experiment based on a randomised complete block design with three replicates was conducetd. In general, the rate of photosynthesis was unaffected by WS except for genotypes LM43 at tillering and LM98 at grain filling. Stomatal conductance (SC) and transpiration rate (Tr) followed the same treand except for genotype LM35 which reduced its SC and Tr significantly at grain filling. Instantaneous waster use efficiency (IWUE) of genotype LM35 and LM57 was unaffected (p?>?0.05) by WS at tillering but at flowering stage it was affected. However, at grain filling IWUE was affected (p?<?0.05) in genotypes LM35, ML57, LM79 and LM 98. The relative water content was unaffected at tillering except for LM35 and LM47 genotypes whereas at flowering LM57, ML79, LM83 and LM98 were affected. These results indicate some degree of drought tolerance of these genotypes at different growth stages.     

Genotype-by-environment interaction of elite heat and drought tolerant bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes under non-stressed and drought-stressed conditions

ABSTRACT

The selection of relatively high and stable yielding genotypes is key in wheat breeding programs to improve yield performance under heat and drought-stressed environments. This study determined grain yield response and stability among elite heat and drought tolerant bread wheat genotypes under simulated drought-stressed (DS) and non-stressed (NS) environments to select promising parents for breeding. Twenty-four elite bread wheat genotypes selected from the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Centre (CIMMYT) drought and heat tolerant nursery were assessed under NS and DS conditions using a 7?×?4 alpha-lattice design under rainout shelter (RS) and glasshouse (GH) environments. Grain yield data was subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA), the additive main effect and multiplicative interaction (AMMI) and genotype and genotype-by-environment (GGE) biplot analyses. ANOVA and AMMI revealed highly significant (p?≤?0.001) differences among test genotypes (G), environments (E) and G?×?E interaction effects suggesting differential responses for selection. The GGE biplot explained 83.76% of total variation and aided in selection of high-yielding and stable heat and drought tolerant wheat genotypes such as LM13, LM22, LM95 and LM100. These selections are recommended for breeding for yield gains under heat and drought-stressed environments.     

冬小麦同化物生产与分配对水分胁迫响应的模拟模型研究

研究建立了不同土壤水分处理冬小麦同化物生产与积累模型 ,该模型综合考虑了环境因子对冬小麦物质生产能力的影响作用 ,引用简单的经验物质分配模式 ,得到同化产物的积累模型。并对模拟结果进行平均根方差分析 ,不同土壤水分处理叶、茎、穗干物质量模拟的平均根方差介于 1 5～ 1 0 0间 ,表明该模型较好地模拟不同土壤水分作物物质生产和积累过程     

不同灌水对冬小麦农艺性状与水分利用效率的影响研究

试验研究不同灌水对 10个冬小麦品种农艺性状、产量和水分利用效率的影响结果表明 ,不同冬小麦品种对水分亏缺的响应规律基本相同 ,但品种间有一定差异 ,充分灌水处理冬小麦生物量较大且水分利用效率较低 ,而灌 2水 (拔节～抽穗水 )处理效果较佳 ,其中“6 36 5”抗旱性能和产量潜力最佳 ,水分利用效率也较高。     

不同供水条件对冬小麦根系分布、产量及水分利用效率的影响

通过中科院栾城农业生态试验站3种不同降水年型的田间灌水试验,研究了不同供水条件对冬小麦根系分布、产量及水分利用效率的影响,旨在为华北地区冬小麦建立优化灌溉制度,提高水分利用效率,达到节水增产目的提供理论依据。试验结果表明,冬小麦根系主要集中分布在80 cm以上土层,随土层深度的增加,根长密度呈指数下降;综合分析根系对不同土层的水分吸收、作物耗水组成及产量、水分利用效率与总耗水的关系,提出华北地区冬小麦最佳灌水方式是：丰水年灌0水、平水年灌1水(拔节水)、枯水年灌2水(拔节水和抽穗水),次灌水量60～75 mm,具有明显的节水增产效益。     

秸秆覆盖麦田水分动态及水分利用效率研究

试验研究表明,秸秆覆盖可改变作物耗水规律。即前期能抑制土壤蒸发,减少土壤水分无效消耗;后期则增强植株蒸腾,促进干物质积累,使农田耗水由物理过程向生物学过程转化,有利于提高产量和作物水分利用效率。不同覆盖期和不同土壤水分条件下覆盖效果不同,土壤含水量55%～70%的麦田覆盖效果最佳,覆盖时间以冬小麦进入越冬期停止生长时覆盖为宜。     

灌溉对冬小麦水分利用效率的影响研究

通过设计不同的灌溉处理，从叶片水平、群体水平和产量水平3个层次系统分析了冬小麦水分利用效率(Water Use Efficiency, WUE)的变化特点及其内在联系。结果表明：叶片水平WUE或蒸腾效率(Transpiration Efficiency, TE)是群体蒸散效率基础；气孔运动机制及光合作用和蒸腾作用对环境变化响应的差异是叶片水平WUE的生理基础；而产量水平WUE是群体蒸散效率与收获指数共同决定的。随耗水量的增加，叶片光合速率、群体干物质积累及籽粒产量都呈二次曲线增长趋势，结果使叶片水平WUE     

不同土壤水分冬小麦根、冠关系及其对叶片水分利用效率的影响

试验研究不同土壤水分冬小麦根、冠关系及其对叶片水分利用效率的影响结果表明,水分条件对根系与叶冠间干物质分配模式影响较小,而对根系功能与叶冠结构建成之间关系影响较大,水分胁迫抑制植株结构的建成,随作物由营养生长向生殖生长的过渡其根系功能发挥与叶冠结构建成之间矛盾愈加明显,拔节期复水有利于植株根系功能的增强和叶冠结构的改善。根冠比与叶片水分利用效率关系呈单峰倒“V”型曲线,水分多少可影响曲线的斜率和高低。根量达最大值前沿根冠比降低的方向,叶片水分利用效率增加;当根量达最大值时叶片水分利用效率也达最大值,此时根冠比为0 .1～0 .2。而抽穗期后沿根冠比降低的方向,其叶片水分利用效率也降低。     

Screening of water-efficient rice genotypes for dry direct seeding in South Asia

Rice genotypes having high crop water productivity in dry direct-seeded rice (DDSR) need to be assessed while promoting labor- and water-saving technology. The objective of this study was to evaluate the ability of several selection indices to identify genotypes with high crop water productivity in DDSR. A set of 16 genotypes [13 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) and three genotypes as check for control] were evaluated under DDSR for two consecutive years (2013 and 2014) using two irrigation regimes [-10 kPa (non-stress) and -20 kPa (stress)]. Grain yield varied from 5.3 to 8.4 t ha^-1 and 5.9 to 8.7 t ha^-1 for irrigation regimes of -20 and -10 kPa, respectively. Yield reductions caused by water stress ranged from 2.9 to 25.1%; being lowest in RIL1649 and highest in hybrid SVH-127. The genotypes with high stress-tolerance index (STI), mean productivity (MP), geometric mean productivity (GMP) and harmonic mean productivity (HAR) were identified as the most productive genotypes for high crop water productivity in DDSR. The results implied that selection based on stress tolerance indices likes STI, MP, GMP and HAR was useful in identifying genotypes with high crop water productivity under DDSR and RIL 1649 and SVH-127 were identified as superior genotypes in this regard.     

不同覆盖处理对冬小麦气体交换参数及水分利用效率的影响

为了探索半湿润灌区冬小麦在不同覆盖处理下水分利用的生理生态机制,该文采用秸秆覆盖和起垄覆膜沟内播种(膜垄)两种覆盖种植处理,研究了冬小麦叶片水平气体交换诸参数的日变化和生育期变化,分析了群体水平和产量水平的水分利用效率。结果表明：与不覆盖处理相比,在灌浆期秸秆覆盖和膜垄处理能有效提高冬小麦14∶00以后的光合速率,膜垄处理能极显著提高冬小麦12∶00后叶片水平水分利用效率,秸秆覆盖处理降低了10∶00～14∶00的蒸腾速率,从而能提高中午的水分利用效率;两种覆盖处理均能提高冬小麦生育后期的叶片水平光合速率及其水分利用效率,但在产量及群体水平水分利用效率上并无优势;膜垄处理通过加大对土壤水分的利用而显著提高产量,秸秆覆盖处理由于群体减小而导致减产。     

茬口和灌水对小麦产量及水分利用效率的影响

为高效利用水分资源以及不同茬口冬小麦栽培提供合理的灌水制度,在山西临汾采用小区试验设计方法研究了茬口和灌水对小麦产量及水分利用效率的影响.结果表明:各茬口3个灌水处理的小麦平均产量以玉米茬口＞油葵茬口＞休闲茬口＞大豆茬口,水分利用效率则为油葵茬口＞玉米茬口＞大豆茬口＞休闲茬口;各茬口均随灌水量的增加产量和水分利用效率提高,大豆茬口的灌浆水、其他3个茬口的拔节水分别较拔节水、灌浆水更有利于提高小麦产量和水分利用效率.同时明确了不同灌水处理条件下,各茬口在不同生育时段贮水和耗水的动态特征.