Impact of crop production system on the content of macronutrients in potato tubers

ABSTRACT

The content of macronutrients in potato tubers arouses interest because of their substantial consumption in the world and significant role in elements' budget in human diet. The research objective has been to evaluate the content of macronutrients in tubers of potatoes grown in different systems of crop production in Poland. In 2012–2014, an experiment was conducted to test potato cultivation in three-crop production systems: conventional, integrated and organic. In each of the six-field crop rotation systems, there were five potato cultivars classified into different earliness groups. The following macronutrients in dry mass of potato tubers were determined: N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Na, S and Cl, and the various ratios between them were calculated. The research carried out proved that potatoes production systems affect the chemical composition of tubers, which is additionally modified by whether condition and genetic features of cultivars. Potato tubers from organic farming contained by about 20% less N than tubers from conventional or integrated systems. Potato tubers from organic production system displayed lower content of Ca and Na in comparison with the conventional and integrated systems. The least of P and S were detected in tubers of the potatoes grown conventionally.     

Background levels of trace and ultra-trace elements in soils of Japan

Five hundred and fourteen soil samples collected from 78 sites in Japan were analyzed for their contents of trace and ultra-trace elements. We estimated the background levels (natural abundance) of 57 elements in soils. The concentration ranges were so wide that the ratios of the highest values to the lowest values were more than 100 for all the elements, with the exception of Be, Ga, Mo, Ag, In, Sn, and Ba. While the concentrations of the first transition elements (₂₁Sc to ₃₀Zn in atomic numbers) were higher than the concentration of the other elements, those of lighter (₃Li and ₄Be) and heavier elements tended to decrease, with an increase or decrease of atomic numbers, with the apparent exception of Pb, Th, and U. Concentrations of elements with even atomic numbers were, in most of the cases, higher than the concentrations of both adjacent elements with odd atomic numbers. Frequency distribution of most of the elements was strongly positively skewed. Markedly positive correlation coefficients (r>0.9) were observed among the elements within the same group in the Periodic Table in many combinations. The dendrogram obtained by cluster analysis showed that the occurrence and distribution of the elements in soils were mostly controlled by the chemical properties of each element, rather than by the nature and properties of individual soil samples. The total contents of the elements in soils were strongly dependent on the chemical composition of the parent rocks from which respective soils were derived.     

基施硒肥对莜麦产量和微量元素含量的影响

在河南省黄河滩区,通过研究基施硒肥(亚硒酸钠)对莜麦青干草和果实产量以及微量元素含量的影响,探索提高莜麦产量以及微量元素含量的新途径。结果表明: 1）基施硒肥能提高莜麦的青干草产量, 当基施量为954 g/hm2的情况下,效果最佳,扬花期青干草产量提高9.33%（P0.05）,但基施硒肥对莜麦果实产量影响不显著; 2）莜麦对硒有较强的吸收和同化能力,可以从肥料中大量吸收无机硒,并大多转化为有机硒向上运输到茎叶和果实中; 3）基施硒肥能在不同程度上提高莜麦青干草中Cu、 Zn和Se的含量,而对Fe和Mn的含量影响不大,当硒肥基施量在954 g/hm2的情况下,扬花期青干草中Cu、 Zn和Se的含量分别提高 9.31%（P0.05）、 13.22% （P0.05）和281.25%（P0.05）; 4）基施硒肥能显著提高莜麦果实中Fe、 Cu、 Zn和Se的含量,而对Mn的含量影响不大,当硒肥基施量在954 g/hm2的情况下,Cu、 Zn和Se的含量分别比不施硒对照提高7.92%（P0.05）、 5.75%（P0.05）和18.75%（P0.05）,当硒肥基施量在765 g/hm2的情况下,莜麦果实中Fe的含量比对照提高10.19%（P0.05）。综上,莜麦对硒肥有较强的吸收和转化能力,适当地基施硒肥有利于提高扬花期青干草中Cu、 Zn和Se的含量和果实中Fe、 Cu、 Zn和Se的含量,适宜的硒基施量为765954 g/hm2。     

The extractable trace element content of acid soils and the influence of pH,organic matter and clay content

Abstract

The analysis of extractable trace elements was carried out on 434 soils using 0.1 N HC1 as the extractant for copper, manganese, iron, zinc and cobalt, 0.2 M ammonium oxalate at pH 3.0 for molybdenum and boiling water for boron. Results indicated that on the average from about 1 to 20 percent of the total element content of the soil uas extractable, the percentage varying with the element. Comparing the amount of extractable elements in the 0–15 cm and 15–30 cm layers indicated that only manganese, zinc and boron were significantly different.

Correlation studies showed that the pH significantly influenced the quantity of manganese, iron, zinc and boron extracted, while organic matter influenced copper, manganese, zinc, cobalt and boron and clay content the copper, manganese, iron, zinc, cobalt and boron.     

Sequential development of the ion uptake capacity in ageing potato tubers

The development of the uptake capacity for different cations and anions was studied in ageing potato tuber discs. Na⁺, Rb⁺ and Fe²⁺ showed no lag period; leucine, 2–3 h; K⁺, HPO₄ ^2‐, SO₄ ^2‐, 9–10 h; Cl^‐, 35–39 h lag. When uptake was carried out with potato discs previously aged in water the lag period disappeared. Cycloheximide (5 10^‐2 M), added to potato discs before ageing, strongly inhibited the development of the uptake capacity for SO₄ ^2‐, K⁺, HPO₄ ^2‐, Cl^‐, leucine, and to a lesser extent that of Rb and Fe²⁺, while it stimulated that of Na⁺ The same effect was produced by CH on aged potato discs. Methionine, which was shown to inhibit sulfate uptake, inhibited also Cl^‐ and leucine uptake in aged discs, leaving unaffected that of the other ions tested. Ion uptake by potato tuber appears to be supported by multiple transport systems, whose turnover is different for different groups of ions. These show also different sensibility to the action of cycloheximide and methionine.     

气候变暖对春小麦籽粒痕量元素利用率的影响

为了回答温度升高是否会改变痕量元素在士壤中的溶解性,以及作物对痕量元素的生物利用率,在人工气候室模拟未来气候变化温度升高背景下,对种植在不同温度处理的3种春小麦,测定了籽粒中Cd,Cu,Fe和Zn含量.结果发现温度升高引起了土壤中Cd,Cu,Fe和Zn溶解性的显著变化,也显著地影响小麦籽粒中Cd,Cu,Fe和Zn的生物利用率.最高升温3℃处理使西旱1号、2号和3号小麦籽粒中Cd浓度相比对照分别下降43.4％、11.1％和13.4％,Cu浓度相比对照处理分别下降了30.4％、25.1％和10.8％.但Fe和Zn的情况却不同,1℃和2℃升温处理使西旱1号籽粒中Zn浓度比对照处理分别增加了28.9％和35.8％.根据未来气候变化两北地区温度升高1.9℃,估计到2050年,小麦籽粒中的质量分数范围分别在Cd(0.59-0.65)、Cu(5.91-7.64)、Zn(63.73-69.41)和Fe(185.23-202.70) mg/kg.     

小麦秸秆热解过程中碳和微量元素迁移转化规律

为研究小麦秸秆热解过程中碳元素和微量元素的迁移转化规律,依托连续式作物秸秆分段均匀炭化联产系统,基于热解炭化生产工艺,测算及分析碳元素在秸秆热解过程中的存在形式及迁移转化量,利用HSCChemistry软件模拟微量元素在秸秆热解炭化过程中的组分变化,分析了8种微量元素的迁移转化规律,为生物质热解机理的进一步研究提供支撑,为提高秸秆热解炭品质提供强有力保证。结果表明:经测试及测算得到的碳元素迁移足迹图符合碳元素质量守恒定律,碳元素迁移到热解炭中41.12%,以固定碳存在;22.83%迁移到焦油中,以大分子长链烃和环链烃存在;26.62%的碳元素以六碳内的短链烃存在于热解气;4.71%迁移到木醋液中为醛、酮、酸等。小麦秸秆中含量在100μg/L以上的8种高富集微量元素里,K、Na、Ca、Mg主要以硫酸盐、磷酸盐及氯化物形式存在于热解炭中,Al、Fe多以氧化物、硫化物以及硅、氧共融物形态被大量保留在热解炭中,而P、S元素在热解炭化过程中的析出主要是有机结合物的分解。     

贵州喀斯特地区草地开垦对土壤微量元素的影响与评价

为探明生态脆弱区土地利用方式转换对土壤有效态微量元素的影响,以贵州喀斯特地区草地及其相应开垦的农田为对象,采用成对设计的方法研究了草地开垦对土壤微量元素（铜、锰、铁、钼、硼、锌）的影响,并探索基于土壤微量元素密度的区域土壤微量元素丰缺评价指标。结果表明：研究区土壤有效态微量元素在土壤剖面上呈表面富集现象,其含量随土层深度的增加而降低;草地开垦导致土壤有效态铜、铁、硼和钼的含量出现不同程度的降低,降幅为4.97%～79.17%,而土壤有效锌含量则增加,增幅为11.76%～46.06%;开垦导致土壤有效锰含量在剖面上的下降速率加快。建立了研究区6种有效微量元素的丰缺评价指标,该指标以土壤微量元素密度为参数,以参数值的不同范围界定微量元素的丰缺程度,消除了微量元素空间异质性对判定结果的影响。根据该评价指标,研究区土壤有效铁、锰处于极高水平,草地开垦导致土壤有效铜、钼、硼的丰度下降,而有效锌的丰度上升;结合微量元素有效性评价指数,整个研究区土壤有效硼处于低水平,不能够满足植物正常生长发育的需要。该研究结果可为生态脆弱区土地的科学管理和土壤微量元素科学评价体系的建立提供参考。     

Using fuzzy clustering algorithms to describe the distribution of trace elements in arable calcareous soils in northwest Iran

Accumulation of trace elements in arable soils is an important global hazard worldwide. In this research, the available content of Zn, Fe, B, Co, Cu, Mn, Mo and other soil parameters (pH, organic carbon content, carbonates and electrical conductivity) were analysed in northwest Iran. Concentration levels of trace elements were relatively low in areas with high pH values and low organic matter content, and only the Mo value exceeded the reference threshold. Based on the correlation among the elements, two datasets were produced. The first consists of Fe and Mn data, while the second contains Zn, B, Co, Cu and Mo data. Two fuzzy clustering approaches, Fuzzy C-means (FCM) and Gustafson–Kessel (GK), were applied for clustering both datasets. Multiple accumulation of trace elements was investigated from the clustering results and then visualized in spatial regionalization maps. The fuzzy clustering evaluating indices showed that the GK method was more appropriate than FCM for clustering datasets. The results revealed that the first and second datasets were divided into seven and six clusters, respectively. Fuzzy clustering analyses combined with geostatistical methods were used to map the spatial variability of each cluster. This method enabled the monitoring of multiple metal accumulation in large agricultural soils.     

江西鄱阳湖平原区农田土壤微量元素空间分异特征及其影响因素

【目的】开展土壤微量元素空间分异及其影响因素的分析,能更客观地阐明土壤微量元素变化的内在机理,对田间土壤肥力的有效管控和保障人类健康、保护土壤生态环境具有重要意义。【方法】在江西省丰城市鄱阳湖平原农田区,采用网格布点法布设283个采样点,每个采样点取0-20 cm表层土壤,对样点数据用三倍标准差法剔除异常值20个,实际利用样点数为263个,分析了土壤样品pH、质地、氮、磷、钾和硼(B)、锰(Mn)、钼(Mo)、硒(Se)、碘(I)、氟(F) 6种微量元素的含量。采用地统计学理论、方差分析、相关分析以及回归分析方法,对鄱阳湖平原区农田土壤6种微量元素的含量、空间分布特征及其影响因素进行分析。【结果】B、Mo含量均值处于丰富与上限值之间;Mn含量均值为330.24 mg/kg,处于缺乏水平;Se、I含量均值处于适量水平;F含量均值为474.59 mg/kg,处于边缘水平;6种微量元素含量均为中等程度变异,但各元素含量变异程度有所差异。B、Mn、Mo元素的最优插值模型为指数模型,Se、I、F均为球状模型。I元素的块金效应<25%,其他5种微量元素处于27.09%~41.77%。6种微量元素含量的空间分布格局差异较为明显,除Se元素不缺乏外,其余5种微量元素均处在缺乏水平。B、Mn、F含量均受到土壤类型、耕层质地的显著影响,Mn、Mo含量与坡度、pH间均达到极显著相关水平,Mn、Se、I含量与全磷含量显著相关,坡向与到河流的距离与6种微量元素含量未达到显著相关关系,其他影响因素仅对某些种元素表现出显著或极显著相关关系。在B、I含量的主要影响因素中,以耕层质地的影响最大;在Mn、Mo元素含量的主要影响因素中,以pH的贡献率最高;Se元素含量与土壤类型、全磷、坡度、高程之间达到显著或极显著相关水平,以全磷的影响程度最高;F元素含量与土壤类型、耕层质地、全氮含量相关显著,且全氮为主要影响因素。【结论】1)研究区域土壤B、Mo的含量总体较高,I、Se含量适量偏上,Mn总体上较为缺乏,F处于边缘水平;6种元素含量均为中等程度变异。2)土壤微量元素B、Mn、Mo的最优插值模型为指数模型,Se、I、F则为球状模型;除I具有强烈的空间自相关外,其余5种元素表现为中等程度的空间自相关。3)微量元素含量影响因素中,坡向、到河流的距离与各元素含量间未达到显著相关关系;B、I含量均受耕层质地的影响最大,Mn、Mo含量主要受pH的影响,Se含量主要受全磷的影响,F元素含量则主要受全氮的影响。     

烟稻复种连作对中、微量元素含量的影响效应研究

为研究烟稻复种连作对土壤有效中、微量元素含量和烟叶中对应元素含量的影响效应,采取烟田定位检测和回归分析方法进行试验。结果表明,0~23年烟稻复种连作研究范围内,土壤和烟叶中的硫含量呈逐步积累趋势,土壤中其它9种中、微量元素有效铁、锰、铜、锌、硼、钼、水溶性氯、交换性钙、镁含量在复种连作10~15年后,呈不同程度的下降趋势,烟叶中对应的9种中、微量元素含量或呈直接下降趋势或复种连作10年后呈下降趋势,以上变化不利于烤烟良好品质的形成。土壤有效硼、钼、硫、钙、镁含量与烟叶中对应元素含量达到了极显著或显著的正相关关系,其它元素相关性不显著。     

农牧交错带草地开垦对土壤有效态微量元素的影响及评价

为明确草地利用方式转变对土壤微量元素的影响,以华北农牧交错带2种类型草地及其相应开垦的农田为对象,采用成对设计的方法研究了开垦对草地土壤表层(0～20cm)有效态微量元素(铜、铁、锰、锌、硼、钼)的影响并对其进行了评价,以期为农牧交错带的科学管理提供参考。结果表明:典型草地开垦导致土壤有效态铜、锌含量分别上升8.8%和16.4%,其他4种微量元素含量下降16.4%～28.1%。根据土壤有效态微量元素评价标准,典型草地区域有效态硼、钼含量处于高水平,有效态铜处于中等水平,有效态锌处于极低水平;有效态铁、锰在典型草地为高水平和中等水平,开垦为农田后分别降到中等水平和低水平。低湿草甸开垦导致微量元素含量下降10.6%～77.7%,其中有效态铁、硼、钼处于极高水平,有效态锰处于中等水平,有效态锌处于极低水平;有效态铜由低湿草甸的高水平降到农田的中等水平。整个研究区土壤有效锌含量限制草地植被和农作物生长发育,由典型草地开垦的农田其土壤有效锰含量不能够满足作物的需求。建议研究区禁止开垦草地并对已开垦的草地实行退耕还草,同时建议建立基于土壤微量元素密度的评价体系。     

Mortality,progeny production and preference of Sitophilus zeamais adults to wheat from integrated and alternative production systems

The objectives of this study were to assess the effects of the production systems of wheat from different production systems on the mortality, progeny production and preference of Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). The factors tested were production system (integrated [INT], organic [ORG], biodynamic [BD] and control), which differed in plant protection and fertiliser procedures during plant growth and development; exposure interval (7, 14 and 21 d); relative humidity (r.h.) (55% and 75%) and temperature (20°C, 25°C and 30°C). Mortality after 7 d increased with the temperature increase and decreased with the increase in r.h. in most of the tested combinations. The mortality of weevils was higher in ORG compared to INT-produced wheat after 7 d. Progeny production was recorded 56 d after removal of parental adults and was higher at 75% r.h. in comparison to 55% r.h. At 55% r.h. and 20°C, progeny was 60.8% higher when S. zeamais were exposed to ORG in comparison to INT-produced wheat. Wheat from different production systems influenced mortality rates which were higher in alternative compared to INT production systems under optimal conditions for wheat storage (low temperature and r.h.). The reverse was recorded for temperature and r.h. increase. Progeny was not affected by wheat from various production systems. Significantly more S. zeamais adults were found in traps containing wheat from BD and control in comparison to INT. An understanding of the agricultural processes, biotic and abiotic factors which alter the post-harvest response of storage pests could be useful for the development of efficient post-harvest strategies for ORG and BD farms and the processing industry.     

不同氮素形态比对雾培马铃薯生长和原原种产量的影响

通过雾培试验研究4种不同比例硝态氮(NO_3~--N)和铵态氮(NH_4~+-N)对马铃薯品种米拉和川芋802植株生长及原原种生产的影响,为种薯生产的氮肥高效利用提供理论依据。结果表明,定植60 d,全硝态氮处理(0∶4)的植株干物质积累、匍匐茎数量及叶面积指数最高;而增铵营养更利于植株定植60 d后的生长发育,其中铵硝比(2∶2)处理下植株干物质积累、匍匐茎数量、叶面积指数增幅最大,表明块茎形成期全硝态氮更利于植株生长。铵硝比(2∶2)处理下,两个品种的氮积累最高,表明增加一定的铵态氮能增强马铃薯氮素利用率。产量上,全硝态氮处理(0∶4)单株结薯数最高(米拉115.5粒/株,川芋802为42.5粒/株),随铵硝比增大,单株结薯数降低,但大薯比例随之提高,最高为铵硝比(3∶1)处理(米拉64%,川芋802 76%)。因此,全硝态氮能增加结薯数量,增铵能促进马铃薯块茎膨大。     

Concentration of trace and major elements in natural grasslands of Bosnia and Herzegovina in relation to soil properties and plant species

Deficient trace elements concentration in soils, forages, and animals have been reported in several areas of Balkan region. Main challenge in overcoming low productivity of forage and animal production in this region is the lack of data on the nutritional status of the pastures and soils. This study examined the nutrient and pseudo total concentration of trace elements in soil and herbage plants, and the potential deficiency or excess with regards to crop and livestock production. Soil and plant samples from 100 sampling points were collected in the mountainous grasslands of Manja?a (between longitudes 16°56′ and 17°8′ east; and latitudes 44°33′ and 44°42′ north) and Vla?i? (between longitudes 17°14′ and 17°29′ east; and latitudes 44°25′ and 44°37′ north). Soil samples were analysed for soil texture, pseudo total concentration (5?ml HNO₃) of trace elements (TE), pH, soil organic carbon (SOC), while plant samples were analysed for TE. The soil pH varied from strongly acidic to moderately alkaline. The concentration of SOC varied from 0.5% to 12.3%. Most of the soil samples were finer-textured soils high in silt content. The average concentrations of Na, P, Zn, Se, Cu, Co, and B were low in both soil and herbage plants. Plant K, Ca, Mg, Mo, and Mn concentrations were sufficiently high to meet the requirements of grazing animals, while Fe concentrations was elevated in certain areas. High levels of Mo were found in both soil and plants. The results suggest that imbalances observed in natural pastures of Manja?a and Vla?i? area, caused by low soil TE concentration and other soil and plant properties, could contribute to poor animal nutrition.     

Development of soil organic matter stocks under different farm types and tillage systems in the Organic Arable Farming Experiment Gladbacherhof

In 1998, the Organic Arable Farming Experiment Gladbacherhof (OAFEG) was started in order to explore the impact of different organic arable production systems (mixed farming, stockless farming with rotational ley, stockless cash crop farming) and of different tillage intensities (conventional plough as a full inversion tillage, two-layer plough, inversion tillage at reduced depth, non-inversion tillage) on sustainability parameters. In this article, we present results on the development of soil organic matter (SOM) levels. Starting with organic mixed farming with approximately 0.7 livestock units (LU) per ha cattle before set-up of the experiment, only the mixed farming system in the experiment was able to maintain SOM levels. The stockless system with ley maintained soil organic carbon (SOC), but lost soil total nitrogen (STN), and the stockless cash crop system had a significant SOM loss in the magnitude of 7.7 t SOM ha^?1, or roughly 8.4% of the initial SOM mass. Reducing tillage intensity had no impact on SOM masses, but only on organic matter stratification in soils. We conclude that specialization of organic farms towards stockless arable crop production requires special attention on SOM reproduction to avoid detrimental effects. Further, reduced tillage intensity does not necessarily have a positive effect on SOM.     

Extractability of major and trace elements from agricultural soils using chemical extraction methods: Application for phytoavailability assessment

Abstract

To assess soil-to-plant transfer of various elements more precisely, the concentrations of the elements extracted from soil samples using eight chemical solutions were compared with the results of a pot cultivation experiment of komatsuna (Brassica rapa L. var. perviridis) or buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum M.) using the soils. From agricultural fields in Aomori, Japan, 16 soil samples were collected. Elements in the samples were extracted using acids (1 mol L^?1 HNO₃, 0.1 mol L^?1 HNO₃, 0.01 mol L^?1 HNO₃), chelating agents (0.05 mol L^?1 EDTA), neutral salt solutions (1 mol L^?1 NH₄OAc, 1 mol L^?1 NH₄NO₃, 0.01 mol L^?1 CaCl₂) and pure water. The 28 elements in the extracted solutions and plant samples were determined. The extractability of many metals was higher in 1 mol L^?1 HNO₃, 0.1 mol L^?1 HNO₃ and the 0.05 mol L^?1 EDTA solutions than in the other extractants. Higher extractability using the NH₄OAc solution than the NH₄NO₃ solution was observed for some elements, in particular U. Extractability by pure water was not always lowest among these methods, probably because of dispersion of colloidal substances in the extracted solution. The pot cultivation experiment showed that the concentrations in soil and in the extracted fraction using 1 mol L^?1 HNO₃, 0.1 mol L^?1 HNO₃ or the EDTA solution did not correlate with the concentration in plant samples for most elements. Plant uptake of Zn, Y and La by komatsuna correlated well with their concentrations in extracts with neutral salt solutions or 0.01 mol L^?1 HNO₃. Concentrations of Al, Cu and Cd in buckwheat were also correlated with the concentrations in the extracts.