第二讲 饲养与管理技术

<正> 一、貉的饲养形式及笼圈(一)饲养形式我国现行的饲养形式,大体上可分为笼箱饲养、圈舍饲养和笼圈混合饲养三种。笼箱饲养比较方便,但造价较高,适于大型饲养场和饲养种貉用。圈舍饲养造价较低,皮貉饲养密度大,种貉的饲养密度不如笼箱,观察和管理不太方便,适于养貉户和饲养皮貉用,半地下圈舍由于类似野生环境,饲养初引进的野貉更为适合。笼圈混合饲养,就是用笼箱和取皮后闲置的圈舍饲养种貉(每个圈舍仅养一对种貉或一只母貉),产仔分窝后再用圈舍以较高的密度(每只0.5—1平方米)饲养幼貉或皮貉,这样可以综合前两种饲养方法的优点,降低饲养成本。     

羊饲养的环境污染及防控措施

随着羊肉需求的不断增加,规模化饲养成为羊饲养的主流模式。但是在羊规模化饲养过程中,随着饲养数量的日益增多,饲养密度的日益加大,羊饲养造成的环境污染也日趋严重。基于此,本文首先分析了羊饲养环境污染的类型及原因,然后着重探讨了羊饲养环境污染防控的对策,以期为广大羊饲养人员提供参考。     

农户奶牛的饲养管理

目前,农户饲养奶牛,一家一户的庭院养殖仍然占有一定比例,受饲养空间和饲养环境的限制,如果饲养方法不当,奶牛饲养质量较难保证.为此,现将农户舍饲奶牛的饲养管理技术介绍如下:     

蛋鸡的调整饲养

调整饲养,就是以饲养标准为依据,根据鸡的饲养环境、条件、鸡群状况的变化,及时调整日粮配方中各种营养成分的含量,以适应鸡的生理需求。所以,调整饲养是更实际更确切地执行饲养标准。调整饲养是目前国内外都采用的三种饲养方式——限制饲养、分段饲养、调整饲养中最重要的一种。     

中蜂大讲堂之“选择饲养方法应量力而行”

中蜂是我国的当家品种,饲养历史悠久,在西方蜜蜂活框饲养技术未引入之前,中蜂都是采用土法饲养,随着活框饲养技术的引入,中蜂的饲养方式也随之改变。目前,中蜂活框饲养技术已经普及,饲养者通过活框饲养取得了较好的经济效益。     

预防肉种鸡应激的饲养管理技术

肉种鸡的饲养周期长,饲养管理工作较为繁杂,而且各种饲养管理操作中存在的应激因素充斥着整个饲养环节。为此,肉种鸡饲养过程中遇到的应激问题也较饲养商品肉鸡更为普遍。     

家禽饲养管理存在的问题及对策

正如今,家禽养殖正在逐渐的向规模化还有市场化的方向发展。由于饲养管理的方式在不断的革新,饲养的环境在不断的改善,饲养管理也趋向于多样化,这就对饲养人员的水平和素质提出了更高的需求。需要在饲养管理的过程中关注更多的问题,走出一些管理的误区,对家禽的饲养进行科学化的管理。1家禽饲养管理存在的问题1.1饲养用药存在问题在饲养的过程中,很多的饲养人员对家禽的用药存在一     

提高肉牛养殖效益的几点建议

饲养肉牛的目的就是为了获得质量比较高的牛肉,而要想牛肉的质量比较好,就必须要注意饲养环境以及饲养方法,所以在肉牛饲养过程中应该给肉牛选择合适的饲料,并用合适的饲养技术进行饲养,从整体上提高饲养质量,获得更加优质的牛肉。     

规模化生猪饲养技术方案

随着现代经济的不断发展,生猪饲养业也逐渐步入规模化生产和管理。生猪饲养产业经历了从个体饲养到专业化饲养再到现在的规模化饲养3个阶段。现如今,规模化的饲养方式已经成为生猪饲养的主要发展趋势,其中生猪的饲养技术发展和完善尤为关键。     

种猪饲养管理的技术要点

本文简述了种猪饲养管理的重要性,并从猪舍的选择和日常饲养注意事项两方面介绍了种公猪饲养管理的技术要点;从空怀期的饲养、妊娠期的饲养、临产期的饲养三个方面介绍了种母猪饲养管理的技术要点。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

Evaluation of serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism and results of radiography as indicators of severity of osteochondrosis in foals

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism can, in conjunction with radiographic evaluation, indicate severity of osteochondrosis in developing horses. ANIMALS: 43 Dutch Warmblood foals with varying severity of osteochondrosis. PROCEDURE: 24 foals were monitored for 5 months and 19 foals were monitored for 11 months. Monthly radiographs of femoropatellar-femorotibial and tibio-tarsal joints were graded for osteochondral abnormalities. Serial blood samples were assayed for 8 cartilage and bone biomarkers. At the end of the monitoring period, foals were examined for macroscopic osteochondrosis lesions. RESULTS: Temporal relationships were evident between certain serum biomarkers and osteochondrosis severity in foals during their first year. Biomarkers of collagen degradation (collagenase-generated neoepitopes of type-II collagen fragments, type-I and -II collagen fragments [COL2-3/4C(short)], and cross-linked telopeptide fragments of type-I collagen) and bone mineralization (osteocalcin) were positive indicators of osteochondrosis severity at 5 months of age. In foals with lesions at 11 months of age, osteochondrosis severity correlated negatively with COL2-3/4C(short) and osteocalcin and positively with C-propeptide of type-II procollagen (CPII), a collagen synthesis marker. Radiographic grading of osteochondrosis lesions significantly correlated with macroscopic osteochondrosis severity score at both ages and was strongest when combined with osteocalcin at 5 months and CPII at 11 months. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The ability of serum biomarkers to indicate osteochondrosis severity appears to depend on stage of disease and is strengthened with radiography. In older foals with more permanent lesions, osteochondrosis severity is significantly related to biomarker concentrations of decreased bone formation and increased cartilage synthesis.