Thermoperiodic effects on larval growth parameters of the Sesamia nonagrioides (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

The effect of five constant (10, 15, 20, 25 and 30°C) and the corresponding cycling (25:10, 27.5:12.5, 30:15, 32.5:17.5 and 35:20°C) temperatures at a photoperiod of 16:8 (L:D) h on the development and biometry (HCW, weight) of larva of Sesamia nonagrioides (Lef) Lepidoptera–Noctuidae were investigated. Larvae under both temperature treatments seemed to complete six instars. Final mean head capsule widths did not differ significantly between constant and cycling temperatures. Larval weights increased considerably through larval period under all temperature regimes. However, alternating temperatures were not shown to stimulate larval weight or head capsule widths compared with those of constant temperatures, although tended to result in shorter larval developmental periods. Results are discussed regarding development and seasonal biology of the species.     

气干材导热系数的温度特性

本文依据气体分子运动论与传热学的基本理论，在２０～１００℃温度范围内，讨论了气干材传热过程中，木材内部水分的蒸发与水蒸汽扩散的行为，研究了温度变化对气手材导热系数发生影响的规律．在理论分析与实验数据分析的基础上，推广和扩充以往关于气干材导热系数的讨论，提出了一个描述气干材导热系数温度特性的公式，计算结果与实验值比较符合     

Temperature-dependent development and survival of Podisus maculiventris (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae): implications for mass rearing and biological control

The spined soldier bug, Podisus maculiventris (Say), is a generalist predator that can control >75 insect pests in various agroecosystems. Despite valuable results from the previous studies, thermal development and survival of P. maculiventris over a wide range of temperatures had not been elucidated completely. This study was conducted to investigate the stage-specific development and survival of P. maculiventris at eight constant temperatures (13.2, 18.4, 21.7, 23.7, 27.2, 32.7, 35.2, and 40.6 °C) covering the entire thermal range for P. maculiventris development. Completion of egg development was observed at 13.2–32.7 °C, whereas nymphs successfully developed into adults at 18.4–32.7 °C. Survival model using log-normal equations showed bell-shape patterns for all stages, and temperatures resulting in highest survival of P. maculiventris were 19.9, 24.3, and 24.5 °C for egg, nymph, and egg to adult, respectively. Developmental rates at the eight temperatures were fitted with a nonlinear Briere model, which estimated optimal temperatures for development as 31.2, 30.6, and 30.6 °C for egg, nymph, and egg to adult, respectively. Operative thermal ranges (i.e., in-between the lower and upper developmental thresholds) were estimated to be 8.9–35.2, 12.8–35.2, and 12.7–35.2 °C for egg, nymph, and egg to adult, respectively. In a linear model, the lower thresholds were 10.9, 13.1, and 13.0 °C for egg, nymph, and egg to adult, respectively. Findings herein provide comprehensive data and explanations on optimal temperature and thermal requirement for P. maculiventris, which can be used to optimize environmental condition in mass rearing and predicting phenology of P. maculiventris in the field.     

Temperature-dependent functional response of two aphid parasitoids, Aphidius colemani and Aphidius matricariae (Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae), on the cotton aphid

The functional response of two aphid parasitoids, Aphidius colemani Viereck and Aphidius matricariae (Haliday) (Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae), on the cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii Glover (Homoptera: Aphididae), was examined. Five constant temperatures (10, 15, 20, 25, and 30°C) and six host densities (2, 4, 8, 16, 32, and 64) were used during a 24-h period. At each temperature, 2–64 third-instar nymphs of A. gossypii were exposed to individual wasp mating pairs. A type II functional response model for both parasitoid wasps was fit separately for each temperature. The results showed that instantaneous attack rate (a) in A. colemani increased linearly as the temperature increases from 10 to 30°C, but in A. matricariae, (a) increased almost linearly with temperature to reach a maximum at 25°C, and then decreased at 30°C, displaying an asymmetrical dome-shaped pattern. The highest instantaneous attack rate for A. colemani and A. matricariae were calculated 0.940 ± 0.144 day⁻¹ at 30°C and 0.687 ± 0.157 day⁻¹ at 25°C, respectively. Handling time (T _h) for A. colemani was inversely proportional to temperature and ranged from 0.093 ± 0.026 day at 10°C to 0.032 ± 0.004 day at 30°C, but in A. matricariae, (T _h) was between 0.078 ± 0.015 day at 10°C and 0.036 ± 0.014 day at 20°C. A. colemani achieved higher parasitism rate than A. matricariae at higher temperatures. This observation suggests that A. colemani maybe more effective for biological control of the cotton aphid during warmer periods.     

Wirkungen zwischen Bacillus thuringiensis Berl. und Larven der Schlupfwespe Bracon brevicornis Wesm. in bzw. an den Raupen von Sesamia cretica Led. bei verschiedenen Temperaturen

Laboratory trials were undertaken to investigate the interactions which may occur when rearing the parasitoid,Bracon brevicornis on Sesamia cretica larvae after being injected with the pathogen,Bacillus thuringiensis under 5 constant temperatures. Bacillus-infected larvae ofS. cretica had detrimental effects on the parasitoid's progeny e. g. prolonged periods of both cocoon stage and total development at 20 or 25 °C; and decreased number of formed cocoons or produced adults at all tested temperatures. The most deleterious temperature for the parasitoid rearing under condition of the bacterial pathogen was 30 or 35 °C.     

Laboruntersuchungen zur Wirtshabitat-Wahl von Bracon brevicornis Wesm. (Hym., Braconidae), einem Parasitoiden der Raupen von Sesamia cretica Led. (Lep., Noctuidae) in Sorghum-Stengeln

Females of the parasitoid,Bracon brevicornis were more strongly attracted to “live” larvae ofSesamia cretica (themselves) than any other accessible materials (e. g. “stalk”, “frass”, “paralyzed larva” or control). They were also attracted to paralyzed larvae but only when live larvae were absent. On the other hand, males were more strongly attracted to “stalk” than to “live” larvae or any other available material. Apparently “stalk” exhibited an important cue that directed the parasitoid males.     

建设生态林业是北湖林业可持续发展的必然之路

郴州市北湖区地理位置优越,发展生态林业对改善生态环境和投资发展环境意义重大。建议从森林分类经营、调整农林结构、推广生态林业经济模式、加大改革力度、营造良好的舆论氛围等几个方面予以加强。     

发展林产工业实现可持续发展

黑龙江省大兴安岭地区多年来林产工业累计实现产值43.5亿元,实现利润2.3亿元.为补充1998年实施天保工程以来木材产量调减引发的经济降幅,发展林产工业成为重中之重.通过抢抓机遇,加速调整,推进体制与科技、市场营销策略、资源环保、人才机制、企业经营管理方式等6个方面的创新,林产工业步入了健康发展轨道,成为林区经济发展支柱产业.     

论林业可持续发展与跨越式发展的关系

可持续发展是21世纪的主题，当前我国林业要实现可持续发展还面临着许多客观制约因素。林业跨越式发展的提出具有明显的时代特色，其实质是要解决在林业可持续发展中的资源问题、技术问题与林业经营模式问题。     

云南省红豆杉资源与可持续利用对策

云南省红豆杉属（TaxusL）植物是提取抗癌新药紫杉醇（Taxol）垢高质量原料，在云南省有3种1变种，分布范围较广，但多为散生，相对集中连片分布的红豆杉资源面积221919hm^2，计3540920株，蓄积量707844m^3。由于国内外市场原料供求矛盾十分突出，现有资源遭受严重破坏及管理不善，为此提出红豆杉资源的可持续利用对策。     

Übertragung zweler bakterieller Pathogene in den Körper von Sesamia cretica Led. (Lep., Tortricidae) mittels des Legebohrers von Bracon brevicornis Wesm. (Hym., Braconidae)

Laboratory trials were undertaken to investigate the transmission of 2 bacterial pathogens (Serratia marcescens Bizio andBacillus thuringiensis Berliner) by the ovipositor of a braconid parasitoid,Bracon brevicornis Wesmael into the body cavity ofSesamia cretica Lederer. The braconid's ovipositor was able to transmit the 2 bacterial pathogens and plays as inoculating needle. The host larvaeS. cretica were significantly immobilized faster by the contaminated ovipositor of a parasitoid (in case of the 2 pathogens). After successful transmission of the bacterial pathogen into the body cavity of host larvae, different deleterious effects were significantly found for the parasitoid and its progeny specially in case ofS. marcescens. Through contamination of the ovipositor, the non-sporeforming bacterium,S. marcescens has more pathogenic effects on the parasitoid and its progeny than the sporeforming bacterium,B. thuringiensis.     

Temperature-dependent development of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Diglyphus isaea</Emphasis> (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) on <Emphasis Type="Italic">Liriomyza sativae</Emphasis> (Diptera: Agromyzidae) on cucumber

The development of Diglyphus isaea (Walker), a parasitoid of leafminers, was studied under laboratory conditions at seven constant temperatures (10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, and 40°C) on Liriomyza sativae Blanchard reared on cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.). The total development period (oviposition to adult emergence) decreased with increasing temperature between 15 and 35°C. In 10 and 40°C no development rate was found in D. isaea, so that it may be claimed that these temperatures fall outside the temperature range for development. Linear regression was used to describe the relationship between development rate and temperature. For egg to adult development, males of D. isaea required 153.8 degree-days (DD) above the theoretical threshold of 9.2°C and females required 161.3 DD above 9.4°C. Data were fitted to four nonlinear temperature-dependent models. Evaluation of the models took place based on the following criteria: fit to data, number and biological value of the fitted coefficient, and accuracy on the estimation of the thresholds. It could be concluded that the Briere-1 and Briere-2 models are suitable for estimating the minimum, maximum and optimal temperature thresholds of D. isaea. Thermal requirements and temperature thresholds can be used to predict the occurrence, number of generations and population dynamics of D. isaea.     

Temperature-dependent differences in biological traits between two strains of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Trichogramma cacoeciae</Emphasis> (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae)

Parasitoids’ efficiency in controlling pests depends not only on their ability to parasitize their hosts but also on how much they are adapted to climatic conditions (notably temperature) of the area where they are planned to be released. In addition, the optimal conditions for production of parasitoids used for inundative releases like Trichogramma spp. may also vary largely as a function of strains. Using the parasitoid Trichogramma cacoeciae Marchal as biological model, we studied how temperature affects important parasitoid efficiency-related biological traits under laboratory conditions. Emergence, mortality rates and fecundity of two strains of T. cacoeciae, one originating from France (Alsace) and the other one from Tunisia (Degache), were compared at constant temperatures of 15, 20, 25 and 30°C. The parasitoids of the French strain showed highest fecundity at 25°C with wasps that had been reared at 20 or 25°C. The Tunisian strain showed the highest fecundity at 25°C, but only when wasps were previously reared at 25 or 30°C. For both strains, the highest mortality occurred among wasps that had laid eggs at 30°C. Emergence rates were relatively high at all temperatures, although the French strain did better at 15–25°C and the Tunisian one at 20–30°C. Because of the differences in biological traits of these two T. cacoeciae strains in relation to the temperature, a judicious choice must be made among the various strains when using this species in biological control programs.     

科学发展给力油茶产业发展方式转变

针对目前油茶产业发展中存在的问题,用科学发展观的思想理念,提出了＂10个突破,10个增强＂,即：突破油茶是小品种油的思维定势,增强油茶大产业意识;突破油茶是＂露水财＂的思维定势,增强＂绿色银行＂意识;突破传统发展思维定势,增强科技发展意识;突破小户经营思维定势,增强集约化经营意识;突破粗放经营思维定势,增强园艺化管理意识;突破节点发展思维定势,增强产业链发展意识;突破无机发展思维定势,增强有机生态发展意识;突破手工耕种思维定势,增强机械化、自动化耕种意识;突破单纯发展油茶思维定势,增强复合发展意识;突破低端产品思维定势,增强高端品牌发展油茶产业意识。从而促进油茶产业又好又快发展。     

青海省非公有制林业持续发展初探

主要形式⒈按其经营主体分：社会支持型。这种类型包括社会援资支持型，如香港嘉道理基金会援助海晏县生态环境建设资金１００万港元，用于生态环境建设及社区发展；社会投入支持型，如西宁市南北山绿化工程，湟源县南北山绿化工程。教育林业相互支持型，湟源县教育支持林业，林业扶持教育，全县中学１１所，小学１３０所，每个学校在学校附近办了校办林场，少的３．５～４hm２，多达８hm２，共计５１５．９hm２地划拨给学校办林场搞绿化。宗教支持型。湟中县许家寨庙会护青，对当地林草植被管护工作起到了积极的作用。集体经营型。以村社集…     

塞罕坝国家森林公园旅游发展特征及发展战略的研究

森林旅游已经从传统的资源经济进入到了体验经济时代。近年来,塞罕坝国家森林公园的森林旅游业发展迅猛,经济效益和社会效益不断提高。但是,在经济转型期,我们需要对过去的发展历程进行认真的总结和分析,认识和解决制约经济转型发展中的瓶颈问题,使塞罕坝的森林旅游得到更快更好的发展。本文简要总结了塞罕坝国家森林公园发展的主要特征和市场反馈,分析了当前公园存在的主要问题,提出了加快公园建设的三项战略思想。     

保护就是发展

当前,我国正在努力发展城市, 但一定要坚持科学发展观。作为城市历史记录和见证的文物建筑,保持城市生态平衡的风景园林,长期优化演绎而形成的城镇格局,合乎规律自然选择的山脉     

Bridging science and development: lessons learnt from two decades of development research

This paper presents the theoretical, operational and implementation premises that guide the development research agenda of the Center of Development Research (ZEF), exemplified by three agroforestry-related case studies. First, the importance, assumptions, conditions and priorities for development research in the context of developing countries are reviewed. Second, the three core premises of ZEF’s research approach, (1) transdisciplinary to carry out research on real-life problems, (2) symmetrical partnerships with local stakeholders to sustain ground activities and ensure implementation, and (3) capacity development to warrant future competences, are exposed. Third, these premises are exemplified and mirrored in three agroforestry-related case-studies: (1) slash-and-burn agriculture in the Brazilian Amazon, (2) socio-ecological management of coffee-agroforests in Ethiopia, and (3) afforestation with multipurpose tree species in Uzbekistan. The paper concludes by streamlining the theoretical and practical premises exposed with the presented case-studies, and confirming how these have guided ZEF in the planning, implementation and continuation of development research programs. Although ZEF’s approach to development research is dynamic and continuously subject to assessment, its core remains guiding even after two decades of implementation, appearing to be a suitable pathway for reaching development objectives.     

Temperature-dependent survival,development, and adult longevity of the koinobiont endoparasitoid <Emphasis Type="Italic">Venturia canescens</Emphasis> (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) parasitizing <Emphasis Type="Italic">Plodia interpunctella</Emphasis> (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)

The effect of various constant temperatures on survival, development, and adult longevity of Venturia canescens Gravenhorst (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) parasitizing larvae of Plodia interpunctella Hübner (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) was studied under laboratory conditions. The following temperatures were tested: 15, 17.5, 20, 22.5, 25, 27.5, 30, and 32.5°C. The percentage of parasitoids that completed development at each temperature as well as the days needed for the emergence of the parasitoid’s pupa and adult eclosion was measured. Adult longevity was estimated under the same conditions. Survival of V. canescens was significantly higher at 25 and 27.5°C compared to 17.5, 20, 30, and 32.5°C. No individual of V. canescens managed to complete development at 15°C. Overall, developmental time decreased significantly with increasing temperature within the range of 17.5–27.5°C. The lowest developmental time was observed at 27.5°C while the highest at 17.5°C. Upper and lower threshold temperatures for total development were estimated at 36.2 and 13.2°C, respectively. Optimum temperature for development and thermal constant were 30.6°C and 312.5 degree days, respectively. Adult longevity was also affected by temperature, as it was significantly reduced at higher temperatures compared to the lower ones. This information would be useful in determining the potential of using V. canescens as a biological agent in IPM programs, by optimizing mass rearing and release techniques of the parasitoid.