Abundance and pest classification of scolytid species (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Scolytinae) follow different patterns

Scolytids have been studied more than any other group of forest insects, but most investigations have been restricted to only a few pest species. This bias hampers our understanding of variation in abundance and pest status. Even the simple question whether the abundance of scolytids can predicted by the same independent variables as their pest status is still a matter of debate. To explore this issue, we estimated their abundance using non-attracting flight-interception traps set in a wide range of forests across Czech Republic, Germany, and France. Pest status was taken from current literature. As independent variables, we considered host range, host abundance, and several traits of the considered species in linear models using generalized least squares with a correlation structure derived from the phylogenetic tree of the beetles. Host range was calculated as the root phylogenetic diversity index. The variation in the abundance across scolytids was well explained by resource-related parameters (R² = 0.53). In contrast to abundance, the pest status was significantly related to species-specific traits, such as body size and maximum number of generations. However, the explained variance was much lower (R² = 0.19). Although our analysis showed that abundance and pest score follow different patterns, we stress the importance of monitoring all species using non-selective traps. Considering the increasing global trade and the rapidly changing climate, such a broad ecological monitoring is necessary to detect new interactions and/or invading species that may influence our forests ecosystems.     

椰子大害虫-锈色棕榈象及其近缘种的鉴别(鞘翅目:象虫科)

锈色棕榈象Rhynchophorus ferrugineus(Oliver)隶属于鞘翅目Coleoptera 象虫科Curculionidae,近年在海南省严重危害椰子，文章介绍了该虫与同属近缘种美洲棕榈象Rhynchophorus palmarum（L.）等成虫，幼虫和蛹在形态特征上的区别。     

茶籽象ATP合成酶基因在不同海拔选择压力下的遗传分化及结构变异

【目的】基于不同地区茶籽象线粒体ATP合成酶基因遗传分化及结构变异,研究环境压力尤其是海拔对茶籽象不同地理种群遗传多样性及系统发育关系的影响,探讨ATP合成酶基因在适应环境压力中碱基及氨基酸序列结构变化规律,为茶籽象防控提供理论依据。【方法】采集不同地理海拔油茶产区的茶籽象种群,设计ATP合成酶基因特异性引物,PCR扩增获取ATP基因,基于ATP基因应用相关分析软件分析碱基序列遗传多样性及系统发育关系,分析氨基酸序列结构差异及氨基酸使用频率。【结果】获得32个单倍型(NCBI: MH560360—MH560391),其中存在5个共享单倍型,包含个体数2~36不等;茶籽象各地理种群遗传多样性分化无明显规律(核酸多样性π为0.000 86 ~ 0.048 03),茶籽象种群扩张不明显(Tajima’s D < 0,P > 0.05;Fu’s Fs > 0);依据地理海拔,茶籽象种群可显著聚为低海拔和高海拔2个分支,2个分支间受到显著的环境正选择(选择系数:高海拔ω=1.65,低海拔ω=2.26,LRTP<0.001),分化明显( F st =0.374,P < 0.001);低海拔分支 ATP[STBX]8[STBZ]编码解氨基酸序列(36个保守位点)较高海拔分支(27个保守位点)更为保守,且高海拔分支酸性氨基酸使用率较高,这可能与昆虫为适应高海拔而增加蛋白稳定性、提高氧结合效率以及氧化呼吸效率有关。【结论】茶籽象种群ATP合成酶基因分化程度不高,但存在对海拔明显的适应性进化。     

Biologie und Bekämpfung des Schwarzen Triebrüßlers,Ceutorhynchus picitarsis Gyll. (Col., Curculionidae)

In Europe in the last few years increasing infestations of oilseed rape and turniplike rape by the winter stem weevil,Ceutorhynchus picitarsis Gyll. were registered. The entering ofC. picitarsis into the rape crops in autumn was recorded with yellow sticky traps. Cabbage stem flea beetles (Psylliodes chrysocephala) were captured simultaneously. With special cagetraps it was demonstrated that the rape winter stem weevil spends the summer time in the leaf-layer of the soil in forest edges. We were able to demonstrate thatC. picitarsis can be controlled together withP. chysocephala with Pyrethroids.     

Biological traits and life history of Pagiophloeus tsushimanus(Coleoptera: Curculionidae), a weevil pest on camphor trees in China

Cinnamomum camphora(L.) J.Presl.(Laurales:Lauraceae) is widely cultivated as an important landscape tree species in many urban areas in South China,especially in Shanghai City.Pagiophloeus tsushimanus Morimoto has become a destructive insect pest of C.camphora plantations in Shanghai,but the biological and ecological traits of this pest remain largely unknown.In this study,we investigated the damage and life history and determined the larval instar of P.tsushimanus.The results indicated that P.tsushimanus is a monophagous weevil pest,and C.camphora is the unique host tree species.C.camphora plantations in all administrative districts of Shanghai have been seriously damaged by P.tsushimanus.Adults often aggregate for feeding on the tender bark of twigs and occasionally on newly emerged buds.After experiencing damage,the twigs shrink and crack and the buds will shrink.Adults tend to repeatedly mate and oviposit,and all females lay single eggs at a time.Eggs will be covered with a mixture of secretions and wood chips by female adults.Larvae(1 st-2 nd instar)feed on the phloem,while 3 rd-5 th instar can bore into the phloem and the cambium.Massive tunnels,including three shapes(inverted "L",inverted "T",and inverted "Z"),were observed in the trunk of each tree,and resulted in swelling of the outer bark.P.tsushimanus has one life cycle per year in Shanghai.Both adults and larvae(3 rd-5 th instar) overwinter from early November to early April.Adults overwinter in grooves on the underside of branches or at branch nodes,and larvae overwinter in tunnels.Five larval instars of P.tsushimanus were determined according to Dyar's and Crosby's rules.The biological traits and life history of P.tsushimanus have been identified and can provide guidance in terms of pest control and plantation management.     

粗刻点木蠹象与云南木蠹象雌雄成虫区分方法

粗刻点木蠹象和云南木蠹象的雌雄成虫在外部形态上相似度很高,难以区分.文章介绍了2种区分方法.一是在解剖镜下通过观察象虫腹部背板末节上的特征准确区分活体雌雄成虫;二是通过肉眼观察象虫腹部第1节中间部位的特征快速区分活体雌雄成虫,可作为1种简便的野外区分方法.     

Determining suitability of thermal development models to estimate temperature parameters for embryonic development of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Sitona lepidus</Emphasis> Gyll. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

The clover root weevil, Sitona lepidus Gyll. is a pest of clovers (Trifolium spp.), particularly white clover (T. repens). Larva feeding severely impairs the capacity of white clover to fix atmospheric nitrogen, by attacking the nitrogen-fixing root nodules. Development of the egg stage was studied at six different constant temperatures ranging from 9 to 30°C to improve the basis for phenological forecasts. Development occurred over the entire range of temperatures, although hatching percentage at 30°C was only 24.4% compared to 90.1% at 28.5°C. Developmental time decreased with increase in temperature from 9 to 28.5°C but increased markedly at 30°C. At 28.5°C, the embryo development period was the shortest (10.35 days); whereas at 9°C, this parameter was the longest (55.08 days). Using linear regression, the lower threshold temperature was calculated 4.38°C and the thermal constant was 236.45 degree-days. The relationship between constant temperature and developmental rate was evaluated using nine models. The suitability of the models was evaluated based on eight indicators (R ², RSS, R _adj², AIC, BIC, AICC, W _j , and Z _i ). Of the nonlinear models, the Logan-6, Sharpe and DeMichele, and Lactin models were the most accurate at calculating t _opt of 27, 27.50, and 28°C, respectively. The results suggest that of the three models (Lactin, Briere, and Hilbert and Logan), that estimated critical temperatures, (t _min, t _opt, and t _max), Lactin gave the most suitable fit of data. This response of S. lepidus to temperature can be used for developing phonological models to predict the timing of egg hatch which are important for management programs targeting the weevil.     

Pheromone detection of the introduced forest pest Megaplatypus mutatus (=Platypus mutatus) (Chapuis) (Platypodinae, Curculionidae) in Italy

Megaplatypus mutatus (Chapuis) (=Platypus mutatus), an ambrosia beetle native to South America, attacks standing live trees of a wide range of forest and fruit tree species, and it is particularly damaging to commercial poplar plantations. In 2000, M. mutatus was observed for the first time in Italy, in the province of Caserta, near Naples. The development of a pheromone-based monitoring system, for detecting the spread and for managing M. mutatus infestations, is an important goal for both European and South American control and surveillance programs. Using a three component pheromone blend developed in Argentina into commercial funnel traps we were able to asses the level of dispersion of this pest in the Italian Campania region. Insects were captured in all the plantations suspected of being infested based on the presence of active parental and larval galleries. We also provide the first report of the attack followed by completion of the life cycle of M. mutatus in European hazelnut, Corylus avellana L. (Betulaceae), an important nut species native to Europe and Western Asia.     

木蠹象属(鞘翅目:象虫科)的种类、分布、寄主植物及潜在入侵威胁

木蠹象属是以松树木蠹象为模式种建立的属,是鞘翅目、象虫科、木蠹象亚科的唯一属.该属目前已记录种类46种,29种分布于美洲,18种分布在欧洲和亚洲,其中耐猛木蠹象是美洲、欧洲和亚洲共有的种类,它分布于美洲的美国、加拿大,欧洲的俄罗斯和亚洲的日本.木蠹象属许多种类是针叶树的重要害虫,且极易通过人为携带传播扩散.有3种分布区跨越欧洲和亚洲,葛氏木蠹象分布于俄罗斯的欧洲部分、德国和瑞典,亚洲的中国、日本和俄罗斯的亚洲部分(西伯利亚);圆角木蠹象分布于俄罗斯的欧洲部分和中国;樟子松木蠹象分布于法国和中国.木蠹象属的寄主植物均为针叶树,包括5属39种,以松属为寄主植物的有26种木蠹象,以云杉属、冷杉属、落叶松属和黄杉属为寄主植物的木蠹象分别为9、5、4和1种.分布于中国的木蠹象有7种,其中粗刻点木蠹象和云南松木蠹象是特有种类,葛氏木蠹象、圆角木蠹象和樟子松木蠹象是与欧洲共有的种类,黑木蠹象、葛氏木蠹象和红木蠹象与日本共有,红木蠹象与韩国共有.分布于日本的耐猛木蠹象和瘤木蠹象、俄罗斯西伯利亚的凸眼木蠹象以及日本、俄罗斯和韩国均有发生的黄星木蠹象,以及在中国均没有分布的美洲的29种木蠹象,都属于应加强检疫的对象,防止人为携带传入我国.     

Wood-boring beetles (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae,Curculionidae; Platypodinae and Scolytinae) infesting rubberwood sawn timber in southern Thailand

Species diversity and infestation densities of rubberwood (Hevea brasiliensis Müll. Arg.)-boring beetles at sawmills in southern Thailand were investigated during July 2007 and March 2008. Twenty-two species of wood-boring beetles, nine bostrichids, eight scolytines and five platypodines, were identified. The powder post beetle, Sinoxylon anale Lesne (40%), is the single dominant rubberwood pest in the studied area. Other frequently captured species are Sinoxylon unidentatum (Fabricius) (18%), Heterobostrychus aequalis (Waterhouse) (10%) and Lyctoxylon dentatum Lesne (9%). The Shannon diversity index of rubberwood-boring beetles in the eastern coastal area was significantly (p < 0.01) greater than that in the western coastal area. The infestation density in the dry season was significantly higher than that in the wet season, but there were no significant differences between eastern and western coastal areas.     

Acute spread in France of an invasive pest, the horse chestnut leafminer Cameraria ohridella Deschka & Dimic (Lep., Gracillariidae)

The horse chestnut leafminer, Cameraria ohridella Deschka & Dimic (Lepidoptera, Gracillariidae) spread over the last 10 years from central Europe to western Europe and was observed for the first time in 2000 in the east of France and near Paris. This study presents the results of surveys carried out in France in 2001 to investigate the distribution and infestation level of the leafminer. One year after its first discovery, the moth was present in a large part of the country and for the first time has been observed in Paris. The spread of the moth is due mainly to natural dispersal and to passive dispersal by human activities.     

Pathogens and parasites of adults of the great spruce bark beetle, Dendroctonus micans (Kugelann) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Scolytinae) from Turkey

In this study, the pathogen and parasite spectra of Turkish populations of the great spruce bark beetle Dendroctonus micans (Kugelann) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Scolytinae) are analysed. In addition to the previously studied infective green alga Helicosporidium, three more pathogens and parasites, i.e. the yeast Metschnikowia sp., the neogregarine Mattesia sp. and a nematode, were recorded here for the first time. The pathogens and parasites occur in different quantities and combinations in outbreaks of the beetle at five Turkish localities.     

Host plant range and biology of Lixus nordmanni Hochhuth (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) on hogweed Heracleum L. in eastern Turkey

The biology and host plant range of Lixus nordmanni Hochhuth were studied in the eastern part of Turkey. This weevil feeds and grows on Heracleum trachyloma Fisch. et C.A. Mey, Heracleum sosnowskyi Manden, Heracleum pastinacifolium C. Koch, H. platytaenium Boiss., Angelica sylvestris L. and Falcaria sp. of the family Apiaceae (=Umbellifera). In the early spring, adults emerged from overwintering places and started feeding on host plants. After feeding for several days on leaves, they mated and laid eggs on the main stem of a host. After emergence, larvae fed in stems up to late summer and pupated in the same places. Pupae were found at the beginning of autumn and then adults of the new generation emerged from the stem. Most of adults overwinter under dry plants at rootneck and under stones. L. nordmanni have one generation per year in eastern Anatolia. This Caucasian weevil species is recorded for the first time for Turkish fauna. The biology and host plant records are presented.     

杀虫灯已成为森林害虫综合治理的重要工具

近年来,以佳多频振式杀虫灯为代表的灯光诱杀器械,其技术性能得到较大改进和提高.在监测功能的基础上,作为诱杀工具,得到广泛认可,防治森林害虫范围不断扩展,防治面积越来越大,展现出广阔的应用前景.     

Fumigant toxicity of essential oils against Sitophilus zeamais (Motschulsky) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae): a systematic review and meta-analysis

Our aim was to perform a qualitative review and a meta-analysis with 57 scientific articles (108 assays) published from 1 January 2000 to 31 June 2021 dealing with fumigant toxicity of essential oils (EOs) against Sitophilus zeamais. The studies were obtained from four electronic databases: Web of Science, SCOPUS, PubMed, and Google Scholar. The survey comprised 107 plant species belonging to 26 different families. Lethal concentration values (LC₅₀) of EOs were included in a random-effect model, and two subgroups were defined: “until 24 h” and “more than 24 h”. The EOs more frequently evaluated were those belonging to Lamiaceae (20.18%), Asteraceae (17.43%), Apiaceae (9.17%), and Rutaceae (6.42%). The global mean value was 21.37 (CI₉₅ 16.84–27.12), while the summary mean values of the subgroups were 41.45 (CI₉₅ 31.10–55.26) for “until 24 h” and 8.45 (CI₉₅ 5.72–12.48) for “more than 24 h”. Most species belonging to Apiaceae, Lamiaceae, Asteraceae, and Schisandraceae reported the highest insecticidal effects with mean values that ranged from 1.31 to 27.39 for “until 24 h” and from 0.57 to 5.31 for “more than 24 h”. Additionally, the toxicity of the most effective EOs was discussed by addressing their chemical composition and their major pure compounds chemical features.

     

危害杏树、蒙古栎的新害虫——圆尾弧胫天牛(鞘翅目:天牛科)

2014-2017年在河北省采用室内饲养结合野外观察的方法总结危害杏树Armeniaca vulgaris Lam.和蒙古栎Quercus mongolica枝干的天牛科害虫——圆尾弧胫天牛Callimus(Nathriopterus)shensiensis(Gressitt, 195l)的形态学特征和生物学特性。该虫在河北承德1 a 1代,以老熟幼虫在寄主植物木质部蛀道末端越冬,翌年4月上旬开始陆续化蛹,成虫5月上旬开始羽化,盛期在5月中下旬。并据此提出防治建议。     

Ophiostoma tsotsi and Ophiostoma quercus associated with Platypus cylindrus F. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in cork oak stands in Tunisia

Ambrosia beetles, including Platypus cylindrus, commonly act as vectors of Ophiostomatales. In an investigation of fungi associated with P. cylindrus, several species of Ophiostomatales were identified, including two species of Ophiostoma s. str. These two species were characterized based on comparisons of DNA sequences of the internal transcribed spacer regions including the 5.8S gene of rDNA and β‐tubulin gene. Two distinct clades were discernable in the phylogenetic trees, supported by high bootstrap values. One clade included the species Ophiostoma tsotsi, reported herein for the first time in Tunisia, and the species Ophiostoma quercus.     

Development of the red palm weevil, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Olivier), (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) on natural and synthetic diets

The development of the red palm weevil, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Olivier) was investigated on a newly developed semiartificial diet as compared with two natural diets namely sugarcane stem and banana fruit. The weevil was successfully maintained on these diets and duration of the life cycle for males and females, respectively were 164.97 and 194.61 days on the semiartificial diet, 192.5 and 186.5 days on banana, and 172.00 and 170.00 days on sugarcane. The average egg production per female was shown to be significantly higher on the semiartificial diet, being 184.00?±?18.68 eggs compared with an average of 125.00?±?11.97 and 133.00?±?15.21 eggs on banana and sugarcane, respectively. The fertility ranged between 94?–?100?% in those eggs deposited by females previously reared on the tested diets. The developed semiartificial diet was shown to be suitable for maintaining laboratory colonies of the red palm weevil, and it can substitute natural diets.     

Genetic comparison of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Ips duplicatus</Emphasis> (Sahlberg, 1836) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae,Scolytinae) populations from Europe and Asia

The distribution of the double spined spruce engraver beetle Ips duplicatus ranges from Scandinavia and northeastern Europe to northern Asia. In Europe, I. duplicatus usually is associated with I. typographus on Picea abies, and due to morphological similarities and similar gallery constructions the damage and significance of I. duplicatus are often not recognised and thus underestimated. I. duplicatus has been recently reported from the southern part of Poland, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, northern parts of Austria and Germany; records are missing from many other central European countries (e.g., Hungary). The species became an important pest in some parts of central Europe, and continuous outbreaks of this bark beetle have been reported in Inner Mongolia, China, since the 1950s. The aim of this study was to compare I. duplicatus populations from Europe and Asia by genetic means using the analysis of the mitochondrial DNA. Individuals of I. duplicatus populations from China, Poland, the Czech Republic and Slovakia were collected, and 520 bp fragments of the cytochrome oxidase I (COI) gene were analysed. Four haplotypes were detected and a sequence divergence of 0.8% was found between the populations from China and Europe. These differences associate with behavioural differences in the pheromone bouquet and behavioural response of the two groups. Within Europe three haplotypes were found, but due to the small sample size no significant geographical distribution was demonstrated.     

Genetic variation of beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) in Rodopi (N.E. Greece)

The recent taxonomic classification of beech in Europe considers existence of one species (Fagus sylvatica L.) with two subspecies: F. sylvatica ssp. sylvatica and F. sylvatica ssp. orientalis. Four beech populations growing on the Greek part of the Rodopi Mountains were studied using morphological traits as well as DNA molecular markers (AFLPs and chloroplast DNA SSR). The aim of the study was to describe the variation patterns of beech in the Rodopi Mountains and to test the hypothesis of possible introgression between the beech subspecies’ sylvatica and orientalis in this area. Both morphological traits and gene markers revealed a possible influence of F. orientalis on the east side of Rodopi and at the low elevations, while characters resembling F. sylvatica were observed mainly on the western part of the mountains and in higher altitudes. There was a clinal increase of genetic diversity from the west to the east, reaching a level firstly reported for beech populations. These results can be explained either by the existence of a main refugial area for beech during the last glaciation or by the occurrence of a recent hybridization among the subspecies, which were spatially isolated during the last glaciation and came into reproductive contact during their postglacial remigration. These two scenarios are not necessarily mutually exclusive.