改性豆基蛋白胶黏剂的胶合工艺初探

以杨木单板为试材研究了改性豆基蛋白胶黏剂的胶合性能,采用单因素实验方法,探讨了改性豆基蛋白胶黏剂压制胶合板的胶合工艺。分析了热压温度、热压时间和涂胶量对三层杨木胶合板胶合性能的影响。结果表明:采用改性后的豆基蛋白胶黏剂,在压力为1.4MPa,温度为165℃左右,热压时间为1.4～1.6 min/mm,涂胶量为220g/m~2,压制的杨木胶合板胶合性能较佳且达到Ⅰ类胶合板的标准。     

丙烯酸树脂豆基胶黏剂的研究

以丙烯酸树脂作为交联剂,制备共混改性豆基胶黏剂。探讨了助剂加入量、助剂种类、胶液pH值及热压温度对胶合板的胶合强度与耐水性的影响。结果表明:当助剂加入量为胶液的3/1 000、助剂为聚氯化铝、胶液pH值为3.75时,压板工艺为热压时间6 min、热压压力1.1 MPa、热压温度125℃时,胶合板胶合强度为0.74 MPa,符合GB/T9846—2015中Ⅱ类胶合板强度要求。     

改性豆基蛋白胶杨木刨花板的制造工艺

探讨利用改性豆基蛋白胶压制杨木刨花板的工艺,分析热压温度、热压时间、施胶量和防水剂加入量对杨木刨花板性能的影响,提出厚12 mm、密度0.70 g/cm3杨木刨花板的最佳工艺条件为:热压温度170℃,热压时间14min,施胶量10%,防水剂加入量1.4%。在此条件压制的板材的性能超过GB/T 4897.4-2003的要求。     

封闭异氰酸酯改性脲醛树脂制备胶合板

采用亚硫酸氢钠封闭异氰酸酯改性UF树脂制备胶合板,研究了制板用混合胶液的比例、热压时间、热压温度等热压工艺对胶合板性能的影响,结果表明,在UF/PAPI=100/10、热压温度为110℃、热压时间为4min时,所制备胶合板的甲醛释放量达到国家标准,并且具有较高的胶合性能.     

小球藻蛋白基胶黏剂的制备及其胶合性能研究

小球藻蛋白具有可再生、价格低廉等优点,可用于制备蛋白基胶黏剂。采用氢氧化钠(Na OH)、十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)和三羟甲基丙烷三缩水甘油醚(TTE)改性处理小球藻蛋白后制备胶黏剂。多种方式表征结果显示,改性处理破坏了小球藻蛋白的球形结构,提供了更多的交联位点,从而提高了胶黏剂的胶合强度及耐水性能。在优化工艺参数:双面涂胶量400g/m2,热压压力1.5 MPa、热压温度150℃、热压时间8 min的条件下,制备的三层桉木胶合板的干、湿胶合强度分别为1.78、1.11 MPa,满足GB/T 9846—2015《普通胶合板》中II类胶合板的要求。     

覆膜厚帘竹胶合板模板的研制

研究了以3 mm以上厚度的竹篾片编织竹帘生产厚帘竹胶合板模板的工艺条件,讨论了热压时间、热压压力、热压温度及浸胶的胶液浓度对覆膜厚帘竹胶合板模板物理力学性能的影响,总结确定出最佳的可供生产应用的热压工艺条件.结果表明,在热压压力1.4 MPa、热压时间60 s/mm板厚、热压温度135 ℃、浸胶胶液浓度26%的条件下生产出的产品各项力学性能指标均达到或超出竹胶合板模板国家标准.     

交联改性大豆蛋白胶胶合板的工艺及湿剪切强度研究

为了确定应用交联改性大豆蛋白胶制造胶合板的工艺,采用正交试验,分析热压工艺参数和涂胶量对胶合板剪切强度的影响.在试验优化的工艺参数:热压温度160℃,压力1.5 MPa,时间2 min/rnm,双面涂胶量380 g/m2等条件下,胶合板的湿状剪切强度满足GB/T 9846-2004《胶合板》中Ⅰ类胶合板的要求,且不会随蒸煮时间的延长而出现明显下降,耐水性能稳定.     

油菜籽蛋白-丙烯酸酯乳液共混胶黏剂的制备

将油菜籽蛋白和丙烯酸酯乳液共混制备胶黏剂,以其代替部分醛类胶黏剂用于胶合板生产。采用单因素试验方法,确定油菜籽蛋白和丙烯酸酯乳液添加比例;采用正交试验方法,优化该胶黏剂制备胶合板工艺;通过热重分析评价胶黏剂的热稳定性。结果表明:油菜籽蛋白与丙烯酸酯乳液配比为8∶2,胶合板制备理想的热压工艺为二苯甲烷二异氰酸酯(MDI)添加量4%、热压温度140℃、热压时间700s、热压压力0.8MPa,板材剪切强度1.71MPa,符合GB/T9846—2015《普通胶合板》中Ⅱ类胶合板的要求。     

碱木素-大豆蛋白胶黏剂在胶合板中的应用研究

探讨了一种新型木素基无醛胶黏剂在三层杨木胶合板中的应用。为了探究经活化还原处理后的碱木素与大豆蛋白共混制备生物质胶黏剂的工艺,以胶合板的胶合强度为性能指标.采用单因素实验,对漆酶加入量、碱木素,大豆蛋白共混比例、热压温度和热压时间等因素对其影响进行了研究。结果表明.最优工艺参数为:漆酶加入量为木质素的3/5,碱木素一大豆蛋白共混比例1:1,热压温度130℃,热压时间10 min,且此碱木素一大豆蛋白胶合体系的胶合强度达到并超过国家Ⅱ类胶合板的要求。     

改性大豆蛋白胶黏剂制造杨木胶合板热压工艺

利用单因素试验方法,研究了热压温度、热压时间、热压压力和施胶量对使用改性大豆蛋白胶黏剂制造的杨木胶合板胶合强度的影响规律.结果表明:在100～ 220℃热压温度范围内,随着热压温度的增加,胶合强度显著增大;在35～60 s/mm热压时间范围内,胶合强度随热压时间的增加呈上升趋势,当时间从60 s/mm升至85 s/mm,胶合强度几乎保持一致;热压压力在1.25 MPa时,胶合强度达到最大值;施胶量在130 ～430g/m2热压时间范围内,胶合强度随施胶量的增加呈上升趋势.由此得出最优工艺参数为:热压温度180℃,热压压力1.25 MPa,热压时间60 s/mm,施胶量为310g/m2.     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

Modelling of adequate pretwist for obtaining straight timber

Abstract

Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists.     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

Growth of Phlebiopsis gigantea in wood of seven conifer species

Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。