植物乳杆菌DPP8对蛋鸡生产性能、血清生化指标和蛋品质的影响

选取300只43周龄罗曼粉蛋鸡,随机分为5组,每组3个重复,每个重复20只鸡,对照组(Ⅰ组)饲喂基础日粮,试验Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ组在饲喂基础日粮基础上分别添加2.0×106、2.0×107、2.0×108、2.0×109 CFU/g的L.plantarum DPP8制剂。预试期1周,试验期9周。结果显示:(1)Ⅱ组和Ⅲ组的产蛋率显著高于对照组(P0.05);Ⅳ组的料蛋比显著低于其余各组(P0.05)。(2)Ⅲ组的血钙水平显著高于对照组(P0.05),血糖水平极显著低于对照组(P0.01)显著低于Ⅱ组(P0.05);与对照组相比,Ⅳ组血清的钙、磷水平均显著增加(P0.05),总白蛋白水平显著降低(P0.05),血糖水平极显著降低(P0.01);Ⅴ组的血磷水平显著增加(P0.05),血钙水平极显著增加(P0.01),血糖含量显著降低(P0.05);Ⅲ组的血清总白蛋白水平显著低于其余各组(P0.05)。(3)与对照组相比,各试验组的蛋黄颜色、蛋白高度和哈氏单位均极显著提高(P0.01);Ⅲ组和Ⅳ组的蛋壳厚度显著提高(P0.05),Ⅴ组的蛋壳厚度极显著提高(P0.01)。结果表明,饲料中添加一定量的L.plantarum DPP8具有改善蛋鸡生产性能和提高蛋鸡蛋品质的作用,其中按照2.0×108 CFU/g剂量添加效果最好。     

枣粉对蛋鸡脂质代谢、抗氧化性能及免疫功能的影响

为研究不同比例的枣粉代替基础日粮中部分玉米对蛋鸡脂质代谢、抗氧化性能及免疫功能的影响。试验选取420日龄海兰灰蛋鸡480只,随机分为6个组,每组5个重复,每个重复16只。对照组(Ⅰ组)饲喂基础日粮,试验Ⅱ~Ⅵ组用枣粉分别替代基础日粮中2%、4%、6%、8%、10%的玉米。预饲期7 d,试验期74 d。试验结果表明:与对照组相比,日粮中添加枣粉可降低血清中总胆固醇(TC)的含量,其中Ⅵ组显著低于对照组(P0.05);Ⅱ组甘油三脂(TG)含量降低了3.00%(P0.05),Ⅲ~Ⅵ组分别极显著降低了18.60%、47.46%、26.50%、34.08%(P0.01);Ⅴ、Ⅵ组极显著提高了血清中高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)含量(P0.01);Ⅱ、Ⅲ组低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)含量分别降低了24.76%、38.82%,Ⅴ、Ⅵ组则分别提高了30.14%、40.00%,均达到极显著水平(P0.01);Ⅲ~Ⅴ组总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)分别显著提高了3.43%、3.00%、9.83%(P0.05),Ⅵ组极显著提高了17.49%(P0.01);对超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)未产生显著影响(P0.05);Ⅵ组谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性极显著提高;Ⅲ、Ⅳ组丙二醛(MDA)含量分别显著降低了16.28%、16.77%(P0.05),Ⅴ、Ⅵ组则分别极显著降低了20.67%、32.43%(P0.01);枣粉替代基础日粮中部分玉米有提高血清中免氧球蛋白G(Ig G)和免氧球蛋白A(Ig A)含量的趋势,其中Ⅵ组血清中Ig G含量显著高于对照组(P0.05)。     

乳酸菌素对肉鸡血清生化指标和抗氧化功能的影响

本试验旨在探讨乳酸菌素对肉鸡血清生化指标和抗氧化功能的影响。300只1日龄肉鸡随机分为5组,每组4个重复,每个重复15只。Ⅰ组为空白对照组,饲喂基础饲粮;Ⅱ组为抗生素对照组;Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ组分别饲喂在基础饲粮中添加50、100、200 mg/kg乳酸菌素的试验饲粮。试验期70 d,分别在肉鸡28日龄和70日龄时采样,计算料重比,并检测各组中血液生化指标和抗氧化功能各项指标。结果表明:1)与Ⅰ组比较,试验1～28 dⅡ～Ⅴ组肉鸡增重显著升高(P<0.05),料重比显著降低(P<0.05);1～70 dⅡ组和Ⅳ组肉鸡增重显著升高(P<0.05),Ⅱ～Ⅴ组料重比显著降低(P<0.05),Ⅳ组最低,显著低于其他各组(P<0.05),Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅴ组之间差异不显著(P>0.05)。2)各组肉鸡血清尿素氮含量无显著差异(P>0.05)。Ⅱ～Ⅴ组28日龄肉鸡血清总胆固醇含量和70日龄肉鸡血清碱性磷酸酶活性均极显著或显著高于Ⅰ组(P<0.01或P<0.05);Ⅱ组和Ⅳ组28日龄肉鸡血清总蛋白含量均显著高于Ⅰ组(P<0.05);各组70日龄肉鸡血清总胆固醇和总蛋白含量均无显著差异(P>0.05)。Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ组之间上述各血清生化指标均差异不显著(P>0.05)。3)28日龄时,Ⅱ组和Ⅳ组肉鸡血清超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性均显著高于Ⅰ组和Ⅴ组(P<0.05),但与Ⅲ组差异不显著(P>0.05);Ⅱ～Ⅴ组肉鸡血清总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)均极显著高于Ⅰ组(P<0.01),但组间差异不显著(P>0.05)。70日龄时,Ⅱ～Ⅳ组肉鸡血清SOD活性和T-AOC均显著或极显著高于Ⅰ组(P<0.05或P<0.01),但组间差异不显著(P>0.05)。可见,饲粮中添加乳酸菌素可改善肉鸡生长性能,提高其抗氧化功能,以添加100 mg/kg乳酸菌素效果最佳。     

不同桉树精油添加水平对笼养白羽肉鸡生长性能、免疫机能和抗氧化机能的影响

本试验旨在探究饲粮中添加不同水平桉树精油对笼养白羽肉鸡生长性能、免疫机能和抗氧化机能的影响。选择300只1日龄爱拔益加肉鸡公雏,随机分为6组,每组5个重复,每个重复10只鸡。Ⅰ组为对照组,饲喂基础饲粮;Ⅱ～Ⅵ组分别在基础饲粮中添加50、75、100、125和150 mg/kg桉树精油,试验期42 d。结果表明:1)1～21日龄,Ⅱ～Ⅴ组肉鸡21日龄时平均体重显著或极显著高于Ⅰ组(P0.05或P0.01),Ⅲ组和Ⅳ组肉鸡平均日增重极显著高于Ⅰ组(P0.01),Ⅱ～Ⅵ组料重比显著或极显著低于Ⅰ组(P0.05或P0.01),Ⅲ组、Ⅳ组料重比极显著低于Ⅵ组(P0.01);1～42日龄,Ⅳ组肉鸡42日龄时平均体重显著高于Ⅰ组(P0.05),Ⅳ组肉鸡平均日增重显著高于Ⅰ组(P0.05),Ⅳ组料重比显著低于Ⅰ组(P0.05)。2)各组之间肉鸡脾脏指数、法氏囊指数和血清新城疫抗体效价无显著差异(P0.05)。3)21日龄时,Ⅴ组肉鸡血清总超氧化物歧化酶(T-SOD)活性显著或极显著高于Ⅰ～Ⅲ组(P0.05或P0.01),Ⅵ组肉鸡血清T-SOD活性显著高于Ⅰ组(P0.05);Ⅱ～Ⅵ组肉鸡血清谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性显著或极显著高于Ⅰ组(P0.05或P0.01);Ⅳ～Ⅵ组肉鸡血清丙二醛(MDA)含量极显著低于Ⅰ组(P0.01),Ⅴ组肉鸡血清MDA含量显著或极显著低于Ⅱ组、Ⅲ组、Ⅳ组和Ⅵ组(P0.05)。42日龄时,Ⅴ组肉鸡血清T-SOD活性最高,显著或极显著高于Ⅰ组和Ⅱ组(P0.05或P0.01),Ⅳ组和Ⅵ组显著高于Ⅰ组(P0.05);Ⅳ组肉鸡血清GSH-Px活性显著高于Ⅰ组(P0.05);Ⅳ组和Ⅴ组肉鸡血清MDA含量显著或极显著低于Ⅰ～Ⅲ组(P0.05或P0.01),Ⅲ组和Ⅵ组显著或极显著低于Ⅰ组(P0.05或P0.01)。4)回归分析显示,饲粮中添加95.25～105.00 mg/kg桉树精油,肉鸡生长前期(1～21日龄)生长性能最佳;饲粮中添加105.83～115.00 mg/kg桉树精油,肉鸡生长全期(1～42日龄)生长性能最佳;肉鸡抗氧化机能最佳的桉树精油添加水平,生长前期为151.13～205.60 mg/kg,生长后期(22～42日龄)为93.38～158.57 mg/kg。综上所述,在饲粮中添加适宜水平的桉树精油可显著提高笼养白羽肉鸡生长性能和抗氧化机能,饲粮中桉树精油适宜添加水平为105.00 mg/kg。     

锰对1~4周龄五龙鹅血清脂类代谢、抗氧化指标及器官组织中锰沉积量的影响

本试验旨在研究饲粮中不同锰水平对1~4周龄五龙鹅血清脂类代谢、抗氧化指标及器官组织中锰沉积量的影响,以确定鹅饲粮中锰适宜添加水平。试验选用1日龄体重相近的五龙鹅360只,随机分为6个组,每组6个重复,每个重复10只鹅(公母各占1/2)。对照组(Ⅰ组)饲喂基础饲粮(锰含量为20 mg/kg),试验组分别饲喂在基础饲粮中添加30(Ⅱ组)、60(Ⅲ组)、90(Ⅳ组)、120(Ⅴ组)和150 mg/kg锰的试验饲粮(Ⅵ组)。试验期4周。结果表明:1)Ⅳ、Ⅴ、Ⅵ组血清甘油三酯和总胆固醇含量极显著高于Ⅰ组(P0.01),Ⅲ组显著高于Ⅰ组(P0.05)。各组血清碱性磷酸酶活性差异不显著(P0.05)。2)Ⅳ、Ⅴ、Ⅵ组血清总抗氧化能力和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶活性极显著高于Ⅰ组(P0.01),Ⅲ组显著高于Ⅰ组(P0.05);Ⅴ组血清丙二醛含量极显著低于Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组(P0.01),Ⅳ、Ⅵ组显著低于Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组(P0.05)。3)Ⅳ、Ⅴ、Ⅵ组血清、心脏、肝脏和胰脏中锰沉积量极显著高于Ⅰ组(P0.01),Ⅱ、Ⅲ组血清、心脏和肝脏中锰沉积量显著高于Ⅰ组(P0.05)。由此可见,饲粮中添加锰能提高五龙鹅血清甘油三酯、总胆固醇含量,增强机体抗氧化能力,增加器官组织中锰沉积量。建议鹅饲粮中锰适宜添加水平为90~120 mg/kg。     

发酵大豆皮对5～12周龄五龙鹅生长性能、屠宰性能和营养物质利用率的影响

本试验旨在研究饲粮不同水平发酵大豆皮对5～12周龄五龙鹅生长性能、屠宰性能和营养物质利用率的影响,以确定发酵大豆皮的使用效果和适宜添加水平.选用5周龄五龙鹅216只,随机分为6个组,每组6个重复,每个重复6只鹅(公母各占1/2).各组分别饲喂在基础饲粮中添加0(Ⅰ组,对照组)、3％(Ⅱ组)、5％(Ⅲ组)、7％(Ⅳ组)、9％(Ⅴ组)、11％(Ⅵ组)发酵大豆皮的试验饲粮.试验期8周.结果表明:1)与对照组相比,Ⅳ组、Ⅴ组显著提高了平均日增重(P＜0.05),显著降低了料重比(P＜0.05);Ⅳ组显著提高了屠宰率和胸肌率(P＜0.05);Ⅴ组显著提高了胸肌率和腿肌率(P＜0.05).2)与对照组相比,Ⅳ组、Ⅴ组均极显著提高了粗蛋白质、粗脂肪、钙、磷、粗纤维、中性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤纤维利用率(P＜0.01).各组之间能量利用率差异不显著(P＞0.05).发酵大豆皮粗蛋白质、粗纤维、中性洗涤纤维、酸性洗涤纤维和磷利用率显著或极显著高于未发酵大豆皮(P＜0.05或P＜0.01).3)与对照组相比,Ⅴ组显著提高了总氨基酸利用率(P＞0.05);Ⅳ组、Ⅴ组显著或极显著提高了大多数氨基酸的利用率(P＜0.05或P＜0.01).4)Ⅲ组和Ⅳ组小肽利用率较高,均显著高于Ⅵ组(P＜0.05).由此可见,发酵大豆皮能提高五龙鹅生长性能、屠宰性能和营养物质利用率.5～12周龄五龙鹅饲粮中发酵大豆皮适宜添加水平为7％ ～9％.     

发酵葡萄籽粕对5～12周龄五龙鹅消化生理、免疫器官指数和抗氧化指标的影响

本试验旨在研究饲粮中不同水平发酵葡萄籽粕对5~12周龄五龙鹅消化生理、免疫器官指数和血清抗氧化指标的影响,以确定发酵葡萄籽粕使用效果和适宜添加水平。选用5周龄五龙鹅288只,随机分为6个组,每个组6个重复,每个重复8只鹅(公母各占1/2)。对照组(Ⅰ组)饲喂基础饲粮,试验组在基础饲粮中分别添加2%(Ⅱ组)、4%(Ⅲ组)、6%(Ⅳ组)、8%(Ⅴ组)、10%(Ⅵ组)的发酵葡萄籽粕。试验期8周。结果表明:1)与对照组相比,Ⅴ组十二指肠和空肠中淀粉酶、胰蛋白酶、胰脂肪酶及胰腺中淀粉酶、胰蛋白酶活性极显著提高(P0.01),Ⅳ组胰腺中胰脂肪酶活性极显著提高(P0.01),Ⅴ组胃蛋白酶活性显著提高(P0.05)。2)与对照组相比,Ⅳ组肠道中大肠杆菌数量显著降低(P0.05),Ⅴ组肠道中乳酸杆菌数量显著提高(P0.05),Ⅳ、Ⅴ组之间差异不显著(P0.05)。3)与对照组相比,Ⅳ组肠绒毛高度显著提高(P0.05),Ⅳ组肌层厚度显著提高(P0.05),Ⅴ组隐窝深度极显著降低(P0.01)。4)各组免疫器官指数差异不显著(P0.05)。与对照组相比,Ⅴ组血清总抗氧化能力极显著提高(P0.01);Ⅳ组血清丙二醛含量极显著降低(P0.01),Ⅴ组血清总超氧化物歧化酶、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶活性极显著提高(P0.01)。由此可见,发酵葡萄籽粕能显著提高5~12周龄五龙鹅消化酶活性,优化肠道组织结构,提高鹅的抗氧化能力,对免疫器官指数没有影响。建议饲粮中发酵葡萄籽粕适宜添加水平为6%~8%。     

蛋氨酸锌对蛋鸡消化酶活性、蛋黄微量元素沉积、抗氧化及免疫指标的影响

本试验旨在研究饲粮中添加不同水平的蛋氨酸锌对蛋鸡消化酶活性、蛋黄微量元素沉积、抗氧化及免疫指标的影响。选取540只海兰白蛋鸡,随机分成6组,每组6个重复,每个重复15只鸡。Ⅰ组(对照组)饲喂基础饲粮,试验Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ、Ⅵ组分别在基础饲粮中添加70、140、350、700、1 400 mg/kg蛋氨酸锌。试验期8周。结果表明:与对照组相比,Ⅱ、Ⅲ组十二指肠淀粉酶(AMY)、蛋白酶(PT)和回肠PT活性显著提高(P0.05),血清和肝脏铜锌超氧化物歧化酶(CuZn-SOD)活性及总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)显著提高(P0.05),丙二醛(MDA)含量显著降低(P0.05),血清免疫球蛋白A(IgA)和免疫球蛋白G(IgG)含量显著升高(P0.05),Ⅳ、Ⅴ组与对照组差异不显著(P0.05),而Ⅳ组十二指肠淀粉酶、PT和回肠PT活性极显著降低(P0.01),血清和肝脏MDA含量极显著升高(P0.01),CuZn-SOD活性及T-AOC极显著降低(P0.01),血清IgA和IgG含量极显著降低(P0.01);与对照组相比,Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ和Ⅴ组蛋黄锌含量显著升高(P0.05),而Ⅵ组蛋黄锌含量极显著升高(P0.01),蛋黄铜、铁含量极显著降低(P0.01)。二次曲线拟合分析得出,蛋鸡获得较高的消化酶活性和较好的抗氧化、免疫性能时,蛋氨酸锌的适宜添加水平为60~100 mg/kg。     

黄秋葵对儋州鸡抗氧化及免疫器官指数的影响

为了研究不同比例黄秋葵粉对儋州鸡抗氧化及免疫器官指数的影响,试验选择健康、日龄和体重相近的90日龄儋州公鸡120只,随机分为5组,每组3个重复,每个重复8只鸡。Ⅰ组饲喂基础日粮,Ⅱ组、Ⅲ组、Ⅳ组、Ⅴ组分别在基础日粮中添加0.5%、1.0%、1.5%、2.0%的黄秋葵粉。试验期28 d。结果表明:与Ⅰ组相比,Ⅲ组、Ⅳ组、Ⅴ组血清中过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性显著提高(P0.05),Ⅳ组、Ⅴ组肝脏中CAT活性显著提高(P0.05);Ⅴ组血清中超氧化物歧化酶(T-SOD)活性极显著提高(P0.01),Ⅳ组、Ⅴ组肝脏中T-SOD活性显著提高(P0.05);各试验组血清中丙二醛(MDA)含量均较Ⅰ组显著下降(P0.05),肝脏组织中各试验组MDA含量均极显著下降(P0.01);与Ⅰ组相比,其他各组的胸腺指数、脾脏指数均有所提高,其中Ⅳ组、Ⅴ组最为明显,均差异极显著(P0.01)。说明在基础日粮中添加黄秋葵粉可增强儋州鸡的抗氧化能力及免疫器官指数,其中以2.0%的添加量最适。     

不同添加水平酵母锗培养物对断奶仔猪肠道菌群、免疫力和抗氧化性能的影响

试验旨在探究不同添加水平酵母锗培养物对断奶仔猪肠道菌群、免疫力和抗氧化性能影响。选用100头健康、体重(6.0±0.5)kg的杜×长×大三元杂交断奶仔猪,随机分成5组,每组5个重复,每个重复4头仔猪。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ组在基础日粮中分别添加酵母锗培养物15、25、35和45mg/kg,预饲期7d,正试期42d,正试期分3个阶段,每阶段14d。测定各阶段仔猪肠道乳酸杆菌及大肠杆菌数量,试验结束时测定血液免疫球蛋白含量及抗氧化性能相关指标。结果显示:与对照组相比,试验第1阶段内,试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ组仔猪大肠杆菌数量均呈极显著或显著下降(P0.01;P0.05)、乳酸杆菌数量均呈极显著或显著升高(P0.01;P0.05);试验Ⅲ、Ⅳ组血清IgG含量呈极显著升高(P0.01);对于血清丙二醛(MDA)含量,试验Ⅱ组显著降低(P0.05),试验Ⅲ、Ⅳ组均极显著降低(P0.01),对于血清谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性及总抗氧化能力(T-AOC),试验Ⅱ组均呈显著升高(P0.05),试验Ⅲ、Ⅳ组均呈极显著升高(P0.01)。以上结果表明,断奶仔猪日粮中添加酵母锗培养物可有效改善肠道菌群环境、提高仔猪免疫力和抗氧化性能,结合饲养成本,建议添加量为35mg/kg。     

Anaesthesia and analgesia of the donkey and the mule

The number of donkeys and mules throughout the world is stable, and awareness of their use and concern for welfare, pain recognition and treatment are receiving increasing veterinary interest. Therefore, accurate information about anaesthesia and analgesia in donkeys and mules is important to ever more equine practitioners. Since donkeys are physiologically and pharmacologically different from horses, knowledge on species specific aspects of anaesthesia and analgesia are very important. Mules combine elements from both donkey and horse backgrounds, leading to great diversity in size, temperament and body type. Physiologically, they seem to resemble horses more than donkeys. This review highlights the current knowledge on various anaesthetic and analgesic approaches in donkeys and mules. There is still much information that is not available about donkeys; in many circumstances, the clinician must use available equine information to treat the patient, while monitoring carefully to observe for differences in response to therapy compared to the horse.     

Ultrasonographic examination of the caecum and the proximal and spiral ansa of the colon of cattle

The large intestine of 10 cows was examined from the right abdominal wall with a 3.5 MHz linear transducer. The cows were then slaughtered, and the organs were re-examined in a water bath. The caecum was visualised from the middle region of the abdominal wall. It ran caudo-cranially, varied in diameter from 5.2 to 18.0 cm and was situated immediately adjacent to the abdominal wall. The lateral wall of the caecum appeared as a thick, echogenic, crescent-shaped line. It could be visualised as far cranially as the 12th intercostal space. Although its junction could not be identified, the proximal ansa of the colon was recognised on the basis of its anatomical position and its diameter, which was smaller than that of the caecum. The spiral ansa of the colon and the descending colon were situated dorsal to the caecum and could be identified by moving the transducer horizontally along the abdominal wall to the last rib. The spiral ansa of the colon was situated ventral to the descending colon, and its walls appeared as thick echogenic lines. In a contracted state, the spiral colon had the appearance of a garland.     

The behavior and the husbandry conditions of small laboratory animals--possibilities and limits of the evaluation of the appropriateness and fairness of the treatment of animals

Ethological studies are important means to evaluate the behaviour of small laboratory animals (mouse, rat, guinea-pig and rabbit) and their housing conditions. At any rate, the only sparse range of body expressions, the smallness and preference of night activity of these animals and the erratic occurrence of essential behaviour patterns make the investigations more difficult. On the other hand, the standardization of laboratory housing and the genetic definition of these animals turn out to be favourable. By this way, behaviour-environment-relationships are suitable for evaluation. Taking into consideration methodical and biological restrictions, the specific activities such as fight, relaxed resting behaviour and play as well as unbalanced behaviour patterns and stereotypes can be taken as means of evaluation. Particularly in mice and rabbits, upright position and space consuming activities will be possibly restricted by cage sizes.     

Effects of age and diet on the development of the pancreas and the synthesis and secretion of pancreatic enzymes in the young pig

Effects of age and diet composition on amylase, trypsin and chymotrypsin activities in the pancreas and intestinal contents, pancreas weights and body weights were determined from birth to 56 d. A total of 120 pigs, five to seven pigs/litter from 18 litters, were slaughtered at birth, 14, 27, 29, 31, 42 and 56 d. Litters were allotted to dietary treatments (corn-soy, A; corn-soy + 20% dried whey, B; corn-soy + 5% lard, C) and offered these diets as creep feed at 14 d. All pigs were weaned at 28 d, placed in elevated nursery pens and fed their respective diets. Total activities of amylase, trypsin and chymotrypsin in the pancreas and small intestine increased (P less than .05) with age. Both trypsin and amylase activities, measured per kilogram body weight or gram pancreas weight, were low at 29 d in the intestine and increased to 56 d. Pigs on diet B had the highest level of trypsin and chymotrypsin in the intestinal contents (P less than .05). Trypsin activity in the pancreas (units/kg body weight) was lowest (P less than .05) for pigs on diet B and highest (P less than .05) for those on diet C (units/g pancreas and units/kg body weight). Amylase activity (units/kg body weight) was lower (P less than .05) in the pancreas for pigs on diet B than for those on diets A and C. Pigs on diet A had lower (P less than .01) intestinal amylase activities than those on diets B and C. Enzyme activities in the intestinal contents and pancreas were low following weaning. In the pancreas, activities decreased at 31 d.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Relation between the concentration of sodium and potassium in the erythrocytes of dairy cows and the concentration of these elements in the plasma and urine and the level of blood glucose

Blood and urine samples of 180 dairy cows from 12 herds were examined. Sodium and potassium concentrations were determined in erythrocytes, whole blood, plasma, urine, and glucose concentration in blood: the interrelations were compared. Sodium and potassium concentrations in erythrocytes were 85.15 +/- 11.45 mmol/l, and 25.93 +/- 7.81 mmol/l, respectively. A statistically significant relation was found between sodium and potassium concentrations in erythrocytes (r = 0.3467+++) and the content of electrolyte in blood cells and in whole blood (Na: r = 0.5336+++; K: r = 0.3561+++). No statistically significant relation of intraerythrocyte concentration of both electrolytes was confirmed with respect to the other characteristics (sodium and potassium concentrations in plasma and urine, and glucose concentration in blood). In the conditions of routine laboratory diagnostics in clinically healthy cows, determinations of intraerythrocyte sodium and potassium do not broaden possibilities of evaluating the metabolic state of these electrolytes and cannot be used as the characteristics of energy insufficiency. The cannot replace the analyses performed in serum and urine.     

貉,蓝狐,银狐的胃及十二指肠内嗜银细胞形态分布的研究

本文应用Ｆｏｒｔａｎａ—Ｍａｓｓｏｎ嗜银颗粒染色法研究了貉、蓝狐、银狐的胃及十二指肠内嗜银细胞的形态分布。结果表明：三种动物胃幽门腺中，嗜根细胞数量最多，呈锥状，嗜银颗粒较粗，密度大、染成深黑色。在胃底及胃贲门腺区、嗜银细胞数量少。在十二指肠部嗜银细胞呈蝌蚪形，嗜银颗粒细，呈黑褐色，密度较小。嗜银细胞的分布密度在三种动物中具有一定的差别。     

Liquid flow and capacity of the caecum and colon of the horse

The rate of flow of fluid from the caecum and from the large colon was measured in four Shetland-type ponies fed a hay diet. In two ponies with cannulas in the caecum and at the origin of the right ventral colon, a continuous intracaecal infusion of a solution of chromium EDTA was used and samples were obtained from the cannula at the origin of the right ventral colon. Based on four determinations, the liquid flow from the caecum was 54.2 +/- 1.89 litres d-1. In the other two ponies with cannulas in the origin of the right ventral colon and near the end of the right dorsal colon, a continuous infusion of chromium EDTA was made into the right ventral colon and samples were obtained from the right dorsal colon. The flow rate towards the end of the dorsal colon was 49.4 +/- 1.25 litres d-1, based on four determinations. The capacities of the caecum and large colon after death were 7.0 +/- 0.8 and 17.7 +/- 3.7 litres, respectively.     

Conduction velocities and reflexes of the proximal and distal parts of the saphenous nerve of the dog

The maximal conduction velocities of compound-action potentials in the proximal and distal parts of the saphenous nerve were determined by averaging potentials evoked and recorded through needle electrodes. Antidromic, triphasic compound-action potentials unipolarly recorded from the distal part of the saphenous nerve were of the same minimal latency as potentials having 4 phases which were recorded bipolarly from the same site. However, the unipolarly recorded potentials were of greater amplitude. Monophasic compound-action potentials were recorded through bipolar chlorided silver electrodes from the surface of fascicles of the distal part of the saphenous nerve. The maximal conduction velocity of these potentials was in agreement with the conduction velocity of compound-action potentials of the distal part of the saphenous nerve which were evoked and recorded through subcutaneous needle electrodes. The specificities of the stimulating and recording sites were verified by recording before and after the saphenous nerve was cut between the stimulating and recording sites. Mean conduction velocities were 62.3 +/- 2.0 m/s for the distal part of the saphenous nerve and 66.3 +/- 2.2 m/s for the proximal part of the saphenous nerve. Reflex-evoked muscle activity was elicited in the ipsilateral tensor muscle of the fascia lata and semimembranous muscle after electrical stimulation of the saphenous nerve through subcutaneous needle electrodes. The effects of various stimulus intensities on the latency and duration of these reflex-evoked muscle potentials were determined.