棉花多抗全程逆境鉴定筛选育种体系

经 1 0多年的研究 ,建立了一个旨在提高棉花群体丰产优质多抗性的综合改良的育种方法体系。该体系将多逆抗性筛选、复合杂交、轮回选择、人工或自然病圃全程逆境鉴定选择有机地结合 ,采用多目标性状综合选择的方法进行棉花品种的综合改良。育种实践证明 ,该方法体系能有效地打破产量、品质与多抗性间的遗传负相关 ,增加有利基因重组 ,提高选择效率 ,已育成中棉所 1 7、中棉所 1 9等丰产优质多抗品种     

多抗棉花新品种川棉65

川棉６５来源于川棉２３９×川棉２４３杂交后代，由四川省农业科学院经济作物育种栽培研究所选育。该品种是抗黄萎病、抗枯萎病、抗红铃虫兼抗棉叶螨的多抗病虫型优质丰产棉花新品种。１９９８－１９９９年通过四川省棉花品种区试，２０００年通过四川棉花品种生产试验，并同时获得农业部“发展棉花生产专项资金”项目资助。２００２年６月通过四川省农作物品种审定委员会审定。其主要经济性状特性如下。抗病兼抗虫１９９８－１９９９年四川省区试鉴定，川棉６５黄萎病指１８．５，枯萎病指６．８。１９９９－２００１年经华中农业大学鉴定…     

棉花新品种川棉65的选育

为有效地控制病虫为害 ,降低植棉成本 ,获取更大的种植效益 ,选育多抗、优质和丰产棉花新品种成为棉花育种发展的方向之一。川棉 65的育成正顺应了这一育种方向。 2 0 0 2年 6月通过四川省农作物品种审定委员会审定 ,正式定名为“川棉 65”。1　选育经过1 991年配制杂交组合 ,采用抗黄萎病、抗枯萎病的川棉 2 3 9作母本 ,川棉 2 43作父本。杂种后代连续在人工接种棉黄萎病菌、棉枯萎病菌的病圃中对抗病性进行定向筛选 ,在苗床中淘汰感病株 ,选择抗病株移栽 ,在大田进行丰产性、农艺性状等筛选。通过连续鉴定筛选 ,不断淘汰感病株 ,选择抗病…     

西瓜种质创新途径及创新种质的抗病性鉴定

选用综合性状优良的栽培西瓜品种与高抗西瓜枯萎病的野生西瓜杂交,后代在病圃中经连续多代抗性筛选和自交纯化,选育出４份抗性材料。采用生物技术将对西瓜枯萎病免疫的瓠瓜ＤＮＡ导入西瓜,选育出４份性状稳定的抗性材料。苗期接种鉴定和疫土自然接种鉴定的结果均表明,选育出的这８份材料中有２份高抗枯萎病,６份中抗枯萎病。     

优质抗病西瓜新品种京抗2号的选育

京抗２号是在广泛搜集抗源材料及品质优良的种质材料的基础上，用具有目标性状的材料，通过杂交、复合杂交、回交等手段进行抗病基因转育，达到基因重组。从各杂交、回交后代分离群体中，通过多代抗病鉴定筛选及经济性状选择，选育出既抗病又优质的亲本材料。通过配合力选择，品种比较试验和生产鉴定，最终获得优质、抗病的西瓜一代杂种。该品种抗病性强，兼抗枯萎病及炭疽病，果实美观，品质优良，果皮坚韧，耐运输，且具丰产性。     

丰产优质棉花新品种陕棉2177

陕棉2177是西北农林科技大学1997年以综合性状好、纤维品质优良的陕棉2234为母本,兼抗枯黄萎病的抗源材料陕2059为父本杂交,后代在人工枯萎病、黄萎病混生病圃经过多年连续选择鉴定培育而成。2007年经陕西省农作物品种审定委员会审定。     

棉花黄萎病抗源新品种川棉243

四川省农科院棉花研究所用抗源川７３７作母本、岱１５作父本杂交,经多代病圃选择,培育出抗黄萎病、抗枯萎病、抗棉铃虫兼中抗红蜘蛛的多抗丰产优质新品种川棉２４３,１９９６年４月通过四川省农作物品种审定委员会审定。川棉２４３既可作为适宜棉区生产上直接应用的优...     

利用国际水稻品种资源改良粳稻恢复系研究初探

以优良粳稻恢复系K1863为主体亲本，以国际水稻分子育种品种资源为供体亲本通过杂交并回交，获得了100多个K1863回交改造后代群体。对其中部分K1863回交改造后代进行了表型性状鉴定，初步表明被鉴定的多数K1863回交后代获得了主体亲本K1863对粳稻不育系的恢复能力，在回交后代中产生了稻瘟病抗性、耐盐性优于主体亲本K1863的材料，而且部分K1863回交改造后代的综合经济性状也优于主体亲本K1863。从而说明，利用国际水稻分子育种品种资源，通过大量回交，不仅可以在保留主体亲本的重要性状、保持与主体亲本性状相似性的同时，获得一些主体亲本本身不具有的有利性状，并选育出综合经济性状优于主体亲本的回交后代，因此通过本方法获得的回交后代材料具有重要的育种利用价值。本文还探讨了对这些K1863回交改造后代进行进一步利用改造的途径。     

利用RIL群体创造抗黄曲霉兼抗青枯病的高油花生新种质

协同提高抗青枯病花生品种的黄曲霉抗性及含油量是我国花生育种的重要目标之一。利用远杂9102×中花5号杂交后代衍生的重组近交系群体(RIL),通过黄曲霉抗性、青枯病抗性鉴定及含油量测试,表明黄曲霉抗性受2对连锁并具累加作用主基因+加性多基因控制,含油量受2对具抑制作用主基因+加性多基因控制,RIL群体的黄曲霉抗性和含油量变异远远超过双亲的差异,表明它们均具有通过互补产生超亲性状的潜力。获得了抗黄曲霉或抗青枯病的高油后代家系18份,其中抗黄曲霉兼抗青枯病高油新种质1份(J091)。农艺性状和SSR分析结果表明,18份后代材料具丰富的遗传多样性,农艺性状优良,具有重要育种价值。     

豌豆品种的耐瘠性研究

豌豆的耐瘠特性受到诸多性状的影响，特别是那些对豌豆耐瘠性有标识作用和对经济产量有重大影响的性状，应力求找出其主次，以便对品种的耐瘠特性做出准确的评价。豌豆耐瘠性是个综合概念，也具有灰色性。本试验旨在运用灰色关联度理论对豌豆多性状进行综合评价，以期准确地鉴定其耐瘠性，为育种和高产栽培提供指导。１材料与方法１．１材料试验于２０００年１０月至２００１年４月在四川省射洪县农场进行。供试材料为从美国、日本、香港、台湾、江苏等地引进的１２个食荚甜脆豌豆品种。１．２方法田间设两区：耐瘠鉴定区，人工设置瘠薄地，…     

杂交棉中棉所70后代分离群体产量品质的表型变异分析

中熟转基因抗虫杂交棉中棉所70具有高产优质特点,由高产且综合性状优良的抗虫棉SGK 156与品质优异的渐渗系材料901-001为亲本配制。本文对该杂交种F1及其自交后代F2、F2:3、F2:4和F2:5共4个分离世代材料的皮棉产量和品质性状进行了详细调查和相关性分析。结果表明,杂种F1纤维品质表现突出,上半部平均长度平均为33.00 mm,断裂比强度为33.3 c N·tex-1。在分离群体中,各性状均存在大量的超亲变异,衣分与纤维长度及强度为极显著负相关,与马克隆值为极显著正相关,说明棉花产量与品质间的同步改良仍存在困难。此外,从F2:5株系中挑选出11个优异品系,其中4个材料的皮棉产量超对照,上半部平均长度均高于31.80 mm,断裂比强度在31.0 c N·tex-1以上,铃重均大于6.26 g,衣分最高为38.64%,这表明通过高代自交是可以筛选出具有优异产量及品质性状的品系。本研究为棉花数量性状遗传、基因功能分析、基因聚合育种改良等研究储备了大量的基础材料。     

棉花抗黄萎病种质资源的选育与鉴定

棉花黄萎病是目前棉花高产、稳产的主要障碍,近年来我国棉花黄萎病不断蔓延,危害逐年加重,其主要原因之一就是生产上缺乏抗黄萎病品种。河北省农科院棉花研究所在枯黄萎病混生病圃连续多年的定向选择,培育出的冀616和冀171等,是棉花抗黄萎病育种的优良种质材料。     

陆地棉抗病虫性和一些重要经济性状之间的相互影响

1996～1998年,分别在自然病圃、人工病圃、网室和温室对19份陆地棉品系的抗病虫性和经济性状进行了全面鉴定。结果表明,这些陆地棉品系对不同病虫害的抗性相互之间存在高度正相关。其抗性、产量和品质主要指标之间也存在密切的正向或负向相关关系。在育种中如能协调好这些重要性状的相互关系,就能培育出高产、优质和兼抗病虫的棉花新品种。     

棉花抗逆遗传改良技术与应用

病害、干旱、盐碱等逆境胁迫是棉花生产实现高产稳产的主要影响因素,利用传统育种和现代生物技术对现有棉花育种资源的抗逆性状进行遗传改良是实现高产、优质、多抗育种目标,培育突破性棉花新品种的有效途径。综述了中国农业科学院棉花研究所棉花抗逆遗传改良团队近年来在棉花抗逆育种新材料创制、抗逆育种关键技术研发与新品种培育方面的最新进展,并且提出了未来我国棉花抗逆遗传改良的研究方向。     

我国短季棉50年产量育种成效研究与评价

对198份短季棉材料的系谱分析和短季棉品种的基因型值分析表明:①20世纪90年代品种皮棉单产比50年代增产50.29%,比60年代增产51.44%,比70年代增产26.6%、比80年代增产20.8%。②在产量构成因素中以衣分和铃重提高为主要增产模式,提高枯黄萎病抗性也是重要增产因素。③育种技术从50年代系统选育到杂交、复交、多父本混交、辐射育种、空间技术育种、生物技术育种对品种提高取得了非常重要的作用,特别是采用生化遗传育种解决短季棉早熟早衰,选育早熟不早衰、青枝绿叶吐白絮的早熟、优质、多抗短季棉品种行之有效。④中棉所系列品种和辽棉系列品种育种技术路线不同,辽棉以缩短棉花前期营养生长,提高早熟性,以延长铃期,增加铃重,提高产量和纤维品质。中棉所系列至90年代发展较成熟的生化遗传育种技术,在缩短生育期的前提下,适当延长前期营养生长期,增加光合产物积累,延缓棉株早衰,增加后期光合作用;通过大幅度提高衣分,增加皮棉产量;靠缩短生殖生长期、吐絮畅而集中等提高早熟性;通过提高SOD酶等抗氧化酶系统,提高抗性和延缓衰老,达到各性状综合协调提高。     

Breeding high-yield upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) lines with high-quality fibre by mutation

The yield and fibre quality of upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) cultivars are very difficult to improve simultaneously. Attempts to breed upland cotton cultivars with high-quality fibre that can spin more than 40 yarn count (Ne) and present yields equal to those of commercial cultivars have not been successful. The seeds of the high-yield upland cotton line Tai 8033 were mutagenized in a Chinese Practice No. 8 recoverable satellite, and the mutated line was selected to produce high-quality and high-yield lines by pedigree selection. The eight mutated lines fit the Chinese standard of high-quality cotton class I, were suitable for spinning more than 40 Ne and had yields that were 12.7%, 7.1% and 3.5% higher than the current control cultivar yield in the cotton cultivation area tested in Jiangsu Province. The fibre of one line successfully spun 80 Ne that fit the high-quality yarn standards. After seeds were mutagenized by exposure to a space environment in a satellite, the fibre quality of upland cotton cultivars was improved through pedigree selection.     

Creation of a New Resistant Germplasm to Verticillium Wilt by Distant Hybridization in Upland Cotton

To create new germplasm lines resistant to Verticillium wilt in upland cotton, 65 distant hybridization germplasm lines (DHGLs) in upland cotton genetic background were cultivated by interspecific hybridization between Gossypium hirsutum and wild species including G. anomalum, G. armourianum, G. aridum, G. raimondii, G. mustelinum, interspecific F₁ backcrossing with G. hirsutum for four generations, and selfing for four generations, followed by a conventional breeding program. The results of agronomic trait identification during 2011-2012 indicated that average plant heights of DHGLs were closely similar to commercial cultivars of upland cotton, while average fruit branches, fruit nodes, bolls of DHGLs individual plant were lower than those in commercial cultivars of upland cotton. Average single boll weight and lint percentage of DHGLs were lower than commercial cultivars of upland cotton. Fiber length, strength, fineness and maturity of DHGLs were reasonably collocated. Fiber of most lines was suitable for spinning extra high count yarn, but the main fiber quality indices of commercial cultivars of upland cotton were not well coordinated. Identification of resistance to Verticillium wilt in defoliation disease nursery during 2012-2013 indicated that five DHGLs resistant to Verticillium wilt . Suyuan 040, Suyuan 045 and Suyuan 061 were highly resistant to Verticillium wilt with a disease index of 8.33, 4.35 and 7.79, respectively. Suyuan 030 and Suyuan 034 were resistant to Verticillium wilt with a disease index of 12.35 and 13.70, respectively. The genetic relationship of new germplasm lines resistant to Verticillium wilt were traced and showed that Suyuan 040 and Suyuan 045 were DHGLs of G. raimondii, Suyuan 061 was DHGL of G.mustelinum, Suyuan 030 and Suyuan 034 were DHGLs of G. aridum.     

衣分不同陆地棉品种的产量及产量构成因素的遗传分析

选用衣分不同的陆地棉品种配置组合,率先将主基因-多基因联合世代分析与双列杂交试验分析相结合,分别从单个和整体基因水平上对棉花产量及产量构成因素进行了遗传研究。对2个高×低衣分组合的主基因-多基因6世代联合分析结果表明,各产量性状至少在1个组合中检测到主基因的存在,说明产量性状主基因存在的普遍性。由2个组合各产量性状的主基因、多基因遗传率比较得出,产量性状的主基因遗传率比多基因遗传率在不同组合间趋势变化相对较稳定;各性状在2个组合中的主基因、多基因遗传率分量不完全相同。衣分、铃重和籽指在2个组合中分别以主基因遗传为主和以多基因遗传为主;子棉产量和皮棉产量在2个组合中均以主基因遗传为主;衣指在组合I中以多基因遗传为主,在组合II中属于典型的多基因遗传;单株铃数在组合I中属于典型的主基因遗传,在组合II中以多基因遗传为主。双列杂交结果表明,陆地棉产量及产量构成因素都有较高的遗传主效应方差,产量性状受加性效应和显性效应共同控制,其中,衣分、衣指以加性效应为主;子棉产量、铃重和籽指以显性效应为主;皮棉产量和单株铃数以加性和显性效应为主。衣分和衣指的普通广义遗传率和普通狭义遗传率均最高,与联合世代分析两性状的总遗传率平均值结果趋势一致。相关和通径分析一致表明,产量构成因素中单株铃数对皮棉产量的贡献最大,衣分次之,铃重最小。     

Estimation of Heat Tolerance Improvement in Recent American Pima Cotton Cultivars

Improving cotton ( Gossypium spp.) heat tolerance (ability to set bolls in high temperature environments) has been an important aspect of the American Pima (Pima) cotton ( G. barbadense L.) breeding program for over 25 years. However, heat tolerance is difficult to quantify. This report estimates change in heat tolerance of Pima cotton through yield response over 30 years in six Arizona counties that differ in elevation and mean summer temperatures. Pima cotton/upland cotton ( G. hirsutum L.) lint yield percentages were compared for each county by regression with year of production. County mean yield percentages were also compared with elevations. Pima cotton yields as percentages of upland cotton yields increased in five of the six counties over the 30-year period. Pima lint yield increased from 57 % of upland yield in 1956 to 75 % in 1985 when averaged over the six counties. This increase represents an estimated 206 kg lint ha-1 in addition to any upland yield increase. Comparison of regression coefficients suggest that nearly 50 % of the 30-year lint yield increase of Pima cotton at lower elevations was the result of increased tolerance to high temperature in improved cultivars. County 30-year mean Pima cotton lint yields as percentage of upland cotton yield increased significantly (P < 0.001) from 52.2% to 82.1 % as county elevations increased from 37 m to 1273 m (cooler summer temperatures). These results support reports of greater heat tolerance for upland cotton than Pima cotton, but also show that the difference between species has been reduced substantially by breeding in the last 30 years.