鸭疫里默氏杆菌病发病机理的研究Ⅱ.人工感染雏鸭病理形态学变化

以实验病理学方法对人工感染Ⅰ型鸭疫里默氏杆菌(含菌量3×109CFU/mL)的20日龄天府肉鸭进行了系统病理组织学研究.眼观特征为全身浆膜及各组织器官的被膜纤维素渗出物;心脏、肝脏、脾脏肿大,胸腺、法氏囊缩小,脑水肿.病理组织学变化表现为纤维素性心包炎,肝周炎、气囊炎、脾炎和脑膜炎,腺胃和小肠出血性或坏死性炎,胰腺细胞、肌胃黏膜上皮及砂囊腺上皮细胞变性与坏死,肾小管变性与局灶性坏死,胸腺和法氏囊淋巴细胞减少.结果表明鸭疫里默氏杆菌病侵害多种组织器官,引起功能障碍致雏鸭发病死亡.     

鸭疫里默氏杆菌人工感染雏鸭病理模型的建立及动态病理学观察

为了深入研究鸭疫里默氏杆菌的致病机理,以14日龄试验鸭人工感染Ⅰ型鸭疫里默氏杆菌,建立鸭疫里默氏杆菌病病理模型,并在感染后6、12、24、36、48、60、72、84h,7d扑杀试验鸭,采集心、肝、脾、肺、肾、脑、胸腺、法氏囊、胰腺,常规病理学方法研究其在感染雏鸭体内的动态病理变化规律。结果表明,雏鸭经嗉囊和气管注射2种途径感染血清Ⅰ型RA,均成功建立了人工感染动物模型。消化道感染的潜伏期为6h,感染后24h开始死亡,死亡高峰集中于36～72h,死亡率85％,72h后停止死亡。呼吸道感染潜伏期为12h,感染后24h开始死亡,死亡高峰集中于60～84·h,死亡率65％,84h后停止死亡。与消化道感染途径相比,呼吸道感染途径的潜伏期多6h,死亡高峰时间延后24h,死亡率低20％。心、肝发生病理变化最早,肺、肾、脑、胰较晚,免疫器官胸腺、法氏囊、脾脏最晚。组织学病理变化比解剖病理变化提前6～12h。纤维素性心包炎比纤维素性肝周炎早24h出现,时间依次为感染后24、48h。各器官首先表现充血,轻度肿大,呈浆液性、纤维素性及生理性炎症反应。组织细胞先是肿大,继而颗粒变性、水泡变性、脂肪变性,坏死,最终导致细胞核浓缩、核裂解。呼吸道感染途径的各种动态病理变化,比消化道感染途径晚6～24h。感染后84h,病鸭开始产生一定免疫力,至7d产生较强免疫力而耐过。     

鸭疫里默氏杆菌病的临床症状、诊断与防治

鸭疫里默氏杆菌病是由鸭疫里默氏杆菌感染引起的鸭、鹅等家禽的一种接触性传染性,临床症状以纤维素性心包炎、肝周炎为主,可导致患病家禽体重降低、产蛋量下降,甚至死亡,从而造成严重的经济损失.本文对鸭疫里默氏杆菌病的流行病学、临床症状、诊治方法和预防措施等方面进行综述,旨在为日常生产中鸭疫里默氏杆菌病的防治工作提供参考.     

雏鹅感染鸭疫里默氏杆菌病的诊治与体会

鸭疫里默氏杆菌病,亦称鸭传染性浆膜炎病,是由鸭疫里默氏杆菌引起的主要危害雏鸭的一种接触性传染病。病鸭往往表现为精神萎靡不振,食欲减退或废食,拉黄白色或白绿色稀粪,共济失调等临床症状及纤维素性心包炎、肝周炎、气囊炎等病理变化。该病主要侵害雏鸭,是当前危害养鸭业的重要传染病之一。雏鸭感染鸭疫里默氏杆菌病在实际生产中较多见,有关诊治报道不时见于报端,但雏鹅感染该病报道则相对较少。     

我国鸭疫里默氏杆菌病研究进展

鸭疫里默氏杆菌病是由鸭里默氏杆菌（Riemerella anatipestifer,RA)感染引进的一种急性或慢性败血性传染病，RA感染也称为鸭疫巴氏杆菌感染和鸭传染性浆膜炎，1－8周龄鸭易感，以纤维素性心包炎，肝周炎，脑膜炎等病变为特征，是造成养鸭业经济损失严重的传染病之一，本文综述鸭疫里墨氏杆菌病在我国的研究进展。     

传染性浆膜炎对鸭免疫功能的影响

本报道鸭人工感染鸭疫里默氏杆菌后主要免疫器官的病理组织学研究结果，发现法氏囊、脾脏病理变化严重，胸腺的病变较轻微，血清中γ—球蛋白含量显下降。结果表明：鸭传染性浆膜炎对体液免疫功能有较大的影响。     

中西药结合治疗鸭疫里默氏杆菌病

鸭疫里默氏杆菌病又称鸭传染性浆膜炎,是由鸭疫里默氏杆菌侵害雏鸭所引起的一种细菌性传染病.感染鸭以纤维素性心包炎、肝周炎、气囊炎、干酪样输卵管炎和脑膜炎为特征.由于该病的高死亡率,高淘汰率,已成为养鸭业经济损失的重要疫病之一.     

一例鸭疫里默氏杆菌病的诊断报告

鸭疫里默氏杆菌病又名鸭传染性浆膜炎,是由鸭疫里默氏杆菌引起的侵害雏鸭的一种慢性或急性败血性传染病,其特征是引起雏鸭纤维素性心包炎、肝周炎、气囊炎和关节炎。2019年3月,隆安县丁当镇某鸭场发生咳嗽、拉稀和剖检呈现典型“三炎”病变的病例,经发病情况调查、临床检查和实验室诊断,确诊为鸭疫里默氏杆菌病。现将情况报告如下。     

引起鸭脑炎的几种疾病及其防治

1鸭疫里默氏杆菌病由鸭里默氏杆菌引起的接触性传染病,主要侵害10天左右至7周龄的雏鸭和仔鸭,呈急性败血症或慢性病程。发病率高达90%以上,死亡率高低不等,高者可达80%。患鸭呈现共济失调、头颈震颤等特征性症状。以纤维素性心包炎、肝周炎、气囊炎和     

鸭传染性浆膜炎动态病理变化观察

用鸭疫里默杆菌人工感染17日龄雏鸭,观察其动态病理变化。结果表明鸭在感染2～3d后就开始出现浆液纤维素性心包炎、肝周炎、气囊炎,并持续整个病理过程。组织学病变主要为肝脏、心脏、脾脏、气囊、大脑等浆膜面有大量浆液纤维素渗出和炎症细胞浸润,后期出现机化。实质细胞出现不向程度的变性和坏死,间质增生。表明鸭疫里默杆菌主要侵害浆膜,引起多发性浆膜炎和实质器官的功能降低。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein