超声波妊娠诊断效果好

内蒙赤峰市家畜改良站,于1989年11月8日至10日开了一个家畜早期妊娠诊断讲习会。在讲习会上,对奶牛早期妊娠诊断进行了十一项技术交流。其中,元宝山区家畜改良站介绍的超声波诊断,技术新颖,效果     

家畜早期妊娠诊断的研究进展

家畜早期妊娠诊断对于缩短家畜产仔间隔 ,提高家畜的繁殖效率和家畜集约化管理具有重要意义。理想的早期妊娠诊断技术应该 :1 )在配种后一个发情周期之内显示出诊断结果 ;2 )对于妊娠和未妊娠家畜的诊断准确率在 85%以上 ;3)对母体和胎儿无害 ;4 )方法简便、准确实用。近 2 0年来早期妊娠诊断方法的研究发展很快 ,新的诊断方法不断问世 ,但总的趋势是向着快速、简便、经济的方向发展。1　阴道检查法传统的阴道检查法主要是用手触摸或使用内窥镜观察阴道粘膜、粘液和子宫颈的变化。该法最早可在妊娠 50天后进行。由于诊断时间较晚 ,其应用受…     

家畜早期妊娠诊断技术研究进展

近20年来,家畜早期妊娠诊断技术向着诊断时间早、速度快、方法简单、经济的方向发展;对妊娠或未孕母畜的饲养管理、临床检查具有重大意义;能有效地提高母畜的繁殖效率和减少经济损失。本文对近年来应用于家畜早期妊娠诊断的临床诊断法、实验室诊断法及新的诊断方法作一简单介绍。     

现代家畜早期妊娠诊断技术应用概述

早期妊娠诊断是家畜繁殖工作中的一项重要技术措施,无论是给母畜配种或胚胎移植后都应该尽早作出诊断。这对于保胎、减少空怀、及时分群、合理饲养管理、提高移植妊娠成功率、缩短产仔间隔、实现多胎高产、提高繁殖率及经济效益,在家畜品种改良和胚胎移植技术应用中都具有极其重要的意义。     

家畜早期妊娠诊断的研究进展

本文从原理、方法、诊断时间和准确率等方面对家畜妊娠临床诊断法、实验室诊断法以及胎儿游离DNA检测法进行综述，总结了不同妊娠诊断方法的优缺点、发展趋势以及实际应用效果，为探索不同应用场景下适宜的家畜妊娠诊断方法提供参考。传统的临床诊断法具有快捷经济的优点，但准确率受人为操作影响较大；实验室诊断法提高了准确率，提早了检测时间，但存在成本高和检测标准不统一的局限性；胎儿游离DNA检测法可用于家畜胎儿性别鉴定，而非性别依赖性胎儿DNA特异性标志物仍需进一步探索。     

奶牛早期妊娠诊断研究进展

奶牛早期妊娠诊断一直以来是奶牛养殖亟待解决的问题,特别是近年来奶牛养殖业飞速发展,奶牛早期妊娠诊断更加影响着奶牛的发展。家畜早期妊娠诊断方法研究历史悠久,从早期观察配种后母畜周期发情停止和使用最为直接的直肠检查法,到20世纪50年代开始至今相继发展起来的妊娠诊断方法很多。本文仅将在生产中具有实际应用和发展前景的早期妊娠诊断技术应用现状综述如下。     

免疫技术在家畜繁殖上的应用

免疫技术在家畜繁殖上的应用越来越受到人们的重视,利用生殖激素免疫中和技术,进行公畜去势和生产多胎素、生殖激素的免疫学测定进行发情或妊娠鉴定.用H-Y抗体或抗体示记结合FCM进行家畜的性别控制与鉴定.免疫手段控制影响家畜繁殖力的疫病和利用免疫技术作为研究手段,研究家畜繁殖现象.免疫技术已经成为提高家畜繁殖力和进行繁殖现象研究的重要技术手段.     

不同处理方法对山羊同期发情繁殖效果对比观察

同期发情技术是家畜胚胎移植技术中的一个重要环节,也是人工授精技术广泛开展的前提条件.利用同期发情技术,可以把发情鉴定和人工授精工作集中在几天内完成,也可使家畜的妊娠同期化、分娩同期化、出栏同期化,节省了大量的人力物力,大大降低饲养管理成本.     

绵、山羊早期妊娠诊断研究进展

母羊的繁殖力是决定养羊生产效益的“重中之重”，应用生物技术对羊实行早期妊娠诊断．不仅能减少受体羊空怀所造成的经济损失，而且能对妊娠母羊实施合理的饲养和管理；同时也是提高家畜繁殖效率，促进家畜集约化管理．进而提高畜牧业效益的重要技术措施之一。据报道，因为不良或过度饲养可使8％-10％的妊娠母羊受精卵损失。及时准确地     

快速乳凝法在家畜妊娠诊断上的应用

妊娠诊断是家畜繁殖工作中的两大鉴定之一。正确地做出早期妊娠诊断,对已孕母畜的保胎和未孕母畜的及时补配都有重要意义。我们根据人用免疫法凝集抑制试验做妊娠诊断的原理,在大家畜妊娠诊断上进行了试验,效果良好。现将试验情况简介如下:     

Sonographic diagnosis of early pregnancy in horses, cattle, sheep, goats, swine, dogs and cats. Standard values and limitations

Ultrasonography allows early and reliable pregnancy detection in several domestic animals. Transrectal sonography can be recommended in horses and cattle, transrectal or transcutaneous procedures in sheep, goats and pigs while transcutaneous ultrasound scanning is appropriate in dogs and cats. Three periods of time can be distinguished in the diagnosis of early pregnancy by ultrasound: the earliest phase, where signs of pregnancy can be found in some cases, but accuracy of diagnosis is very low; the succeeding period, where reliable diagnosis is possible, but results are often difficult to achieve and examination can be time consuming; the third phase in which ultrasound diagnosis is very accurate even under practice conditions and can be efficiently carried out on a large scale basis in breeding management. To achieve high accuracy in determining pregnancies a suitable ultrasound scanner with a good image quality and considerable expertise are required. Under field conditions ultrasonic pregnancy diagnosis should be possible: from Day 14 in the horse, from Day 25-28 in cattle, from Day 25 (transrectal), resp. 35 (transcutaneous) in sheep, goats and swine and from Day 24-25 (transcutaneous) in the dog and cat. Before this period of time reliable diagnosis is sometimes possible: between Day 11 and 13 in the horse, between Day 20 and 25 in cattle, between Day 20 and 25 (transrectal), resp. between Day 30 and 35 (transcutaneous) in sheep and goats, between Day 20 and 25 (transrectal) and Day 22 and 35 (transcutaneous) in swine and between Day 19-20 and 24-25 in the dog and cat. Earlier sonographic indications of pregnancy are not sufficiently reliable for large scale accurate pregnancy diagnosis.     

野生动物资源保护相关的若干人工辅助生殖技术

利用低温生物学与人工辅助生殖技术（ART）保护生物资源,被证明是保护野生动物遗传资源的有效手段之一。野生动物的种质（卵母细胞、精子）或胚胎,相关的组织（卵巢、睾丸或附睾等）和体细胞均可以在-196℃超低温的环境下长期保持。人工辅助生殖技术除低温生物学技术外,还包括：人工授精技术;卵母细胞的体外成熟技术;体外受精技术以及胚胎移植;产前诊断等众多复杂的技术。但是,应用于野生动物的低温生物学和ART与应用与经济动物和实验动物时有很大差异,特别是某些需保种的珍稀或濒危野生动物数量有限,野生动物冷冻保种时有许多技术困难急待克服。例如：野生动物种质冷冻样品的采集问题;各种野生动物冷冻胚胎和冷冻精子时可能采取的最佳冷冻保护程序及不同的冷冻保护剂。特别是如何选取适当的野生动物受体成为制约其发展的一个瓶颈。     

Toxoplasma gondii seroprevalence in domestic animals and humans in Mymensingh District, Bangladesh

The seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii was examined in adult women and domestic animals used for meat products from the Mymensingh District, Bangladesh. Cattle, goats and sheep showed a high seroprevalence (12, 32 and 40%, respectively), while the sera from all fifteen women examined in the same area were seronegative. Considering that primary infection in women during pregnancy can cause abortion and congenital defects, accidental ingestion of T. gondii infected meat products from domestic animals represents a risk factor for adult women living in the same area.     

Reliability of pregnancy diagnosis in sows using direct radioimmunoassay of estrone-sulfate

The pregnancy diagnosis in sows using direct radioimmunoassay of estrone-sulphate in the blood serum without sample extraction is described. It was found that for the pregnancy diagnosis the period between days 22 and 30 of pregnancy can be used since in this period the estrone-sulphate concentrations in all pregnant sows markedly exceeded those of 64 non-pregnant animals. The estrone-sulphate estimation cannot be used for the pregnancy diagnosis before day 22 and between day 30 and 40 because the estrone-sulphate concentrations in most samples collected in these periods were lower than 4 nmol.l-1.     

Use of an ELISA for plasma progesterone to facilitate rabbit husbandry

There is a need for a simple and accurate method for detecting pregnancy in rabbits; the available methods are not ideal and may not provide the diagnosis at an appropriate time for the early remating of non-pregnant animals. This paper describes the use of an ELISA kit to measure progesterone concentrations in rabbit plasma; a qualitative assessment of the results appears to be sufficiently accurate for pregnancy diagnosis, as does the use of serum instead of plasma. The technique can be used to predict ovulation and to distinguish between pregnant and pseudopregnant animals.     

Noninvasive reproductive monitoring in the okapi (Okapia johnstoni).

Fecal progestagen analysis in okapis (Okapia johnstoni) was used for diagnosis of pregnancy and reproductive disorders, including a comparison of urinary and fecal progestagen analysis and endocrine data on the postpartum period. Data were generated on reliability of fecal progestagen analysis in early pregnancy diagnosis, and case reports were compiled involving single animals with missing luteal activity, abortion after twin pregnancy, and abortions due to deficient placental progestagen production. There was approximately 100-200-fold higher progestagen concentration in feces than in urine, thus explaining the high reliability of fecal progestagen evaluations in diagnosing luteal function and pregnancy. The postpartum period was characterized by lactational anestrus of several months duration, and a postpartum estrous cycle about 2-3 wk after parturition was observed in two of eight animals. An animal with five abortions due to deficient placental progestagen production was treated with altrenogest in a subsequent pregnancy and carried the fetus to term.     

Refinement of a commercial bench-top relaxin assay for pregnancy diagnosis using urine from domestic and nondomestic felids

Relaxin, a 6-kDa polypeptide hormone, is excreted in the urine during pregnancy in several mammalian species. A recent study showed that detection of urinary relaxin using a bench-top serum assay (Witness relaxin kit, Synbiotics Corp., San Diego, California 92127, USA) can be diagnostic for pregnancy in domestic cats (Felis silvestris catus), but it is unknown whether the bench-top kit is applicable with urine across felid species. Our objectives were to 1) examine modifications in urine processing to improve kit reliability in pregnant cats, 2) evaluate the impact of concentrating urine via filtration on relaxin detection, 3) assess the effect of sample freezing on relaxin concentrations, and 4) begin quantifying urinary relaxin levels in nondomestic felids. Urine and serum were collected from domestic cats and nondomestic cat species (Pallas' cat, Otocolobus manul; sand cat, Felis margarita; cheetah, Acinonyx jubatus; and lion, Panthera leo) at several times after breeding. Urine samples, subjected to various processing methods, were tested using the bench-top kit, and relaxin levels were later quantified via radioimmunoassay. For domestic cat urine samples, filtration and addition of protein/phosphate buffer improved the consistency of the relaxin kit for early pregnancy diagnosis. Urine freezing caused a slight (approximately 13%) but significant decrease in relaxin concentrations, but frozen-thawed samples still tested positive with the bench-top kit. In nondomestic felids, urinary relaxin immunoreactivity during pregnancy was similar to or higher than that of pregnant domestic cats, suggesting that relaxin is a reliable cross-species marker of pregnancy. Urinary relaxin was detectable using the bench-top kit in pregnant Pallas' cats, but urine samples from other species tested negative, regardless of processing methods. Findings suggest that measurement of urinary relaxin is a promising approach for noninvasive pregnancy diagnosis in exotic felids, but further assessment of urinary relaxin profiles among cat species and modification of the bench-top relaxin kit are warranted to improve cross-species utility.     

Ruminant coccidiosis.

Coccidiosis is a protozoan disease of wild and domestic ruminant animals in every country of the world. This article provides basic information regarding the terminology, biology, epidemiology, pathology, diagnosis and control methods applicable to the causative agents and their interaction with host animals.     

虎红平板实验防控布病存在的问题及对策

布鲁氏菌病是一种人兽共患传染性病,过去主要在北方流行,进入2000年后随养殖业的发展,传播范围逐步扩大,现在已经波及全国。该病是由布鲁氏菌感染引起的,一般由患病的牛、羊、猪等家畜传染给人。家畜患布鲁氏菌病常常出现流产、不孕、空怀、繁殖成活率降低、使牲畜头数明显减少、产肉、产奶量下降。直接影响着畜牧业的发展各农民致富。布病的诊断以血清学诊断为主,基层常见的布病诊断方法为虎红平凝集试验,这种检测方法有价格便宜,方便等优点,但是也存在一些不足,我就不足之处说几点自己的看法,并提出改进的办法。