花生未成熟子叶丛生芽培养

用果针入土后４５天左右的花生未成熟子叶为外植体，在含高浓度６－苄基腺嘌呤（ＢＡ）的培养基中，置于约１８００ｌｕｘ光照和２６±１℃条件下，培养２１～２８天，能有效地诱导产生幼芽。其中５号培养基（ＭＳ基本培养基＋ＢＡ２０ｍｇ／１＋ＡＤ１００ｍｇ／ｌ＋蔗糖３％＋琼脂０．８５％），芽诱导率达９２．５％。截取诱导苗带叶腋茎段转接在８号（ＭＳ＋ＢＡ４０ｍｇ／ｌ＋ＹＥ０．０１％）、９号（ＭＳ＋ＢＡ３０ｍｇ／ｌ＋ＹＥ０．０１％＋ＡＤ５０ｍｇ／ｌ）两种培养基中，置于约１８００ｌｕｘ光照和２３～２８℃条件下，培养２１天开始出现丛生芽，４２天后（８）号和（９）号两种培养基均有９５％以上的外植体分化出丛生芽，继而长成无根小苗。平均每个外植体分化出１５个以上小芽，多的达５０个以上。     

海甘蓝茎尖培养再生植株的研究

海甘蓝种子在附加有０～１０ｍｇ／Ｌ６—ＢＡ＋０．１ｍｇ／ＬＮＡＡ的ＭＳ培养基中，当６—ＢＡ为２～５ｍｇ／Ｌ时，幼苗生长健壮．采用ＭＳ＋２～４ｍｇ／Ｌ６—ＢＡ＋０．１ｍｇ／ＬＮＡＡ培养基可从无菌苗茎尖诱导大量丛生芽，２～３周后，平均每个茎尖可诱导５．１～５．５个丛生芽，６—ＢＡ大于４ｍｇ／Ｌ，会导致丛芽黄化．继代培养时，４ｍｇ／Ｌ６ＢＡ＋０．１ｍｇ／ＬＮＡＡ配合使用效果较佳，繁殖系数高达１０．４．１／２ＭＳ＋０．５ｍｇ／ＬＩＢＡ丛芽的生根效果较好，保湿组培苗的成活率可达９５％，再生植株在自然条件下能正常开花结实．     

花生胚轴丛生芽的诱导和植株再生

以花生胚轴为外植体,接种于ＭＳ２（ＭＳ＋ ６－ ＢＡ１０ｍ ｇ／Ｌ＋ ＮＡＡ０８ｍ ｇ／Ｌ＋ 蔗糖３％ ＋ 琼脂０７％ ）培养基上,２５℃±１℃和３５００Ｌｕｘ 光照条件下培养,约２０ 天,８３％ 的外植体分化出丛生芽。平均每个外植体产生６４ 个丛生芽,最多可达３０ 个,由此得到的再生苗生长正常、健壮,生根后植株移栽易成活。本文就外植体日龄、激素配比及外植体接种极性等对丛生芽发生产生的影响进行了讨论。     

花生去子叶幼胚的丛生芽诱导和植株再生

花生去子叶幼胚的丛生芽诱导和植株再生／瞿祯（中国农科院油料所），廖伯寿…∥中国油料，－１９９４，１６（４）．－２８～３１以中花１号、２号、早１８、７９２６６、协抗青为试材，取其授粉后２５～３０天的幼胚，去子叶后，在ＭＳ２（ＭＳ＋ＢＡ１．０ｍｇ／Ｌ＋Ｃ...     

绿宝石喜林芋叶片培养及植株再生

结果表明：诱导绿宝石喜林芋叶片产生愈伤组织频率最高的培养基是ＭＳ＋ＢＡ０．０５ｍｇ／Ｌ＋２．４－Ｄ１．０ｍｇｇ／Ｌ。最适于愈伤组织分化的基本培养基是Ｎ６；３ｍｇ／Ｌ的ＢＡ、ＺＴ和ＫＪ均能诱导愈伤组织产生不定芽，其中以ＢＡ为好；ＣＨ对愈伤组织的分化有促进作用。Ｎ６＋ＢＡ７ｍｇ／Ｌ＋ＩＢＡ１．０ｍｇ／Ｌ对不定芽的增殖效果较好，３０ｄ可增殖９．４倍。１／２ＭＳ＋ＩＢＡ０．５ｍｇ／Ｌ诱导生根效果好。试管苗     

金线兰组织培养及快速繁殖的研究

金线兰是一种名贵珍稀中药材，本研究表明，用金线兰茎节或顶芽为培植体，经培养能大量快速繁殖这种濒危药用植物的种苗。诱导丛生芽分化和芽的增殖用ＭＸ＋６－ＢＡ８，ｇ／Ｌ＋ＮＡＡ１在暗室培养６０天能产生１０－１５个芽，诱导芽的伸长用ＭＳ＋Ｙ－ＢＡ３＋ＮＡＡ＋２、４－Ｄ０．５在微光处培养诱导生根用１／２ＭＳ＋ＮＡＡ３＋６－ＢＡ０．４＋活性炭５０００在微光处培养，生根率为８０．８８％，瓶苗移栽在基质的沟泥白；     

魔芋高效再生体系的建立与优化

研究不同激素及浓度配比对魔芋愈伤组织、不定芽和根诱导的影响。结果表明,诱导愈伤组织的最佳激素组合为ＭＳ＋６－ＢＡ０.5 ｍｇ／Ｌ＋ＮＡＡ ０．５ ｍｇ／Ｌ,其诱导率为８２％;诱导不定芽分化的最佳配方为ＭＳ＋６－ＢＡ １．５ ｍｇ／Ｌ＋ＮＡＡ ０．５ ｍｇ／Ｌ,其分化率为４９０％;诱导生根的最佳激素组合配方为ＭＳ＋ＮＡＡ ０．５ ｍｇ／Ｌ＋６－ＢＡ １．０ ｍｇ／Ｌ,其生根率为９０％。     

芝麻远缘杂种胚胎的营救和植株再生

以栽培种中芝５号、中芝８号、宜阳白和犀牛角为母本，以野生种为父本对其杂种胚的败育时间、营救技术及植株再生进行了研究。结果显示：授粉后９—１３天为杂种胚营救的较佳时期。ＭＳ矿质＋Ｎｉｔｃｈｅｒ有机营养＋ＢＡ０．２ｍｇ＋ＧＡ３０．１ｍｇ＋ＣＨ６００ｍｇ＋ＰＶＰ０．２％＋蔗糖５％能促进杂种胚的体外发育。幼胚在ＭＳ中萌发后采用ＭＳ＋ＰＰ３３３０．１ｍｇ＋ＢＡ０．２ｍｇ的培养基可壮苗促芽，在ＭＳ＋ＮＡＡ０．５ｍｇ培养基中可形成正常试管苗．再生植株在２５℃—３２℃温室中能正常开花结实．种子具生活力．     

马铃薯优化再生系统的建立

本试验研究了六种培养基系统对马铃薯东农３０３，Ｆａｖｏｒｉｔａ和极早三个品种来源的不同外植体的愈伤组织诱导和植株再生的影响，筛选出了适合植株再生的最佳外植体、最佳外植体大小及最佳培养基系统。适合植株再生的最佳外植体为叶片；最佳外植体大小为叶片０．５ｃｍ２、茎０．５ｃｍ、块茎０．２５ｃｍ２×０．３ｃｍ，适合于茎、块茎及叶的有效培养基系统分别为：①ＭＳ＋３ｍｇ·Ｌ-１ＢＡ＋０．０１ｍｇ·Ｌ-１ＮＡＡ（ｐｈ５．６）４周ＭＳ＋０．３ｍｇ·Ｌ-１ＧＡ３（ｏＨ５．６）；②ＭＳ＋１．７５ｍｇ·Ｌ-１ＺＴ＋０．８７ｍｇ·Ｌ-１ＩＡＡ（ｐＨ５．８）；③ＭＳ＋２．２５ｍｇ·Ｌ-１ＢＡ＋０．１８６ｍｇ·Ｌ-１ＮＡＡ（ｐＨ５．８）２周ＭＳ＋５ｍｇ·Ｌ-１ＧＡ３＋２．２５ｍｇ·Ｌ-１ＢＡ（ｐｈ５．８）。     

木菠萝试管繁殖

取木菠萝茎为外植体，诱导丛生芽的产生，以ＭＳ为基本培养基，附加１．０ｍｇ／Ｌ ＢＡＰ和０．５ｍｇ／Ｌ激动素中进行培养。产生的丛芽再分切接种于相同的新鲜培养基中培养，又可产生５－７个新芽，诱导生根培养基：１／２ＭＳ每升附加１．０ｍｇＮＡＡ或１．０ＩＢＡ。最后将培养出的完整的植株移栽温室内成活后，再移栽于田间。     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.     

Recent Modifications of Chitosan for Adsorption Applications: A Critical and Systematic Review

Chitosan is considered to be one of the most promising and applicable materials in adsorption applications. The existence of amino and hydroxyl groups in its molecules contributes to many possible adsorption interactions between chitosan and pollutants (dyes, metals, ions, phenols, pharmaceuticals/drugs, pesticides, herbicides, etc.). These functional groups can help in establishing positions for modification. Based on the learning from previously published works in literature, researchers have achieved a modification of chitosan with a number of different functional groups. This work summarizes the published works of the last three years (2012–2014) regarding the modification reactions of chitosans (grafting, cross-linking, etc.) and their application to adsorption of different environmental pollutants (in liquid-phase).