高品质陆地棉复交品系主要经济性状变异与相关分析

研究了9个F6高品质复交品系主要纤维品质与产量性状的变异及相关性.结果表明,纤维品质基本稳定,6个品系的衣分也基本稳定,而单株籽棉产量、单株皮棉产量具有较大的变异,为最终实现高品质与高产的协调一致提供了可能.衣分与纤维长度、比强度呈负相关,下一步应进行一定范围内的同步改良.     

早熟陆地棉主要性状配合力效应及遗传参数分析

选用12份不同来源的陆地棉为亲本材料,按照NCⅡ不完全双列杂交设计配置32 (4×8)份杂交组合,对亲本及F1代的13个主要农艺性状和品质性状的遗传效应、配合力和杂种优势进行统计分析。结果表明,陆地棉杂交组合间存在显著的遗传差异。籽棉产量、皮棉产量、铃重、衣分、纤维长度、比强度、马克隆值、伸长率同时受基因加性效应和非加性效应共同影响,单株铃数以基因加性效应为主,株高、始果节位、始果节高、整齐度以基因非加性效应为主;W1 (LZD)为大铃丰产亲本,L2 (辽棉43)为高衣分丰产亲本,W6 (19-ZHGC)、W7 (中91)为优质亲本,L2 (辽棉43)和W2 (新石K28)为各性状均表现较好的优良亲本;组合W1×L1 (LZD×辽棉38)、W5×L3 (惠远720×辽棉27)具有较大的育成品种的潜力;多数性状杂种优势明显,其中以皮棉产量和籽棉产量的竞争优势最大,分别达到15.5%和10.5%,纤维长度和断裂比强度平均竞争优势分别为5.7%、5.3%。由此表明,杂种优势利用可以有效提高棉花产量、改进纤维品质。     

7个陆地棉品种(系)农艺性状、产量及品质比较试验

对7个陆地棉品种(系)的农艺性状、产量及品质特性进行调查分析,结果表明,供试棉花品种(系)中H121060(YZ-1)的纤维品质表现较好,纤维长度达33.02 mm、断裂比强度34.50 c N/tex,但干物质累积和叶面积系数较低,籽棉单产不高,仅为370.4 kg/667 m~2;419(YZ-6)的纤维长度为29.04 mm、断裂比强度27.80 c N/tex、衣分41.1%,但籽棉单产较高,为450.4 kg/667 m~2。供试棉花品系中C9(YZ-3)平均绒长30.48 mm,断裂比强度32.70 c N/tex,籽棉单产426.7 kg/667 m~2,综合性状相对较好。     

陆海杂交种纤维品质和产量相关性状的鉴定与分析

【目的】深入研究棉花陆海杂交种纤维品质和产量相关性状杂种优势遗传规律,为培育高产优质陆海杂交种奠定理论基础。【方法】使用12份陆地棉材料和5份海岛棉材料配制陆海杂交种,对海南三亚和浙江临安种植的亲本及F_1进行纤维品质和产量性状测定。【结果】陆海杂交种纤维长度、纤维强度普遍具有显著的中亲优势,部分杂交组合具有较强的超亲优势,纤维长度性状在两地间变异系数较小,可以稳定遗传;在产量方面,部分陆海杂交种籽棉产量、皮棉产量和衣分等性状具有中亲优势,但仍显著低于陆地棉亲本。【结论】获得2个5A级优质长绒棉杂交组合T035和T044,筛选到1个海岛棉骨干亲本塔10-280,可为探讨陆海杂交种棉纤维品质杂种优势遗传规律提供有价值数据。     

新疆海岛棉品种的亲缘关系和利用潜力研究

以MINQUE(1)统计方法,利用P=μ+G+ε模型对23个已定名的新疆海岛棉品种的产量及品质等性状的2年资料进行了遗传及聚类分析;采用加性-显性遗传模型对6个定名品种间的30个F1品质性状进行了方差分析.结果表明,23个品种的纤维长度、比强度、整齐度、反射率、黄度及单株皮棉产量、铃数、衣分存在极显著的基因型差异;比新...     

库塔垦区早中熟杂交棉品种比较试验

为筛选适宜新疆生产建设兵团第二师库塔垦区种植的优质杂交棉花品种,在二师库塔垦区开展多点早中熟杂交棉品种比较试验。结果表明:棉乡杂3号、新陆中67号、中棉所96、科棉5号4个品种纤维品质较好,纤维长度均达到30mm以上,断裂比强度均在29c N/tex以上,与对照新陆中59号纤维长度等级相同,断裂比强高于对照;新陆中55号、鲁棉研24号、新农兴2号、中棉所96籽棉产量较高,分别为458.16kg/667m2、457.36kg/667m2、450.16kg/667m2、438.16kg/667m2,比对照新陆中59号分别增产6.6%、6.4%、4.7%、1.9%。从品质、产量性状综合来看,中棉所96较好,其农艺性状也适合机采,可在库塔垦区开展小面积示范推广;新陆中55号、鲁棉研24号在库塔垦区表现产量较高,纤维长度较好,断裂比强度略低,可在库塔垦区开展小面积示范。     

调亏灌溉对海岛棉产量及品质的影响研究

为了探明不同调亏程度对海岛棉产量及品质的影响,通过田间小区试验,以正常灌水量为对照,设置轻度调亏（正常灌水量的75%）、中度调亏（正常灌水量的50%）和重度调亏（正常灌水量的25%）,研究调亏灌溉对海岛棉不同部位优质成铃特性的调节效应。结果表明：轻度调亏对棉花产量品质无显著影响,而中度和重度调亏使皮棉产量分别下降了10.8%和25.4%,主要是单株铃数和单铃重显著下降。轻度和中度调亏对衣分影响较小,但重度调亏使衣分显著下降。轻度和重度调亏使纤维长度略有下降,中度调亏则纤维长度增加。纤维比强度和马克隆值随调亏程度增加呈增大趋势,但差异不显著。从不同结铃部位分析,轻度调亏使棉花中部铃重、纤维长度、比强度增大,上部铃重、纤维长度显著降低。而中度和重度调亏均使中部铃重、衣分显著下降,中度调亏使中部棉铃纤维比强度增加,而重度调亏可显著提高下部棉铃纤维比强度。轻度调亏使中部、中度调亏使下部、重度调亏使上部棉铃纤维马克隆值显著增大。     

陆地棉不同群体主要性状的遗传力及杂种优势分析

以1个高强纤维品系为父本,6个常规棉品系、5个转Bt基因抗虫棉品系和5个彩色棉品系为母本配制杂交组合,利用AD模型,分析了3个群体杂交组合主要性状的遗传力和杂种优势表现。结果表明,常规棉群体和抗虫棉群体的衣分、籽棉产量等性状基因显性效应对杂种一代性状形成起主导作用,彩色棉群体的籽棉产量受加性和非加性效应共同控制,而衣分的遗传变异主要来自基因的加性效应。常规棉群体的比强度以显性效应为主,抗虫棉和彩色棉群体的比强度以加性效应为主。3类群体中2．5％跨长和马克隆值的遗传效应均以加性效应为主,同时受非加性效应的影响也较大。常规棉群体和抗虫棉群体的产量性状有一定的杂种优势,纤维长度和细度基本上没有优势,纤维强度有显著的负优势,但彩色棉群体的纤维长度和强度有一定的正向优势。因而,在品种改良上,可以利用常规棉和转基因抗虫棉的杂种优势大幅度提高产量,利用彩色棉的杂种优势来提高纤维品质。     

中棉种质资源研究

中棉属于亚洲棉(C.arboreum L.)的族系。1982～1985年,对200个品种进行田间调查和纤维、棉籽仁测试分析。结果是:中棉生育期100天左右,变幅在97～103天。衣分平均31.01%,变幅18.96～40.47%。2.5%跨距长度(Span Length)平均20.24mm,变幅16.2～24.7mm。纤维比强度(g/tex)平均22.27,变幅11～31.0之间。纤维细度麦克隆值(Micronai     

阿拉尔垦区常规棉与F2杂交棉产量纤维品质性状比较研究

为探究棉花是否具有较强的杂种优势,明确F2杂交棉纤维品质性状和分离特征,筛选出适宜于该区域的优质F2组合。以4个F2杂交组合(瑞杂1号、瑞杂2号、瑞杂4号、J杂708)和2个常规棉品种(J206-5、新陆中38号)为研究材料,通过大田试验比较了F2杂交棉与常规棉棉纤维品质性状的差异,并对F2杂交棉纤维品质性状分离程度进行分析。结果表明:1)4个F2组合材料的纤维品质性状分离都小于常规棉品种,相比常规棉,F2杂交棉的棉纤维品质出现优势衰退的真正原因是28~29mm纤维长度植株比例增加,而>32mm以上纤维长度植株比例减少;2)存在断裂比强度向减弱方向的分离,但是棉花纤维长度和整齐度与常规棉无明显差异,以上品质指标表明F2杂交棉性状分离程度不大。3)杂交棉纤维品质各项指标无显著差异,可以筛选出优良的F2杂交棉组合并在生产上进行推广种植。     

Induction of Embryogenic Callus in Gossypium barbadense L. and Gossypium hirsutum L. by Hormone Treatments

The aim of this study was to induce embryogenic callus from various cultivars of cotton in tissue culture, so that a stable and efficient regeneration system could be developed to produce new cotton varieties for cultivation in Xinjiang. The explant materials were hypocotyls of the main cotton cultivars grown in Xinjiang, i. e. Xinhai 25, Xinhai 16, Xinluzao 39, and Xinluzao 42. We tested the effects of different combinations of two hormones (kinetin, KT; 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, 2,4-D) on induction of callus from these explants. Calli were produced by the explants under four different combinations of hormones in the media. The optimal hormone combination to induce callus from Gossypium hirsutum explants was 0.1 mg·L^-1 KT + 0.05 mg·L^-1 2,4-D, while that to induce callus from Gossypium barbadense explants was 0.1 mg·L^-1 KT + 0.1 mg·L^-1 2,4-D. Hormone-free medium and medium containing double to the normal concentration of KNO₃ promoted the emergence of embryogenic callus. Filter paper placed under the medium promoted somatic embryo growth and regeneration of the root system. The differentiation and embryogenesis processes occurred more rapidly in G. hirsutum explants than those in G. barbadense explants. Using this protocol, normal plantlets of these cotton cultivars with strong roots were produced within 10 to 12 months. These methods could be used to increase the number of cotton genotypes that can be regenerated in tissue culture.     

QTL Mapping of Boll Weight Trait Based on Recombinant Inbred Lines in Gossypium hirsutum L.

[Objective] The aim of this study was to explore the quantitative trait locus (QTL) related to the boll weight. [Method] A single seed descended population of 137 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) was developed from the cross of upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) CCRI 36 and G2005, an introgression inbred line introgressed from G. barbadense. Using restriction-site associated DNA sequencing (RAD-seq), a genetic linkage map composed of 6 434 makers, including 6 295 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) and 139 simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers, was developed from the RILs population. [Result] This map spanned 4 071.98 cM with an average distance of 0.63 cM between adjacent markers. QTL mapping was performed by using boll weight data of five environments through WinQTLCart 2.5 software. Thirty-two QTL, with 4.46%-15.84% explained phenotypic variation related boll weight, were detected and found distributing on 15 chromosomes. qBW-A4-1, qBW-A4-2, qBW-A5-2, qBW-D9-1, and qBW-D9-2 were detected in two environments, which explained 5.07%-15.84% of the phenotypic variation. [Conclusion] Major QTLs detected in this study will provide an important reference for analysis of the genetic mechanism of boll weight.     

Stability analysis for bollworm complex in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Gossypium hirsutum</Emphasis> L.

One approach to improve cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) yield is to identify stable genotypes for low or no bollworms damage as it accounts low cost of cultivation to a considerable extent. The objective of the study was to identify stable genotypes for low bollworms damage under protected and unprotected experiments. Fifty cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) genotypes were evaluated for open bollworms damage percent (spotted, pink and Heliothis bollworms) for 3 years during 2003–2005 under protected and unprotected conditions. Variance due to genotypes, environments, genotype × environment and genotype × environment (linear) components were highly significant for the trait in protected and unprotected experiments. Under protected experiment, genotypes CSH 3020 and 3045 were found to be desirable and stable while genotype CSH 3058 was suited for poor environments. Fourteen genotypes viz. CSH 3034, 3035, 3043, 3044, 3047, 3051, 3053, 3058, 3059, 3094, 3106, 3114, 3123 and CSH-3157 were fairly stable under unprotected environments. The study lead to the conclude that in general for the two experiments the genotypes differed for stability for low bollworms damage.     

通过组织培养获得棉花不育株

棉花（ＧｏｓｓｐｉｕｍｈｉｒｓｕｔｕｍＬ．）体细胞培养获得的再生植株中存在很大差异,其中育性变异表现最突出,在１９９０～１９９１年培养再生的植株中发现９个不育株,其中１株雌雄全不育,形态上表现高大紧凑,花器小,畸形,柱头四裂,电镜观察表明其它粉粒空瘪,内容物少,另２株为雄性不育,电镜观察发现其花粉粒外壁发育不良。用鄂荆１号做父本与其杂交,Ｆ１代值株均不育,鄂荆１号回交ＢＣ１不育株与可育株呈１：１分     

肾形线虫的筛选方法及其在陆地棉和海岛棉鉴定中的应用

两个陆地棉品种 SJ-125 和岱字棉 5415以及海岛棉 T-1348 用来筛选和建立温室条件下鉴定肾形线虫(Rotylenchulus reniformis)的有效方法,并对 12 个陆地棉品种(系)进行了鉴定.鉴定材料的株高、地上干重和根干重差异显著,真叶数和第一果枝节位差异不显著,接种7周后根干重与肾形线虫繁殖系数间呈负相关.繁殖系数随接种量增加而下降.适当的鉴定指标是每毫升土壤接种量7.4个,温室中接种7周后鉴定.利用本研究中改进的方法鉴定出2个耐肾形线虫品系.     

棉花ADP-ribosylation factor基因(GhARF1)的克隆与表达分析

ADP-ribosylation factor (ARF)是GTP结合蛋白,属于小G蛋白超家族中的ARF亚家族成员,在高尔基体小囊泡形成以及细胞信号传导中起重要作用。棉花纤维的发育需要有高尔基体参与,但ARF基因在棉花纤维发育中的功能尚不清楚。本文利用GHA27作探针,筛选棉花花药的cDNA文库,得到两个序列相同的阳性克隆。核苷酸序列分析表明该基因编码一个有181个氨基酸残基,分子量约20.7 kDa的蛋白,与动物、酵母及其他植物的ARF基因有很高的相似性,命名为GhARF1。采用PCR技术获得该基因序列,该基因含有5个外显子和4个内含子。进化树分析表明该基因更接近人类的classⅠ类ARF基因,在编码的氨基酸序列中具有保守的GTP结合区域,即P（GLDAAGKT）、G（NKQD）以及G’（DVGGQ）。Northern杂交结果显示GhARF1基因在棉花的纤维、花冠和根中表达量较高,特别是在纤维中的表达量最高,在茎、花蕾中也有表达,而在真叶、子叶和胚珠中的表达较微弱。Southern杂交分析表明,ARF基因在二倍体草棉和四倍体陆地棉基因组中均以多拷贝存在。     

陆海BC4F3和BC4F4代主要农艺性状的相关和通径分析

为了更有效地对棉花农艺性状进行选择,缩短选择育种的年限,通过采用相关、偏相关、通径以及回归分析的方法,研究了陆海高代回交自交后代BC4F3和BC4F4群体的6个农艺性状间的关系。结果表明：铃重、衣分、铃数、果枝数、株高与单株皮棉产量呈极显著正相关,其中铃数是决定单株皮棉产量最主要的因素,在BC4F3和BC4F4代对单株皮棉产量的直接通径系数分别为0.6650、0.6689,其次是铃重和衣分,两者的贡献大小相当;果枝数和株高可以通过铃数对单株皮棉产量起较大的正向促进作用;最优回归方程显示,铃重、衣分、铃数和株高对单株皮棉产量有显著的正向影响。本研究明确了棉花产量育种的主攻方向,为提高棉花选择育种效率和实现高产提供理论指导。     

QTL Mapping of Chlorophyll Content in Gossypium hirsutum and Gossypium barbadense Backcross Inbred Lines

[Objective] The purpose of this study was to map quantitative trait loci (QTL) related to chlorophyll content based on Soil and Plant Analyzer Development (SPAD) readings in cotton. [Method] The 195 BILs (Backcross Inbred Lines) were produced by a cross between Gossypium barbadense Hai 7124 and G. hirsutum CRI 36, using CRI 36 as the recurrent parent for backcrossing with F1 to produce BC1F1, followed by seven generations of selfing. The genetic linkage map was constructed in a previous study. QTLs of chlorophyll SPAD value in the first flowering and boll development stages were identified with inclusive composite interval mapping (ICIM) method of the BIP and MET models in IciMapping 4.1 software, respectively. [Result] In total, nine chlorophyll SPAD reading QTLs were identified on 6 chromosomes. The q-SPAD-A11-1 detected at the first flowering stage overlapped with q-SPAD-A11-2 detected at the boll development stage, contributing 5.08% and 5.75% of the phenotypic variation, respectively. The q-SPAD-D08-2 physical position ranged from 48.71 to 53.65 Mb on chromosome D08, which overlapped with a chlorophyll content QTL detected in a previous study. [Conclusion] The novel stable QTLs, q-SPAD-A11-1 and q-SPAD-A11-2 detected in this study provide an important piece of information for fine mapping chlorophyll content in cotton.     

Genome-Wide Identification and Expression Analysis of TLP Genes in Gossypium hirsutum L.

[Objective] Thaumatin-like proteins (TLPs) are important pathogenesis-related proteins that function during disease defense-related responses, participating in the defense reactions triggered by several kinds of pathogen infections. A genome-wide analysis of TLP genes could help increase our understanding of their molecular mechanism in response to Verticillium dahliae infections in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). [Method] The TLP family members in the genomes of the G. hirsutum L. were identified and expression analyses of TLP genes in response to Verticillium dahliae inoculation were conducted using bioinformatics and real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR methods, respectively. [Result] In total, 88 TLP genes were identified in G. hirsutum. These TLPs were classified into 10 groups based on their amino acid sequences and a phylogenetic analysis. A gene structure analysis revealed that the number of exons ranges from 1 to 5, and the number of introns ranges from 0 to 4. TLP genes in the same group shared similar structures. Additionally, most TLP proteins contain five motifs that are arranged in the following order: 5, 4, 2, 3 and 1. In total, 87 TLP genes are distributed on 20 of the 26 chromosomes, and 42 and 45 TLP genes are distributed in the A and D subgroups, respectively. The real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR analysis showed that the expression levels of six candidate TLP genes were induced in both tolerant cotton cultivar GZ-1 and susceptible cotton cultivar 86-1, and showed a higher expression in the former. [Conclusion] These results provide a foundation for future studies of the functions and regulatory mechanisms of TLP family genes.     

PCR-RFLP analysis of the whole chloroplast DNA from three cultivated species of cotton (Gossypium L.)

Variations of the chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) from three of the four cultivated species of cotton (Malvaceae); Gossypium barbadense L., Gossypium hirsutum L., Gossypium arboreum L. and its synonym Gossypium nanking Meyen., were analyzed. Using specific set of primers, the whole circular cpDNAs from the four test species were amplified. These were subsequently digested with the use of seven restriction enzymes. The amplified fragments of the whole cpDNAs of the diploid cultivated cotton G. arboreum and its synonym G. nanking did not show any differences. However, the allotetraploid cultivated cottons G. barbadense and G. hirsutum, showed some fragment length differences directly visible after amplification and two types of restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP), the first appeared as slightly lengthened bands and the other as gain or loss of a restriction site. The results also showed that the chloroplast genomes of the allotetraploid cultivated cottons are highly similar to the diploid cultivated cottons tested in terms of length and digestion patterns. The detected amplified length differences, RFLPs and the restriction sites can be considered as species specific markers for the allotetraploid cultivated cottons, which could be a useful tool for future studies of the cpDNA of the genus Gossypium L.