萌发马铃薯实生种子超弱发光与种子活力关系的研究

由于种子的成熟度及藏年限的不同，使不同年度采收种子的活力之间很大差异，其发芽后的整种子及其粉碎后的提取液的发光也有很大差异，发芽４～１６天的整种子发光强度与种子的发芽率及发芽指数之间的相关达到了显著或极显著的水平。其提取液发光强度的变化曲线因萌发天娄后不同而有规律的变化，低发芽率或发芽天数少于４天的种子提取液的发光强度的变化趋势是平滑下降，随着发芽天数的增加，高发芽率种子提取液的发光强度出现了峰谷     

胚乳裂纹对玉米种子活力指标的影响

以玉米杂交种种子为试验材料,研究胚乳无裂纹、胚乳单裂纹、胚乳双裂纹和胚乳龟裂纹种子的发芽势、发芽率、发芽指数、活力指数变化。结果表明,24 h内的吸水率表现为龟裂纹种子的吸水率最高,无裂纹种子的吸水率最低。随着胚乳裂纹数的增加其种子发芽势、发芽率、发芽指数和活力指数均呈降低的变化趋势。胚乳无裂纹的种子发芽势、发芽率、发芽指数和活力指数显著高于胚乳龟裂纹的种子发芽势、发芽率、发芽指数和活力指数。种子胚乳无裂纹的幼苗干重显著高于胚乳龟裂纹的幼苗干重。胚乳龟裂纹是导致种子活力降低的原因之一,在种子生产中应该减少胚乳龟裂纹产生。     

甜菜种子品质的调控与改进技术研究Ⅰ．PEG渗调、吸湿－回干对不同活力种子发芽的调控效应

研究甜菜种子播种品质的调控和改进对甜菜生产有重要意义。甜菜种子在不同温度下，应用不同浓度、处理时间的ＰＥＧ渗调及吸湿－回干预处理，研究了不同活力种子的发芽能力及幼苗生长的反映。结果表明：随贮藏年份的增加，种子发芽率和活力先呈缓慢下降，后迅速下降；ＰＥＧ处理（Ｔ＿２Ｃ＿３Ｄ＿２）显著提高了种子活力，还提高了种子发芽势、发芽率，下胚轴长、根长及健苗率。吸湿－回干处理也明显提高了甜菜种子的发芽及幼苗生长能力。本文对上述方法的应用及其生理机制进行了讨论。     

马铃薯实生种子超弱发光规律的初步研究

本文对马铃薯实生种子的超弱发光规律进行了初步研究，结果发现；不同品种的风干种子及其浸种过程中的超弱发先均有差异，综合特性好的品种其种子的发光强度高。在浸种初期种子的发光强度最高，在１２小时内，随着浸种时间的延长，发光强度逐渐降低。萌发９６小时左右时的种子，研磨粉碎后提取液的发光强度与种子的储藏年限成反比。     

甜玉米超甜4号种子活力调控研究

以甜玉米品种超甜4号为试验材料,用不同类型种衣剂包衣处理,通过种子的发芽率、发芽指数和活力指数测定比较。结果表明：不同种衣剂处理对甜玉米种子发芽调控存在显著差异,其中,物之春和多.福.克在第7天至第9天可显著提高甜玉米的发芽指数,且能够有效地提高发芽率和活力指数。结合种衣剂药剂成分,可以看出,在杀虫防菌的同时,营养元素对甜玉米种子活力的调控发挥着举足轻重的作用。     

离子注入后的甜菊种子电导率及发芽能力变化

以氮、碳离子注入甜菊种子研究其电导率、ｐＨ值及发芽能力的变化，结果表明，被处理种子的电导卓，随着浸种时间的延长而提高，以注入能量７５ｋｅＶ与剂量１０１４最为敏感，氮离子比碳离子对电导率的影响作用更大；离子注入甜菊种子后，ｐＨ值均在４．５～５．０之间，碳离子稍高于氮离子，能量与剂量的变化反应不敏感；离子注入后甜菊种子的发芽势与发芽率有相同趋势，小剂量、低能量促进种子发芽，碳离子比氦离子作用更为明显。     

早稻品种耐酸性比较研究

以发芽率与产量为衡量指标,通过室内发芽实验和大田产量试验,比较了30个早稻品种的耐酸性差异,并研究了萌发期弱耐酸性品种种子发芽特性对不同p H条件的响应。结果表明,不同早稻品种耐酸性差异明显,湘早籼44号和德111A/974为强耐酸性品种,湘早籼45号、陆两优211、陆两优611、T优705、陵两优396和陵两优104为弱耐酸性品种,其他品种为中耐酸性品种。随p H下降,萌发期弱耐酸性品种的种子发芽率、发芽指数持续下降,异状发芽率上升,而强耐酸性对照品种变化不明显。在酸性环境下,弱耐酸性品种的发芽率、发芽指数、活力指数不同程度低于强耐酸性对照品种,且p H值越低,差异越显著。     

马铃薯实生种子活力的研究

本试验以贮藏不同年限的马铃薯实生种子为材料,对其活力和反映活力状况的若干生态和生理生化指标进行了研究,从种子活力的角度测定了种子的实用价值。主要结果是:马铃薯实生种子随着贮藏年限的延长,其发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数、活力指数渐趋降低,幼苗生长速度减慢;砂培出苗率和出苗整齐度比普通发芽试验的发芽率和发芽势更能确切地反映种子的活力;随着种子活力的下降,其内部的脂肪酸价升高,种子浸出液的相对电导率增大;活力高的实生种子,其过氧化物酶同工酶酶带较活力低的实生种子数量多,颜色深,酯酶同工酶亦有相似的结果;同薯8号和克疫两品种的实生种子活力下降的速度不同,前者慢、后者快;马铃薯实生种子在一般室内温湿度贮藏条件下,经8年或更长时间贮藏后,仍具有种用价值,可作播种材料;马铃薯实生种子活力的测定,采用活力指数或发芽指数较其它生态指标更具有适用性和可靠性。脂肪酸价和相对电导率作为活力测定的生理生化指标对劣变速度快的实生种子是灵敏而适用的。     

成熟度不同的Bt杂交棉种子质量比较研究

成熟度不同的 Bt杂交棉种子质量差异明显 ,越成熟饱满的种子比重越大 ,电导率越低。完熟的种子比重略大于 1 ,其余则小于 1 ;成熟度不同的种子发芽率、苗重的变化趋势一致 ,即越成熟饱满的种子发芽率越高 ,棉苗鲜重越重 ,并且不同级别之间差异达极显著或显著水平。相关分析表明 ,电导率与比重呈极显著负相关 ,发芽率、苗重分别与比重存在显著正相关     

紫外线照射促进冬小麦种子萌发的研究

为了解紫外线照射对种子萌发的影响,以冬小麦品系聊大2号为材料,采用不同波长的紫外线分别照射休眠的干种子及吸水萌动（浸种3 h）的种子,然后在自然光和黑暗条件下进行发芽实验,比较了不同时间段种子萌发的动态变化及萌发过程中α-淀粉酶活力的变化。结果表明,不同剂量的紫外线照射（UVB85μW.cm-2照射3 h;UVC 420μW.cm-2照射1 h;UVC处理1 h附加照射6 h UVA或1 h UVB）对干种子和吸水萌动种子萌发均有促进作用,发芽较自然光下（CK）及黑暗下快,相关时段发芽率均高于CK,但不影响最终发芽率,只是缩短了种子萌发的时间。UV处理（UVB 85μW.cm-2照射3 h;UVC 420μW.cm-2照射1 h）的干种子及吸水萌动种子的α-淀粉酶活力在萌发前随时间的推移呈快速增加的趋势,与对照相比可提高2.5%~68.7%,发芽后α-淀粉酶活力下降,但仍高于CK,且UVB与UVC处理种子的α-淀粉酶活力变化趋势相同。说明不同波段的紫外线照射对种子具有相同的生物学效应。     

甘蓝型油菜秸秆水浸液对水稻萌发和生长的化感作用

为探究油-稻种植制度中甘蓝型油菜秸秆对水稻的影响,研究了不同浓度（0、25%、50%和75%）的3种油菜（沣油737、湘杂油553和中双11）秸秆水浸液处理下,五优308和C两优343两个水稻品种种子萌发和幼苗生长的情况。结果表明,与对照相比,秸秆水浸液总体增加了幼苗的苗高和鲜重,低浓度（25%）下会提高水稻种子的发芽率、发芽指数和幼苗的根长,高浓度（50%和75%）下则起抑制作用。随着浓度增加,湘杂油553的秸秆水浸液提高了五优308幼苗的可溶性蛋白含量,同时降低了其总超氧化物歧化酶（T-SOD）和过氧化物酶（POD）活力;但对C两优343幼苗表现相反的化感作用,显著降低了其可溶性蛋白含量,而提高了其T-SOD和POD活力,25%浓度下显著降低了其丙二醛（MDA）含量。75%浓度的中双11水浸液显著提高了五优308幼苗的MDA含量,并降低了POD活力。25%浓度的沣油737显著降低了C两优343的可溶性蛋白含量而提高了T-SOD和POD活力。综合结果表明,油菜秸秆水浸液浓度越高,对水稻的化感作用越强,且不同油菜品种水浸液对不同水稻品种的化感作用存在差异,本研究中沣油737和五优308...     

Biochemical Changes Associated with Germinating Rice Grains and Germination Improvement

To determine biochemical changes during the germination of rice grains (Oryza sativa L. subsp. indica var. Mottaikaruppan) and to improve germination rate using gibberellic acid and surfactants [sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) (1.0 g/L) and Triton-X?100 (1.0 mL/L)], whole rice grains soaked in distilled water for 12 h at 30°C were germinated in the dark at 30°C for five days. The highest germination rate (77.1%) was obtained on the 5^th day. An increase in the content of reducing sugars from 7.3 to 58.1 mg/g DM (dry matter) was observed from the 1^st day of germination. Free amino acids and soluble protein contents increased to 3.69 and 5.29 mg/g DM, respectively on the 5^th day of germination. Total protein content decreased from 100.5 to 91.0 g/kg DM during germination. Increases in amylolytic (1.1 to 190.0 U/g DM) and proteolytic (0 to 0.12 U/g DM) activities were observed during germination. Effects of different concentrations of gibberellic acid on the germination of rice grains were evaluated and 0.1 g/L was found to promote germination. When effects of gibberellic acid (0.1 g/L) and surfactants were evaluated individually and together, higher germination rate was observed in the control experiment (grains germinated in distilled water), whereas giberellic acid and surfactants decreased the germination rate. Therefore, the flour obtained from the grains germinated for four days using distilled water to obtain high content of soluble materials and enzyme activities can be used in preparation of bakery items.     

Evaluation on Sixty-eight Rice Germplasms in Cold Tolerance at Germination Stage

Sixty-eight rice germplasms were used for cold tolerance evaluation at the germination stage in laboratory. Seeds of rice germplasms germinated at three different temperatures containing low temperature (constant 13°C for 28 days), alternative temperature (a temperature cycle of 12 h at 20°C and 12 h at 23°C for 14 days) and control (constant 26°C for 7 days). Analysis of variance revealed that temperature had a significant effect on germination rate, coleoptile length and radicle length. Germination rate was strongly affected by the low temperature and alternative treatments. Stress of low temperature at the germination stage on the tested rice germplasms caused a reduction in final germination rate and the lengths of coleoptile and radicle. The normal and healthy seeds began to germinate within 36 h after imbibition and germination were completed on the 7th day in the control, but delayed under the low and alternative temperature treatments. The low and alternative temperature treatments delayed the growth of coleoptile and radicle compared to the control, and the average lengths of coleoptile and radicule were strongly inhibited with the decreasing temperature in all of the tested germplasms. Taichung, a semi-dwarf, low amylose content and early maturing rice variety, showed a significantly higher germination rate at the three temperature treatments and its coleoptile length was significantly higher than other germplasms.     

复硝酚钠及其组分对大豆种子萌发的影响

采用复硝酚钠及其有效组分邻硝基苯酚钠、对硝基苯酚钠和5-硝基愈创木酚钠对大豆浸种,通过研究发芽第1、3、5、7 天的大豆种子蛋白质含量、脂肪含量、可溶性糖含量和种子发芽情况,探讨复硝酚钠及其组分对大豆种子萌发的影响.结果表明:5 mg·L-1的5-硝基愈创木酚钠和10 mg·L-1复硝酚钠浸种均使大豆的芽重、发芽势、发芽率、发芽指数和种子活力增加,达到了5%的显著水平.同时使种子中的储藏蛋白质从第3天分解加速,脂肪的转化速率从第5天明显加快,可溶性糖含量始终低于其它处理.以上结果表明,5-硝基愈创木酚钠在大豆种子萌发中起主要作用.     

Effects of temperature and light on salinity tolerance during germination in two desert glycophytic grasses,Lasiurus scindicus and Panicum turgidum

The grasses Lasiurus scindicus and Panicum turgidum are among the most important forage species of the Arabian deserts. Both are ‘glycophytic’ or salt‐intolerant species, where seed germination becomes reduced by salinity effects. Here, we report experimental effects of light/darkness, temperature and NaCl salinity on seed germination and ‘recovery’ germination in these two species, after seeds had been transferred from saline solution to distilled water. Seeds were germinated in a range of salinities and incubated at a range of temperatures, in both light and darkness. Seeds of P. turgidum germinated significantly more in darkness than in light at temperatures 15–25°C, but the reverse was true at higher temperatures. Seeds of L. scindicus germinated well across a wide range of temperatures and in both light and darkness. In both species, germination decreased with the increase in salt concentration, and in P. turgidum germination was almost completely inhibited at a concentration of 200 mm . In saline solution, germination in darkness was significantly greater than in light at all the temperatures. Seeds of both species ‘recovered’ their germination capacity after transfer from saline solutions to distilled water. Germination recovery depended on both light and temperature of incubation in both species.     

粳稻种质资源芽期耐盐性综合评价与筛选

【目的】土壤盐渍化是危害水稻生产的重要非生物胁迫之一。鉴定水稻种质资源发芽期耐盐性,筛选耐盐指标,培育耐盐品种,对水稻生产的发展具有重要意义。【方法】利用125 mmol/L Na Cl溶液对64份粳稻种质资源进行盐胁迫,于胁迫后3 d测定发芽数;胁迫5 d、10 d后,测定发芽数、芽长和根长,并计算相对芽长、根长、发芽势、发芽率、盐害率,发芽指数和活力指数。运用多种统计学方法对各种质资源的芽期耐盐性进行综合评价,分析典型耐盐和盐敏感种质盐胁迫条件下的发芽特征。【结果】相对盐害率与相对根长、相对发芽势、相对发芽率、发芽指数和活力指数均极显著负相关;除相对芽长外各指标间的相关性均达到极显著水平。通过聚类分析将64份粳稻种质资源划分成4个类群。第Ⅰ、Ⅰ类群分别为典型的盐敏感和耐盐类群,第Ⅱ类群为弱耐盐种质为主的混合类群,第Ⅲ类群主要由耐盐种质组成。通过主成分分析将7个评价指标转换为3个主成分,应用隶属函数和权重,获得了客观评价粳稻种质资源耐盐性的综合评价值D。分别选取D值最高和最低的5份种质资源进行芽期耐盐指标的差异显著性分析,结果表明,两组种质资源盐胁迫5 d的各评价指标差异均达到极显著水平,10 d的评价指标除相对芽长外,均达到了显著差异水平。【结论】水稻芽期对盐胁迫较为敏感,且耐盐性不同的种质间差异显著。利用逐步回归和主成分分析获得发芽指数、相对根长和相对盐害率3个指标,可作为快速鉴定粳稻种质资源芽期耐盐性的重要指标,若采用多元统计方法评价可靠性更高。     

储存玉米生理指标的研究

对同一区域不同储存年限玉米样品的生活力、发芽率、呼吸强度3个生理指标及脂肪酸值进行了测定,并使用SPSS统计软件对数据作了差异显著性分析、相关性分析。结果表明:储存0～3年的玉米发芽率、呼吸强度、脂肪酸值各自间都呈显著性差异,除储存2、3年玉米的生活力无显著差异外,其它储存年限的生活力间呈显著性差异。储存时间和生活力、发芽率、呼吸强度、脂肪酸值分别呈极显著相关性;发芽率分别与生活力、呼吸强度、脂肪酸值呈极显著相关性;生活力、呼吸强度、脂肪酸值两两间呈显著相关性。     

稻瘟病菌分泌蛋白质在致病过程中的作用初探

  鉴定了稻瘟病菌孢子萌发过程中分泌产生的蛋白质。将稻瘟病菌菌株2005 50、2005 81未萌发孢子、萌发孢子以及含有孢子萌发液的萌发孢子分别接种后,病情指数分别为11.13, 35.06, 49.01和49.6, 8.4, 62.7;说明孢子萌发液中具有能够帮助稻瘟病菌侵染的物质。利用SDS PAGE电泳分析稻瘟病菌孢子萌发液,发现孢子萌发液中含有蛋白质类物质。进一步利用生物质谱鉴定和数据库资源检索,共检索到8个稻瘟病菌的蛋白质基因,其基因编号分别为MGG_01305,MGG_13188,MGG_12454等。提示这些蛋白质可能在稻瘟病菌侵染过程中具有重要的功能。     

正交实验探究超声条件对野生麻叶返魂草种子萌发的影响

为提高野生麻叶返魂草种子发芽率,用不同超声波条件采用正交实验处理,恒温催芽。结果表明40min、100kHz、40℃,的超声处理条件最优,发芽率可达到41%,是对照的2.16倍,可为野生麻叶返魂草的种子处理提供参考。     

Nutritional evaluation of chickpea and germinated chickpea flours

The ability of seed germination to increase the nutritional quality of chickpea was studied. Chickpea flours germinated for 0, 24 and 48 h were evaluated nutritionally by determination of protein efficiency ratio (PER), net protein ratio (NPR), digestibility and essential amino acid availability in vivo. A significant increase in ascorbic acid was observed during germination. PER and NPR values indicated that germinated chickpea flours compared favorably to casein. Protein digestibility decreased as germination time increased. Essential amino acid availability did not change after 24 h of germination, but a small decrease was observed after 48 h. The increase in some amino acids during germination may account for the observed increase in PER for the germinated flours. Seed germination enhanced significantly the nutritional quality of chickpea protein and substantially increased the ascorbic acid level.Contribution No. 4359, Arizona Agricultural Experiment Station, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA.