牛结核病两种活体诊断方法检测结合病原学诊断的研究

本文报道应用两种活体诊断方法检测牛结核病的试验结果。2010～2011年度,应用PPD皮内变态反应方法分3批次对5156头奶牛和奶水牛实施监测,监测阳性数57头,阳性率1.11%。采集该57头牛抗凝全血,应用γ-干扰素酶联免疫吸附试验进行检测,检出阳性样品3份,阳性率5.26%。对14头第一批PPD皮内变态反应阳性牛进行病理检验和进行细菌分离培养和PCR检测,结果3份样品分离培养呈阳性,其中1份PCR鉴定为结核分枝杆菌,2份为非分枝杆菌。PCR方法检测的14份组织样品中,2份为结核分枝杆菌阳性,1份为牛结核分枝杆菌阳性。结合病理剖检和病原PCR诊断,分析比较PPD皮内变态反应试验和γ-干扰素酶联免疫吸附试验的敏感性和特异性,由于PPD纯度、非特异性反应、结果判定的主观性等因素,导致PPD皮内变态反应监测检出假阳性率较高。     

两种方法检测云南奶水牛结核病的应用研究

将PPD皮内变态反应法和抗γ-干扰素ELISA法相结合,对云南奶水牛进行牛结核病检测。应用PPD皮内变态反应法检测304头奶水牛,检出32头阳性、25头疑似反应牛,检出阳性和可疑比例高达18．75％,阳性和可疑牛只的分布并无地域和场的趋向性。对PPD皮内变态反应法检出的阳性和疑似反应牛经采集抗凝全血样品54份,应用抗γ-干扰素ELISA法复检,未检检出阳性牛只。结合对受抗γ-干扰素ELISA法检测牛的临床观察,初步认为PPD皮内变态反应法检出阳性和可疑牛系非特异性反应所致。     

牛型结核菌素皮内变态反应试验和γ-干扰素ELISA试验检测奶牛结核病的比较研究

本研究采用PPD皮内变态反应试验和γ-干扰素ELISA试验,对甘肃省3个地区的1585头奶牛进行结核病检测.结果表明,PPD皮内变态反应共检出7份阳性样品;经γ-干扰素ELISA检测2份为阳性、其余5份为假阳性或禽型阳性,假阳性或禽型阳性样品再经细菌分离鉴定表现为阴性;PPD皮内变态反应检出的21份疑似样品再经γ-干扰素ELISA检测,表现为禽型阳性、假阳性或阴性;PPD皮内变态反应阴性样品经γ-干扰素ELISA试验检测,结果为阴性或禽型阳性.在检测奶牛结核病时,PPD皮内变态反应试验特异性较差,γ-干扰素ELISA试验结果与牛结核分枝杆菌细菌分离鉴定结果一致,而且该技术敏感性、特异性和鉴别假阳性均优于PPD皮内变态反应试验.     

牛结核γ-干扰素ELISA检测方法在检疫工作中的应用

为评价牛γ-干扰素ELISA检测方法检测牛结核的效果及国产试剂盒的检测效果,本试验首先将国产试剂盒与Prionics试剂盒对42份相对阳性的样品和105份相对阴性的样品进行对比研究。然后对5个规模化牛场的3000头奶牛首先进行国产单纯结核菌素颈部皮内变态反应试验,3天后选取皮内变态反应阳性和可疑及部分阴性牛共418头,进行牛γ-干扰素试验。结果国产试剂盒对阳性和阴性样品的检测敏感性和特异性分别为95.2%和100%,与Priobics试剂盒的符合率为99.3%。表明国产试剂盒与进口试剂盒的检测能力一致,牛γ-干扰素检测方法准确可靠。5个牛场的3000头奶牛单纯结核菌素颈部皮内变态反应试验阳性为138头,可疑105头。γ-干扰素试验对418头奶牛的检测,其中阳性74头,与颈部皮内变态反应（可疑牛暂时视为阴性）的符合率为60.5%。     

皮试法与γ-干扰素ELISA法在奶牛结核病检疫中的对比试验

为制定奶牛结核病净化方案提供参考,通过颈部皮内变态反应(SICT)检测上海某奶牛场的483头奶牛,然后用γ-干扰素ELISA方法检测皮试法阳性牛及与阳性牛密切接触牛共50头。结果发现:颈部皮内变态反应与γ-干扰素ELISA的阳性符合率100%;在变态反应阴性牛中,仍然检出了部分ELISA阳性牛。我们考虑在高风险牛场增加皮内变态反应试验频率,再随之实施抗体检测,会更有利于结核牛场的净化与防制。     

皮试法与ELISA法在奶牛结核病检测中的对比试验

通过单纯颈部皮内变态反应(SICT)、比较变态反应(SICCT)检测方法、γ-干扰素ELISA和ELISA 4种方法,同时检测上海2个奶牛场的222头奶牛。结果发现:阳性检出率以颈部皮内变态反应为最高(67.6%)、ELISA(44.1%)和γ-干扰素ELISA居中(31.1%),比较变态反应最低(13.1%);单纯的颈部皮内变态反应与2种ELISA的符合率较差,而比较变态反应与2种ELISA具有较好的符合率;在变态反应阴性牛中,仍然检出了部分ELISA阳性牛。由此认为,先以变态反应检疫牛群,再随之实施抗体检测,会更有利于结核病牛场的净化与防制。     

应用皮内变态反应和γ-干扰素体外释放试验检测奶牛结核病的比较研究

本研究首先应用皮内变态反应对10200头奶牛进行结核病检测,然后应用γ-干扰素体外释放试验对前者检测出的阳性牛和可疑牛再次进行结核病检测,比较两者的阳性符合率。结果显示,应用皮内变态反应共检测出结核病阳性牛96头、可疑牛4头;γ-干扰素体外释放试验检测皮内变态反应呈阳性的96头奶牛,结果为阳性牛94头、阴性牛2头,而检测皮内变态反应为可疑的4头奶牛,结果全为阳性。结果表明,两种方法的阳性符合率为97．92％（94／96）,虽然皮内变态反应存在一定的假阳性,且费时、费力,但考虑到γ-干扰素试剂盒比较昂贵,建议用皮内变态反应作为初筛试验,γ-干扰素试验用于初筛阳性样品的复核,以提高结核病检测的准确性。     

γ干扰素和变态反应试验诊断奶牛结核病的比较研究

同时应用欧盟比较皮内变态反应、传统皮内变态反应对200头奶牛进行试验,3天后,采集这200头牛的肝素抗凝全血,经全血培养、抗原刺激,用BOVIGAMTM干扰素(γ-IFN)试剂盒检测上清。结果200头奶牛中,比较皮内变态反应阳性牛、传统皮内变态反应阳性牛和γ-干扰素阳性牛分别为91头、98头和95头,γ-干扰素检测与传统变态反应、比较变态反应的符合率分别为92.86%和95.79%。     

γ-干扰素ELISA检测方法在牛结核病流行病学调查中的应用

[目的 ]了解宁夏贺兰县奶牛结核病的流行情况,为制定宁夏地区牛结核病净化方案提供参考。[方法 ]2015年采用皮内变态反应和γ-干扰素ELISA检测方法,对宁夏贺兰县2个规模化奶牛场开展牛结核病流行病学调查,共检测奶牛2 230头。[结果 ]在2个规模化奶牛场累计检测出皮内变态反应阳性奶牛79头,皮内变态反应和γ-干扰素ELISA双阳性奶牛72头,双阳性率为3.23%(72/2 230)。[结论 ]γ-干扰素ELISA检测方法准确度较高;在对牛群进行结核病检测时,先以皮内变态反应方法筛测,再结合γ-干扰素ELISA检测结果确诊,更有利于牛结核病的检测与净化。     

上林县奶水牛结核病检疫报告

按国家规定采用牛型结核分枝杆菌提纯的结核菌素 (PPD)皮内变态反应试验对上林县某奶牛场水奶牛进行结核病检疫 ,被检奶水牛 46头 ,检出结核病阳性奶水牛 3头。文章分析了结核病阳性牛发生原因并提出净化奶水牛结核病的措施。     

Comparison Between a γ-IFN Assay and Intradermal Tuberculin Test for the Diagnosis of Bovine Tuberculosis in Field Trials in Brazil

Bovine tuberculosis is a major problem in Brazil. The intradermal tuberculin test is the standard test for detection of bovine tuberculosis in Brazil but can lack both sensitivity and specificity. The purpose of this study was to compare a bovine γ-IFN assay with the tuberculin test under field conditions in Brazil. A total of 1632 animals from 13 dairy farms were tested using the single cervical tuberculin test (SCTT). Among those animals, about 15% of each herd, 220 in total, represented a high-risk group and were selected to be tested using the γ-IFN test. Of the 1632 animals tested, 207 presented significant reactions representing 12.7% of the cattle studied. In the selected group the number of animals positive by the γ-IFN assay was 126/220 (57.3%) and the total number of reactive cows on SCTT was 106/220 (48.2%). The real number of infected cattle, following standards, was 120/220 (54.5%). From these results the relative sensitivity rate of γ-IFN test was 100% including the false-positive results and 88.3% for the SCTT — a significant (P < 0.01) difference in favour of the γ-IFN test of 11.7%. The γ-IFN assay also identified some positive animals 60–120 days earlier than the SCTT. In conclusion, we believe that the γ-IFN assay can be used alone or in combination with the SCTT, as a valuable tool for the control of bovine tuberculosis in the Brazilian national herd.     

γ-干扰素释放法检测奶牛结核病的比较试验

目的：评价γ-干扰素释放试验（IGRA）牛结核病检疫过程中的效果。方法在牛结核病检疫过程中对皮试初筛为结核病和疑似结核病的89（74/15）头奶牛同时进行r干扰素试验、单纯颈部皮试变态反应（SCT）和比较皮试变态反应（CCT）检测,结果单纯颈部皮试变态反应二次检疫中89头牛均判为阳性,单纯颈部皮试变态反应与比较皮试变态反应的阳性符合数为67头。阳性符合率为75.3％;γ-干扰素释放试验和单纯颈部皮试变态反应检测两者的阳性符合数为64头,阳性符合率为71.9％;γ-干扰素释放试验与比较皮试变态反应的阳性符合数为58头,阳性符合率为79.5％。阴性符合数为16头,阴性符合率为48.4％;结论γ-干扰素释放试验在保持较高灵敏度的同时,具有比变态反应更好的特异性。     

Prevalence of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) infection in suspected diarrhoeic buffaloes and cattle reporting at Veterinary University in India

Murrah buffaloes, best breed for milk production are native of Haryana state. They contributes significantly to the farmer’s income, livelihood and food (milk and meat) security, in the semi-tropical regions of North India. Johne’s disease though endemic in the domestic livestock of the country, but reports are not available in the buffaloes suffering from morbidity due to progressive weakness and diarrhoea. We estimated the status of JD in diarrhoeic buffaloes and cattle reporting at Veterinary Clinical Complex of Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, Haryana, India, using conventional, serological and PCR assays.141 buffaloes suffering from chronic diarrhoea were screened to estimate sero-prevalence of MAP and 50.0 % young and 53.52 % adult animals were positive. Of 14 cattle screened, none of the young and 66.6 % adult cows were positive. In buffaloes, 66.1 and 6.77 %, fecal samples were positive in microscopy and IS900 PCR, respectively. Sero-prevalence of JD was very high in diarrhoeic buffaloes and cattle from Haryana state of India.Buffaloes positive for Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) infection had reduced total leukocyte count and lymphocytes.     

Development of a real-time PCR for detection of Mycoplasma bovis in bovine milk and lung samples.

A real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay using hybridization probes on a LightCycler platform was developed for detection of Mycoplasma bovis from individual bovine mastitis milk and pneumonic lung tissues. The detection limit was 550 colony forming units (cfu)/ml of milk and 650 cfu/25 mg of lung tissue. A panel of bovine Mycoplasma and of other bovine-origin bacteria were tested; only M. bovis strains were positive, with a melting peak of 66.6 degrees C. Mycoplasma agalactiae PG2 was also positive and could be distinguished because it had a melting peak of 63.1 degrees C. In validation testing of clinical samples, the relative sensitivity and specificity were 100% and 99.3% for individual milks and 96.6% and 100% for the lung tissue. Using M. bovis real-time PCR, the M. bovis culture-positive milk samples were estimated to contain between 5 x 10(4) and 7.7 x 10(8) cfu/ml and the M. bovis culture-positive lungs between 1 x 10(3) and 1 x 10(9) cfu/25 mg. Isolation, confirmed with the real-time PCR and colony fluorescent antibody test, showed that at the herd level, the proportion of samples positive for M. bovis isolation in mastitis milk samples submitted to the Mastitis Laboratory, Animal Health Laboratory, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada, was 2.4% (5/201). We conclude that this probe-based real-time PCR assay is a sensitive, specific, and rapid method to identify M. bovis infection in bovine milk and pneumonic lungs.     

Using latent class analysis to estimate the test characteristics of the γ-interferon test, the single intradermal comparative tuberculin test and a multiplex immunoassay under Irish conditions

Considerable effort has been devoted to improving the existing diagnostic tests for bovine tuberculosis (single intradermal comparative tuberculin test [SICTT] and γ-interferon assay [γ-IFN]) and to develop new tests. Previously, the diagnostic characteristics (sensitivity, specificity) have been estimated in populations with defined infection status. However, these approaches can be problematic as there may be few herds in Ireland where freedom from infection is guaranteed. We used latent class models to estimate the diagnostic characteristics of existing (SICTT and γ-IFN) and new (multiplex immunoassay [Enferplex-TB]) diagnostic tests under Irish field conditions where true disease status was unknown. The study population consisted of herds recruited in areas with no known TB problems (2197 animals) and herds experiencing a confirmed TB breakdown (2740 animals). A Bayesian model was developed, allowing for dependence between SICTT and γ-IFN, while assuming independence from the Enferplex-TB test. Different test interpretations were used for the analysis: SICTT (standard and severe interpretation), γ-IFN (a single interpretation), and a range of interpretations for the Enferplex-TB (level-1 [high sensitivity interpretation] to level-5 [high specificity interpretation]). The sensitivity and specificity (95% posterior credibility intervals; 95% PCI) of SICTT[standard] relative to Enferplex-TB[level-1] and γ-IFN were 52.9-60.8% and 99.2-99.8%, respectively. Equivalent estimates for γ-IFN relative to Enferplex-TB[level-1] and SICTT were 63.1-70.1% and 86.8-89.4%, respectively. Sensitivity of Enferplex-TB[level-1] (95% PCI: 64.8-71.9%) was superior to the SICTT[standard], and specificity of the Enferplex-TB[level-5] was superior to γ-IFN (95% PCI: 99.6-100.0%). These results provide robust measures of sensitivity and specificity under field conditions in Ireland and suggest that the Enferplex-TB test has the potential to improve on current diagnostics for TB infection in cattle. The extent of that potential will be assessed in further studies.     

Fluorescence polarization assay for the detection of antibodies to Mycobacterium bovis in bovine sera

The performance of a fluorescence polarization assay (FPA) that detects antibodies to Mycobacterium bovis in bovine sera is described. The FPA reported here is a direct binding primary screening assay using a small polypeptide derived from the M. bovis MPB70 protein. A secondary inhibition assay confirms suspect or presumed positive samples. Specificity studies involved five different veterinary laboratories testing 4461 presumed negative bovine samples. FPA specificity was 99.9%. The FPA was used to identify herd status as either M. bovis infected or non-infected. Herd surveillance studies (nine herds) were performed in Mexico and South Africa. The FPA had a specificity of 100% (two negative herds), and correctly identified six of seven infected herds. Finally, sera from 105 slaughter animals that had gross lesions in lymph nodes similar to those seen with bovine tuberculosis were tested by the FPA. Thin sections from the associated formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded samples of lymph nodes were stained using hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) for morphologic examination and using the Ziehl-Neelsen (ZN) method for detection of acid-fast bacilli. Of the 105 animals, 78 were classified as TB suspect based on lesion morphology, 21 were positive by ZN, 9 were positive by FPA and 13 were positive by PCR for the tuberculosis group of Mycobacterium. Among the 21 ZN positives, 11 (52.4%) were PCR positive. Among the 9 FPA positives, 8 (88.9%) were PCR positive. For the 13 PCR positives, 8 (61.5%) were FPA positive and 11 (84.6%) were ZN positives. These results show that use of the FPA for detection of M. bovis infection of cattle has value for bovine disease surveillance programs.     

Isolation of Mycobacterium spp. from milking buffaloes and cattle in Nepal

In Nepal, mycobacterial isolates obtained from the milk and feces of buffaloes and cattle that were positive for the single intradermal cervical tuberculin (SICT) tests were genetically identified. A total of 36 mycobacterial strains were isolated from 39% of the buffaloes (14 of 36) and 34% of the cattle (11 of 32). Of the 36 strains, 13 were identified as M. bovis, and these strains were isolated from 17% of the buffaloes (6 of 36) and 16% of the cattle (5 of 32). M. bovis was isolated from both the milk and feces of one buffalo and one cattle, the milk alone of three buffaloes and three cattle, and the feces alone of two buffaloes and one cattle. These results suggest that milking buffaloes and cattle infected with M. bovis exist in Nepal. The remaining 23 strains were atypical mycobacteria. A program for the elimination of bovine tuberculosis should be implemented as soon as possible, and the public health education and proper hygienic practices may be required.