Comparison of Calculation Methods for Potential Reference Crop Evapotranspiration ET_0 in North Xinjiang

Reference crop evapotranspiration (ET_0) is a critical part in water cycle and water balance of ecosystem, which is greatly important to effective utilization of agricultural water resources and for making reasonable irrigation system. In order to propose a suitable method for computing ET_0 in North Xinjiang, based on daily meteorological data from May 1 to September30, 2010 provided by Weather Station of Fuhai County, we used FAO56 Penman-Monteith as the standard formula to compute ET_0, compared the differences and relations between such the method and other 4 calculation formulas, and analyzed the cause of the deviation, finally evaluated the applicability of computational method in North Xinjiang. The results showed that the calculation results by FA056 PM Method was approximate to that by FAO Penman method and IA method, of which the relative error was 9.26% and 13.51% respectively, the ET_0 results calculated by PT method and HS method were generally greater than the results by FAO56 PM, and their deviation was very obvious.     

应用Penman - Monteith简化公式计算极端干旱区参考作物潜在腾发量

[目的]用Penman - Monteith(P -M)简化公式代替标准的Penman - Monteith公式计算参考作物的潜在蒸腾量.[方法]通过2008 -2010年鄯善试验站的气象资料,对Penman - Monteith简化公式(忽略饱和差项)计算的参考作物潜在腾发量(ET0)与FAO推荐的P-M公式计算的参考作物潜在腾发量(ET0(PM))进行比较.[结果]Penman - Monteith简化公式计算的ET0年值略小于Penman - Monteith公式计算的年值,其绝对偏差为75 ～114 mm,相对偏差为10.5; ～14.3;,变异系数分别为0.04和0.06,简化公式的计算稳定性略好于标准的PM公式.两种方法计算的参考作物潜在腾发强度的月变化相近,统计分析的标准差分别为0.80和0.83,变异系数分别为0.23和0.2.空气动力学项中的饱和差项是Penman - Monteith简化公式和标准Penman - Monteith公式的主要差别,通过回归分析表明两种公式计算的参考作物潜在腾发量具有显著的线性相关性,各月a值很接近,差值最大为0.08,最小仅为0.0041,较好的说明了空气动力学项中的饱和差项对参考作物潜在腾发量的影响较小.[结论]在极端干旱区可利用Penman - Monteith简化公式代替标准的Penman - Monteith公式计算参考作物的潜在蒸腾量.     

参考作物蒸发蒸腾量计算方法在拉萨的适用性对比分析

利用西藏拉萨站点1955—2006年的气象资料,以世界粮农组织推荐的Penman—Monteith方法作为计算参考作物蒸发蒸腾量（Ero）的标准,讨论Hargreaves公式、Priestley—Taylor方法和1948年修正Penman方程3种计算Ero方法在西藏高原的适用性。结果表明,3种Ero计算方法的优劣顺序为1948年修正Penman方程、Hargreaves公式、Priestley—Taylor方法。     

基于环境因子驱动的温室番茄土壤栽培超前决策灌溉模型的验证及其关系分析

为验证超前决策灌溉模型在土壤栽培中的科学性,筛选基于超前决策灌溉模型的最优灌溉量组合,以Penman-Monteith模型为对照(PM处理),分别在番茄的开花坐果期和果实膨大期设置超前决策灌溉模型计算灌溉量(ET)的3个水平(0.8 ET、1.0 ET、1.2 ET),共计10个处理,通过春秋两茬试验,分析比较不同灌溉模型对土壤含水量、番茄生理指标、产量、品质与水分利用效率的影响,并利用熵权-TOPSIS法评价不同处理番茄的综合指标。结果表明:与对照相比,超前决策灌溉模型处理土壤含水量的波动较小,光合能力、植株产量与水分利用效率显著提高。运用熵权-TOPSIS综合分析法进行排序,T2-3处理(开花坐果期使用1.0 ET灌溉,果实膨大期使用1.2 ET进行灌溉)排第1位,秋茬番茄PM处理(使用PM模型进行灌溉)排在第8位,春茬温室番茄PM处理排在第10位。秋茬与春茬温室番茄最优处理T2-3相较于PM处理,叶片的净光合速率提高约9.7%和24.3%,蒸腾速率降低约16.5%和14.6%,产量和水分利用效率分别提升了4.7%、8.7%与0.8%、9.5%。研究结果表明在温室番茄的土壤栽培中,无论是春季还是秋季,超前决策灌溉模型比PM模型灌溉精度高;且在开花坐果期使用1.0 ET灌溉、果实膨大期使用1.2 ET进行灌溉为超前决策灌溉模型最优的灌溉量组合。     

基于支持向量机优化粒子群算法的作物生育期ET_0预测

ET0是计算作物需水量、进行农田灌溉管理及区域水资源优化配置的重要依据。为了提高ET0的预测精度,将粒子群(particle swarm optimization,PSO)算法引入到ET0预测中,并用支持向量回归机(support vector machine,SVM)优化参数。PSO-SVM将最高气温、最低气温、相对湿度、平均风速与日照时数输入到SVM中学习,将SVM参数作为PSO中的粒子,把ET0值作为PSO的目标函数,然后通过粒子之间相互协作得到SVM最优参数,对ET0进行预测,并采用PM模型计算值验证。该文以新疆喀什地区为例,通过采用粒子群耦合支持向量机(PSO-SVM)算法训练得到模型,并用10组数据进行预测;最后引用BP神经网络算法和PSO-SVM算法进行了对比,其结果表明,PSO-SVM算法预测准确率较高,预测值与实测值间相关系数达0.682,平均相对误差为3.19%。     

生态系统尺度水汽通量分配——以寒温带兴安落叶松林为例

目的蒸散发(ET)包括蒸发(E)和蒸腾(T), 是生态系统降雨(P)返回大气的最主要形式, 在气候变化背景下, 了解大兴安岭北部多年冻土区的寒温带兴安落叶松林的ET特征及其分配状况, 有助于进一步理解北方森林对气候变化的响应模式。方法在2015年7月10日至8月10日期间, 利用模型与野外实测的方法对寒温带兴安落叶松林蒸发(E)、蒸腾(T)及蒸散发(ET)进行研究。E包括林地蒸发(E_f)和林冠截留(E_c), 而林分蒸腾总量(T_tot)则为优势木(T_d)、中等木(T_i)、劣势木(T_s)蒸腾量之和。分析非降水和降水日的ET及其组分特征和分配, 探讨水汽通量对气象因子的响应。结果非降雨和降雨日的ET及其组分的日变化均呈单峰格局, 且非降雨日曲线的日峰值均高于降雨日。非降雨日, E_f、T_d、T_i、T_s和ET分别为10.3、25.6、15.2、10.8和66.3mm; 降雨日, E_f、E_c、T_d、T_i、T_s和ET则分别为2.2、24.3、11.2、5.1、3.8和47.8mm。非降雨日, E_f/ET为15.5%, 而T_tot/ET为78.0%, 其中T_d/ET、T_i/ET和T_s/ET分别贡献38.7%、23.0%和16.4%;降雨日, E_f/ET低至4.6%, E_c/ET则可以达到50.9%, 而T_tot/ET降低至42.2%, 其中T_d/ET、T_i/ET和T_s/ET分别为23.5%、10.6%和8.0%;表明非降雨日ET以T为主(具体为T_d), 降雨日则以E(具体为E_c)为主。观测期间94.7%的P主要以ET形式返回大气, 其中由T贡献57%, E贡献38%。总体上, 无论降雨与否, ET与23m处净辐射(R_n)的相关性均高于其与水汽压亏缺(VPD)的相关性, T_tot与二者的相关性则差异不大, 而E_f的表现则与ET相反, 说明R_n是生态系统能量循环和物质交换的最主要驱动力, T_tot同时主要受到R_n和VPD的约束, 而E_f优先受VPD的限制。结论兴安落叶松优势木的蒸腾能力强于中等木和劣势木, 以往研究多采用T_d(或包括较大径级的T_i)为林分尺度上推计算过程的基准值的方法会高估林分整体的蒸腾能力, 实际误差的大小取决于林分的分化程度以及是否降雨等因素。非降雨日的气象条件更有利于植被-大气界面的水汽交换, 降雨的发生会影响生态系统ET的分配模式。      

基于近红外光谱的南疆温185核桃水分无损检测的研究

[目的]利用近红外光谱技术建立预测南疆核桃水分的检测模型。[方法]通过对南疆温185核桃进行近红外光谱水分无损检测,并用标准烘干法对所建立的检测模型进行验证,形成测定核桃水分的快速检测模型。[结果]试验表明,对采集的光谱数据进行SNV预处理,并采用偏最小二乘回归分析法(PLS)建立模型,得到了较小的SEC值和较高的RC值。其SNV预测的值用标准烘干法得出的平均偏差为0.35%,完全满足对南疆温185核桃进行水分无损检测的要求,可以应用到实际的核桃水分预测当中。[结论]研究可为核桃水分的快速无损检测提供参考依据,同时将此项无损检测技术应用到果农的生产实际当中,可提高果农的收益。     

基于支持向量机优化粒子群算法的作物生育期ET0预测

ET0是计算作物需水量、进行农田灌溉管理及区域水资源优化配置的重要依据。为了提高ET0的预测精度,将粒子群（particle swarm optimization,PSO）算法引入到ET0预测中,并用支持向量回归机（support vector machine,SVM）优化参数。PSO-SVM将最高气温、最低气温、相对湿度、平均风速与日照时数输入到SVM中学习,将SVM参数作为PSO中的粒子,把ET0值作为PSO的目标函数,然后通过粒子之间相互协作得到SVM最优参数,对ET0进行预测,并采用PM模型计算值验证。该文以新疆喀什地区为例,通过采用粒子群耦合支持向量机（PSO-SVM）算法训练得到模型,并用10组数据进行预测;最后引用BP神经网络算法和PSO-SVM 算法进行了对比,其结果表明, PSO-SVM算法预测准确率较高,预测值与实测值间相关系数达0.682,平均相对误差为3.19%。     

辽西参考作物潜在腾发量变化及其气象影响因子研究

根据辽西半干旱区阜新、朝阳站上世纪50年代至今的气象资料,采用FAO推荐的Penm an-Monte ith公式计算参考作物潜在腾发量(ET0),统计并分析生长季与非生长季辽西地区的ET0、气象因子变化与及其影响ET0变化的主要气象因子。结果表明:阜新地区ET0表现为随时间的增长趋势,而朝阳表现为随时间逐年减少趋势,80年代至今阜新、朝阳变化趋势显著。阜新、朝阳ET0与各气象因子的相关性大体一致。在辽西地区影响ET0显著的气象因子顺序为:风速太阳辐射最高温度降水量,20世纪80年代至今风速的显著性变化是辽西半干旱区ET0之间差异的主要原因。     

2000～2008年黑河流域潜在蒸散量的时空变化

[目的]研究2000~2008年黑河流域潜在蒸散量的时空变化。[方法]利用2000~2008年黑河流域21个气象站的逐日气候资料,结合FAO Penman-Monteith模型,分析了黑河流域9年来潜在蒸散量（ET0）的时空变化特征,并对其主要气候影响因子进行了探讨。[结果]黑河流域春、夏、秋、冬四季和年的ET0序列变化呈现缓慢上升趋势,但并未达到显著性水平;多年平均ET0空间分异特征明显,表现为从东北荒漠向西南山区逐渐减少,且多年季节变化依照夏、春、秋、冬季的顺序递减,逐月变化呈单峰变化趋势,峰值出现在7月。相对湿度、平均风速和水汽压是影响研究区内ET0变化的主要气候因子,而平均气温对ET0的影响作用不显著。[结论]该研究为制定流域规划、地区水利规划及排灌工程提供理论依据。     

基于天气预报的参考作物蒸发蒸腾量预测模型

参考作物蒸发蒸腾量(ET_0)是计算作物需水量和进行灌溉预报的基本要素。本文利用天气预报可测因子和Penman Monteith(PM)公式ET_0计算值作为基础数据,分别建立BP神经网络模型和ANFIS自适应模糊神经推理系统模型,两种模型的估算值与PM公式的计算值没有明显差异,均表现出显著的相关性以及整体吻合度。本文对两种模型取相同的数据样本进行比较,BP-ET_0预测结果的MRE值为32.13%,RMSE为0.134 mm,而R2达到了0.971,说明模型预测精度高,稳定性良好。相较于ANFIS-ET_0的检验结果,BP-ET_0模型的均方根误差更小(0.134mm/d0.188 mm/d),表明其预测精度更高;而ANFIS-ET_0模型估算值的平均相对误差明显小于BP-ET_0模型估算值(16.92%32.13%),显示出ANFIS-ET_0模型更高的稳定性。两种预测模型的输入项完全可以从当前短期天气预报因子中取得而不需要专用测量设备,程序操作简单,具有实用价值,为实时灌溉预报提供了理论基础。     

Estimating daily actual evapotranspiration of a rice–wheat rotation system in typical farmland in the Huai River Basin using a two-step model and two one-step models

The objective of this study is to evaluate the performance of three models for estimating daily evapotranspiration(ET) by employing flux observation data from three years(2007, 2008 and 2009) during the growing seasons of winter wheat and rice crops cultivated in a farmland ecosystem(Shouxian County) located in the Huai River Basin(HRB), China. The first model is a two-step model(PM-K_c); the other two are one-step models(e.g., Rana-Katerji(R-K) and advection-aridity(AA)). The results showed that the energy closure degrees of eddy covariance(EC) data during winter wheat and rice-growing seasons were reasonable in the HRB, with values ranging from 0.84 to 0.91 and R2 of approximately 0.80. Daily ET of winter wheat showed a slow decreasing trend followed by a rapid increase, while that of rice presented a decreasing trend after an increase. After calibrating the crop coefficient(K_c), the PM–K_c model performed better than the model using the K_c recommended by the Food and Agricultural Organization(FAO). The calibrated key parameters of the R-K model and AA model showed better universality. After calibration, the simulation performance of the PM-K_c model was satisfactory. Both the R-K model and AA model underestimated the daily ET of winter wheat and rice. Compared with that of the R-K model, the simulation result of the AA model was better, especially in the simulation of daily ET of rice. Overall, this research highlighted the consistency of the PM-K_c model to estimate the water demand for rice and wheat crops in the HRB and in similar climatic regions in the world.     

Seasonal Variation of Moisture Availability at Water-wind Erosion Crisscross Region in Northern Loess Plateau China

The objectives of the current study were to estimate evapotranspiration（ET） over the grassland and assess seasonal variation of moisture availability at the wind-water erosion crisscross region in the northern Loess Plateau of China. The Liudaogou Catchment which has the representative climatic and hydrological characteristics of the wind-water erosion crisscross region was chosen as the study location. The reference crop evapotranspiration（ET 0） was estimated by Penmen method, which was recommended by FAO56 and the evapotranspiration over the grassland（ET） was estimated by Penmen-Monteith equation using the observed meteorological data with time unit of 1 h. The soil moisture availability factor was defined by m a =ET/ET 0. The calculated results for 2006 indicated that the total ET 0 was slightly more than the total yearly precipitation and ET accounted for 37 % of that, ET increased distinctly after the intensive rainfall event in the rainy season. Most of the m a was less than 0.4 and its annual mean was 0.34. It was expected that the results provided a basis for studies on dynamic functional analysis of soil moisture, relationship between soil water and crop growth at the wind-water erosion crisscross region in the northern Loess Plateau.     

Service-oriented approach for modeling and estimating reference evapotranspiration

Software used for estimating reference evapotranspiration (ET₀) has been developing in various directions. The main goal of this paper is to present an approach based on Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA) paradigm for modeling and estimating ET₀. The FAO-56 Penman-Monteith (FAO-56 PM) and Hargreaves equation are used for estimating monthly ET₀.The weather data for this study were obtained from CIMIS for Davis weather station. The FAO-56 PM and Hargreaves ET₀ values estimated using ET Web service were compared to corresponding CIMIS PM ET₀ estimates. The proposed model based on Web services implemented to the FAO-56 PM and Hargreaves equations has good performances and can be used in estimating ET₀ and has ability to complete missing weather data.     

Software for estimating reference evapotranspiration using limited weather data

The FAO-56 Penman-Monteith combination equation (FAO-56 PM) has been recommended as the standard equation for estimating reference evapotranspiration (ET₀). The FAO-56 PM equation requires the numerous weather data that are not available in the most of the stations. The main goal of this paper is to present the software for estimating reference evapotranspiration, focusing on the feature of using limited weather data. This is simple Windows-based and user-friendly software provides methods to estimate extra-terrestrial radiation, maximum sunshine hours, daily net radiation and daily/monthly ET₀. The program is written in C# and includes comprehensive technical documentation. The software is available for free download.The weather data for this study were obtained from CIMIS for Davis weather station. The reduced-set FAO-56 PM approaches and adjusted Hargreaves equation were compared to the full-set FAO-56 PM equation. The FAO-56 reduced-set PM ET₀ estimates were in closest agreement with FAO-56 full-set PM ET₀ estimates. The adjusted Hargreaves equation (AHARG) was found to be in very good agreement with the full-set FAO-56 PM. This program is the first software facilitating calculation of ET₀ only with air temperature parameter.     

参考作物蒸发蒸腾量计算简化方法

基于国家“863”节水农业重大专项子课题示范现场的气象资料,对参考作物蒸发蒸腾量及其影 响因素进行了相关性分析。选取净辐射和空气饱和差建立了参考作物蒸发蒸腾量的简化计算公式,并引 入风速函数进行修正。研究结果表明:参考作物蒸发蒸腾量与净辐射相关系数最大,然后依次是空气饱 和差、日照时数和温度;且与净辐射和空气饱和差呈直线关系,与日照时数和温度呈指数关系,而与相对 湿度呈负相关关系;考虑风速修正后的简化公式与标准方法(FA056 Penman-Monteith)的计算结果有较 高的一致性。     

新疆塔里木盆地北缘日参考作物腾发量计算模型评价

采用4种常用的腾发量模型(Makkink模型,Turc模型,Priestley-Taylor模型以及Hargreaves模型)计算日腾发量,并以Penman-Monteith FAO 56公式计算结果为标准值进行对比,旨在寻找出建模数据少、模拟精度高以及适合研究区的腾发量计算模型。结果表明:Turc模型的日参考作物蒸发蒸腾量与Penman-Monteith FAO 56差异较小,其次是Makkink模型与Priestley-Taylor模型,Hargreaves模型的差异最大。     

不同时间步长的Hargreaves公式修正式适用性研究

为比较不同时间步长的Hargreaves公式修正式的适用性,利用哈尔滨市气象台48年的逐日气象数据,应用Penman-Monteith公式和Hargreaves公式计算了哈尔滨市参考作物蒸发蒸腾量(ET0)的日、旬、月值,基于两公式计算的ET0数据,采纳FAO推荐的方法建立了Hargreaves公式修正式模型,通过分析...     

宁夏中南部地区马铃薯水分盈亏研究

了解宁夏中南部地区马铃薯的需水规律和水分供需状况,可为合理安排补灌制度,提高水分利用率提供支持。采用FAO PM 56方法和农田水分平衡方程,通过细化K_c系数,分析了马铃薯历年逐旬需水量、耗水量和水分盈亏变化。结果表明：马铃薯全生育期需水465.1~677.3 mm,与气温和降水量分别呈极显著正相关和负相关,需水量在高温年偏多,低温年偏少,在多雨年偏少,少雨年偏多。苗期和块茎膨大期水分盈亏为正值,6—8月上旬大部为负值,即有7—12个旬的水分亏缺超过10 mm/旬。缺水时段从南到北逐渐延长,缺水量逐渐增多,中部干旱带6—8月累积水分亏缺300 mm以上。为此,可选择耐旱品种,实施低耗水前茬休耕轮作、地膜覆盖、垄沟栽培、水分亏缺期节水补灌等措施,支撑马铃薯产业可持续发展。     

作物蒸发蒸腾量的人工神经网络模型研究

采用盆栽试验,利用BP-人工神经网络模拟作物的蒸发蒸腾量,分别构建ET1(气象因子)、ET2(气象因子与播种天数)、ET3(气象因子、播种天数和含水率)3种人工神经网络模型,并将预测结果与称重法得到的实际值ET进行比较,结果表明,所构建的ET3模型的计算精度较高,是一种最优的计算作物蒸发蒸腾量的BP-人工神经网络模型。