长春地区梅花鹿毕氏肠微孢子虫分子流行病学调查

为了掌握长春地区梅花鹿毕氏肠微孢子虫(Enterocytozoon bieneusi)的感染率及基因型种类的分布情况,探究其在人与动物之间传播的源由,本研究于2018年12月-2019年12月期间采集长春地区8个养殖场共计538份梅花鹿粪便样品进行毕氏肠微孢子虫的流行病学调查及基因型分析,经PCR鉴定,测序分析、序列拼接比对以及系统进化分析。试验结果表明,长春地区梅花鹿毕氏肠微孢子虫的感染率为17.84%(96/538),不同养殖场的感染率为0~47.96%;研究共发现14种基因型(BEB6、EbpC、Ⅰ、JLD-Ⅲ、JLD-Ⅸ、JLD-ⅩⅤ、JLD-ⅩⅥ、JLD-ⅩⅦ、JLD-ⅩⅧ、JLD-ⅩⅨ、JLD-ⅩⅩ、JLD-ⅩⅪ、JLD-ⅩⅫ和JLD-ⅩⅩⅢ),其中BEB6为优势基因型。应用多位点序列分型(MLST)方法,选择MS1、MS3、MS4以及MS7位点对毕氏肠微孢子虫阳性样本进行多态性和群体遗传结构分析,结果显示,在96份阳性样品中,共有16份阳性分离株在至少2个位点同时扩增成功,形成10个多位点基因型(multilocus genotypes,MLGs),相同的基因型之间存在不同亚型,表明长春地区梅花鹿毕氏肠微孢子虫具有丰富的遗传多样性。本研究应用分子生物学方法对长春地区梅花鹿毕氏肠微孢子虫的流行病情况及基因型进行分析,研究结果不仅为梅花鹿毕氏肠微孢子虫防控提供科学依据,也为防控毕氏微孢子虫在人和动物间的传播提供基础数据,对保障公共卫生与健康意义重大。     

藏香猪毕氏肠微孢子虫感染情况和基因分型

采集了青海省和陕西省部分地区共计450份藏香猪新鲜粪便样品,基于小亚基核糖体RNA基因(small-subunit ribosomal RNA,SSU rRNA)的巢式PCR检测样品中毕氏肠微孢子虫(Enterocytozoon bieneusi)的感染情况,并分析其遗传多样性。结果显示,218份样品感染了毕氏肠微孢子虫,总感染率为48.4%(218/450);青海省所调查藏香猪的毕氏肠微孢子虫感染率为65.8%(154/234),显著高于陕西省的感染率29.6%(64/216)(P0.001);4个年龄段间藏香猪毕氏肠微孢子虫感染率差异显著(P0.001),其中哺乳仔猪感染率最高(92.7%),而成年猪感染率最低(9.2%)。序列分析发现,藏香猪存在5个SSU rRNA基因型(Type 1～Type 5),其中Type 1为优势基因型。对218份毕氏肠微孢子虫阳性分离株的多位点序列分型发现,分别有59,26,9和99份样品在MS1、MS3、MS4和MS7基因位点成功扩增,呈现18,4,4和4种单倍型,基于MS1、MS3和MS4等3个基因位点共形成6种多位点基因型(multi-locus genotypes,MLGs)。     

湖南省部分地区中华竹鼠毕氏肠微孢子虫基因分型研究

为了明确湖南省部分地区中华竹鼠毕氏肠微孢子虫的感染情况,从湖南省4个市的6个养殖场共采集中华竹鼠新鲜粪便样品480份,利用小亚基核糖体RNA(SSU rRNA)基因的套式PCR对这些样品中毕氏肠微孢子虫的感染率和遗传多样性进行研究。结果发现,25份粪便样品存在毕氏肠微孢子虫感染,总感染率为5.2%,除吉首市的中华竹鼠未检出阳性外,其余各采样点及各年龄段的中华竹鼠均有毕氏肠微孢子虫感染,但感染率差异不显著(P0.05);进一步序列分析发现,所检测的中华竹鼠毕氏肠微孢子虫存在2种SSU rRNA基因型(Type 1和Type 2),其中Type 1为优势基因型;多位点序列分析发现,在MS1、MS3、MS7基因位点分别有7、1、14份样品成功扩增,呈现7、1、4个单倍型。本研究结果将为湖南省部分地区中华竹鼠微孢子虫病的防控提供基础数据。     

马属动物毕氏肠微孢子虫研究进展

毕氏肠微孢子虫是一种引起人和动物腹泻的常见病原体,可通过食物和水源传播,具有重要的公共卫生意义。根据系统进化分析,已鉴定出近300个毕氏肠微孢子虫基因型,分为9个组群,组群1中的基因型大多数具有潜在人兽共患性;组群2~8中的基因型多数具有宿主特异性,部分也可感染人。研究表明,马属动物可感染37个毕氏肠微孢子虫基因型,具有一定人兽共患风险。论文就近年来感染马属动物的毕氏肠微孢子虫基因型、人兽共患风险、流行情况和致病性等进行综述。     

陕西部分地区山羊毕氏肠微孢子虫多位点基因分型研究

为了阐明山羊毕氏肠微孢子虫的遗传多样性,笔者采用基于微卫星(MS1、MS3、MS7)和小卫星(MS4)位点的多位点序列分型技术首次对不同用途山羊的122个毕氏肠微孢子虫分离株进行了多位点序列分型研究。结果发现,在MS1、MS4和MS7位点的扩增效率依次为27.9%(34/122)、18.0%(22/122)、50.8%(62/122),而在MS3位点所有样品均未获得有效扩增。核苷酸序列分析表明,所有样品的MS1、MS4和MS7位点分别具有16、9和18个基因型,共形成了14个MLGs。其中,50份绒山羊阳性样品3个位点扩增效率分别为10.0%(5/50)、14.0%(7/50)和90.0%(45/50),分别具有3、3和10个基因型,共形成了5个MLGs;56份奶山羊阳性样品3个位点的扩增效率依次为28.6%(16/56)、19.6%(11/56)和8.9%(5/56),分别组成4、4、1个基因型,共组成7个不同的MLGs;16份黑山羊阳性样品在3个位点的扩增效率依次为81.3%(13/16)、25.0%(4/16)、75.0%(12/16),分别具有9、2、7个基因型,构成2个MLGs。     

云南省怒江州部分地区独龙牛毕氏肠微孢子虫感染情况及基因分型研究

为了解云南省怒江州独龙牛毕氏肠微孢子虫感染情况,从怒江州的鸠门当、古泉村、亚左洛村、茨开镇、独龙江乡分四个季度(春、夏、秋、冬)采集独龙牛粪便样本1129份,采用分子生物学技术对其毕氏肠微孢子虫感染情况进行调查研究。结果发现,所调查地区独龙牛毕氏肠微孢子虫总感染率为1.68%(19/1129);各地点之间感染率差异显著(P<0.05),以独龙江乡感染率最高;4个季度中夏季感染率最高3.26%(9/276),春、秋和冬感染率分别为1.10%(3/272)、1.28%(4/312)和1.12%(3/269),但差异不显著(P>0.05)。序列分析发现,在19个阳性样本中成功鉴定出4种已知基因型(EbpC、BEB4、CHN3和CHN4)及2种新基因型(YNNJ1和YNNJ2),丰富了毕氏肠微孢子虫基因型数据。系统发育分析表明,所得6种基因型均为人兽共患基因型,提示怒江州独龙牛毕氏肠微孢子虫存在人兽互传的潜在风险。     

动物园动物消化道寄生虫感染情况调查

为了解动物园动物肠道寄生虫感染情况,本试验采集了来自贵阳和北京动物园33种动物,共150份粪便样品。采用饱和盐水漂浮法和离心沉淀法富集虫卵和卵囊进行显微镜检查;基于隐孢子虫、芽囊原虫、毕氏肠微孢子虫和十二指肠贾第虫的特异性基因位点对人兽共患原虫进行PCR检测和序列比对分析。结果显示,动物园动物寄生虫总感染率为64.0%。显微镜检查出的寄生虫包括毛首线虫(20.0%)、细颈线虫(2.7%)、艾美耳球虫(14.7%)和其他线虫(25.3%)。PCR检测4种肠道原虫的感染率分别为：隐孢子虫1.3%、毕氏肠微孢子虫8.7%、十二指肠贾第虫12.0%和芽囊原虫32.0%。序列比对结果显示,存在2种隐孢子虫虫种(安氏隐孢子虫和泛在隐孢子虫);7种毕氏肠微孢子虫基因型(SC02、BEB6、Type IV、PigEBITS 7、Peru8、PtEb IX和D);2种十二指肠贾第虫基因型(B和E);8种芽囊原虫基因亚型(ST1、ST2、ST3、ST5、ST8、ST10、ST13和ST14)。结果表明,贵州和北京动物园动物肠道寄生虫感染非常普遍,并且存在多种人兽共患虫种和基因型。做好动物园寄生虫病的防控不...     

江苏和云南部分地区山羊毕氏肠微孢子虫感染情况调查

为了调查江苏省和云南省部分地区山羊毕氏肠微孢子虫的感染情况和基因型,从江苏4个地区和云南9个地区羊场采集282份山羊新鲜粪样,提取基因组DNA,采用基于毕氏肠微孢子虫核糖体内转录间隔区(ITS)序列的特异套式PCR方法进行检测,对阳性扩增产物进行克隆、测序分析,以确定其基因型。结果显示,仅在云南昆明、江苏镇江和宿迁地区的山羊粪样中检出毕氏肠微孢子虫,各地区的感染率为0～22.7%。总感染率为2.8%(8/282),江苏感染率为6.3%(6/94),云南感染率为1.1%(2/188)。不同月龄羊间感染率差异不显著(P>0.05)。阳性扩增产物经克隆、测序分析,共获得2个基因型CHG1(n=3)和CHG3(n=5),进化树分析显示2个基因型均属Group 2亚群,无人畜共患性。     

奶牛源微小隐孢子虫的分子鉴定及动物感染试验

采用饱和蔗糖溶液漂浮法检查商丘市某奶牛场牛新鲜粪便样本的隐孢子虫卵囊,用18SrRNA基因对隐孢子虫进行PCR扩增和限制性片段长度多态性分析;基于GP60基因位点对微小隐孢子虫进行基因亚型鉴定。结果显示:103份样本中有50份为隐孢子虫阳性,42份经形态学鉴定为安氏隐孢子虫,8份形态学未能鉴定到种。经限制性片段长度多态性分析,7个分离株为微小隐孢子虫,1个分离株为牛隐孢子虫;序列比对分析,7个微小隐孢子虫均为人兽共患基因亚型IIdA19G1。接种1头3日龄犊牛1×106个卵囊,潜隐期为3d,显露期为14d,于感染后第7天和第10天出现2个排卵囊高峰期,收集到大量纯卵囊。     

牛隐孢子虫的分子流行病学研究进展

隐孢子虫(Cryptosporidium spp)是一种全球广泛分布的肠道寄生原虫,可感染人类和多种动物,引起自限性腹泻、腹痛、营养不良等临床症状。目前,分子生物学工具的发展促进了隐孢子虫的检测和分型,部分隐孢子虫虫种已开发出亚型分型工具,为深入探究隐孢子虫的分子传播特征及人兽共患风险提供了可能。牛是隐孢子虫的重要宿主,但目前对牛隐孢子虫病的了解不足,并常常忽视其公共卫生意义。因此,笔者总结了近年牛隐孢子虫病的流行病学研究结果,发现我国绝大部分地区均有相关报道。报道中的主要虫种为微小隐孢子虫、牛隐孢子虫、芮氏隐孢子虫以及安氏隐孢子虫,虫种的感染具有年龄相关性,并与发达地区存在一定差异。微小隐孢子虫是重要的人兽共患虫种,而牛隐孢子虫和安氏隐孢子虫也有感染人类的报道,牛隐孢子虫病的人兽共患风险正在被不断发现。     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1984

In late December 1984, 1853 institutional veterinarians and small and mixed animal clinics across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1984 and 35% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 97,794 dogs were blood-tested to check for microfilariae and 1417 dogs (1.45% of those tested) were found with heartworm. Another 34 dogs were amicrofilaremic, but were diagnosed as having heartworm disease, to give the total number diagnosed in 1984 as 1451 (1.48%). Heartworm was reported from all provinces except Prince Edward Island and Newfoundland but most (1310) of the cases were in Ontario. In Quebec, 126 cases were reported mostly from west of Montreal.

Heartworm was found most frequently in companion dogs over three years of age maintained mainly outdoors in rural areas. About 27% of the cases were observed with clinical signs of heartworm disease and 72% had a history of not having left Canada. Southwestern Ontario continued to be the primary focus of the infection.

     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1983

In late December 1983, 2 800 veterinarians across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of heartworm disease in Canada in 1983 and 26% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 59 504 dogs were blood-tested to check for microfilariae and 771 dogs (1.30% of those tested) were found with Dirofilaria immitis. Heartworm disease was diagnosed in all provinces except New Brunswick and Newfoundland but most (733) of the cases were in Ontario.

Heartworm disease was found most frequently in companion dogs over three years of age maintained mainly outdoors in rural areas. About 31% of the cases were observed with clinical signs of heartworm disease and 64% had a history of not having left Canada. Southwestern Ontario continues to be the focus of the infection and most of the dogs there had not left the province previously.

     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1991

In late November 1991, 1883 clinics in Canada were sent a questionnaire to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in dogs in 1991 and there was a 60.0% response. There were 344,031 dogs tested for heart-worm (HW), 627 were found infected and the prevalence of HW infection was 0.18%. There were 417 dogs with HW in Ontario, 116 in Manitoba, 38 in Quebec, 53 in British Columbia, three in Alberta, and one in Nova Scotia. In British Columbia, all of the infected dogs but one were from the Okanagan valley which, as from 1991, is a new focus of infection in Canada. Most dogs with HW had not been on preventive medication in 1990, and the prevalence among dogs tested and unprotected was 0.59%. That prevalence was considerably higher in endemic areas. Companion dogs, over three years of age and maintained primarily outdoors in rural areas, were most frequently infected. One cat was diagnosed with D. immitis and 33 dogs had Dipetalonema reconditium.     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1985

In late December 1985, 1485 institutional veterinarians and small and mixed animal clinics across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1985 and 44% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 137,300 dogs were blood-tested to check for microfilariae and 1210 dogs were found with heartworm. Another 36 dogs were amicrofilaremic but diagnosed with heartworm disease to give the total number diagnosed in 1985 as 1247 (0.91%).

Heartworm was reported from all provinces except Prince Edward Island, Newfoundland and Saskatchewan but most (1126) of the cases were in Ontario. Southwestern Ontario continued to be the primary focus of the infection in Canada. From Quebec, 91 cases were reported mostly from and around Montreal. From Manitoba, 19 cases were reported from Winnipeg and surrounding areas. Heartworm was found most frequently in companion dogs over three years of age maintained mainly outdoors in rural areas. About 28% of the cases were observed with clinical signs of heartworm disease and 78% had a history of not having left Canada.

     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1988

In late November 1988, 1581 small and mixed animal clinics and institutional veterinarians across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1988, and 46% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 181,577 dogs were blood-tested for heartworm disease and 367 dogs were found with D. immitis microfilariae. Another 60 dogs were amicrofilaremic but diagnosed with heartworm disease to give the total number of cases diagnosed in 1988 as 441 (0.24%).     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1989

In late November 1989, 1732 clinics and institutional veterinarians were sent a questionnaire to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis, and 51.7% responded. Of 247,716 dogs tested, 394 had D. immitis microfilariae and 51 were amicrofilaremic for a total of 445 cases and heartworm prevalence of 0.17%. Most (408) of these dogs had no preventive medication and the prevalence among dogs tested and unprotected was 1.01%. That prevalence was considerably higher in endemic areas. Thirty-seven dogs with heartworm had preventive medication. Heartworm was most frequent in companion dogs over three years of age maintained outdoors in rural areas. About 75% of the cases had never left Canada, 26% had clinical signs and 125 were not treated.

Heartworm was reported from British Columbia, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia and Newfoundland, but 383 cases were in Ontario. South-western Ontario was the primary focus of infection. There were 33 cases in Quebec and 24 in Manitoba, mainly found in and around Metropolitan Montreal and Winnipeg respectively.

     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1987

In late November 1987, 1246 institutional veterinarians and small and mixed animal clinics across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1987, and 50% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 165,428 dogs were blood tested for heartworm disease and 511 dogs were found with D. immitis microfilariae. Another 78 dogs were amicrofilaremic but diagnosed with heartworm disease to give the total number of cases diagnosed in 1987 as 589 (0.35%).     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1986

In late December 1986, 1224 institutional veterinarians and small and mixed animal clinics across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1986; 46% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 150,989 dogs were blood-tested for microfilariae and 869 dogs were found with heartworm. Another 65 dogs were amicrofilaremic but diagnosed with heartworm disease and one was found with heartworm at necropsy to give the total number diagnosed in 1986 as 935 (0.62%).

Heartworm was reported from Manitoba, New Brunswick, Ontario and Quebec, but most (810) of the cases were from Ontario. South-western Ontario continued to be the primary focus of the infection in Canada. There were 103 cases reported from Quebec, mostly from and around Montreal, and 21 cases from Manitoba, from Winnipeg and surrounding areas. Heartworm was found most frequently in companion dogs over three years of age maintained mainly outdoors in rural areas. About 33% of the cases were observed with clinical signs of heartworm disease and 81% had a history of not having left Canada.