茶多酚对围产后期奶牛生产性能、血清生化及抗氧化指标的影响

【目的】研究饲粮添加茶多酚对围产后期奶牛生产性能、血清生化及抗氧化指标的影响。【方法】选取36头胎次、预产期相近(产前28 d)的中国荷斯坦奶牛,随机分为3组：对照组、茶多酚1组(TP1)、茶多酚2组(TP2),每组12头。对照组奶牛饲喂基础饲粮,TP1、TP2组分别在基础饲粮中每天添加15和30 g/头茶多酚,预试期7 d,正试期42 d。试验结束后采集奶牛的奶样和血样,测定乳成分和血清生化及抗氧化指标。【结果】与对照组相比,TP1、TP2组乳脂产量显著提高(P<0.05),TP2组乳脂率和总固形物含量显著升高(P<0.05);TP2组血清总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)显著提高,谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性显著升高(P<0.05)。此外,TP2组乳脂率和总固形物含量、T-AOC和GSH-Px、SOD、CAT活性均显著高于TP1组(P<0.05)。【结论】饲粮添加茶多酚能够提高围产后期奶牛产后乳脂产量、乳脂率和总固形物含量,血清T-AOC及SOD、CAT和GSH-Px活性升高。本试验中,添加30 g/头茶多酚...     

奶牛血液生化指标的检测

本项目针对沈阳某乳业公司7个奶牛场的3000多头成母牛进行血液生化指标抽查，目的在于了解该公司牛群血中钙、磷和β-胡萝卜素的盈缺状况，以及与酮病相关的营养代谢病的发病情况、发病规律，为早期预防、治疗酮病和合理饲养管理提供科学依据。     

围产期酮病奶牛血液生化指标特征分析

试验随机选取产前奶牛29头,跟踪采集产前2周、产前1周、分娩当天及产后3,7,14,21 d的血浆样品,检测血浆相关生化指标变化特征,并记录泌乳量。任意采集时间点血浆β-羟丁酸(BHBA)≥1.2 mmol/L则为酮病组, BHBA<1.2 mmol/L则为对照组。结果显示:随机选取的牛群中酮病发病率为58.6%,酮病主要发生在产后7～14 d;酮病组奶牛产前血液相关生化指标与对照组相比无显著性差异;与对照组相比,酮病组奶牛分娩当天血钾水平升高,血磷水平显著降低;产后3 d酮病组奶牛血浆甘油三酯、总胆固醇(TC)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)、BHBA、泌乳量显著高于对照组奶牛;产后7,14,21 d血浆BHBA、非脂化脂肪酸(ENFA)、TC、HDL-C、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)水平极显著高于对照组奶牛,血糖水平显著低于对照组奶牛。二元Logistic回归分析显示:产后3 d血液TC、HDL-C、K、BHBA、泌乳量与奶牛酮病的发生显著相关。将显著性相关指标利用Logistic回归建模,最终建立了基于血液HDL-C、BHBA、泌乳量的奶牛酮病早期诊断模型,即y=17.95-9.81×HDL-C-2.71×BHBA-0.20×泌乳量,当y<0时存在发生酮病风险,模型早期预测奶牛酮病的准确率82.8%、灵敏度81.3%、特异性84.6%。     

运动对围产期奶牛血液生化指标及免疫指标的影响

为了研究运动对围产期奶牛血液生化指标及免疫指标的影响。选取年龄、胎次和体况相近围产期健康高产奶牛30头,将奶牛随机分为2组,对照组(n=15)为非运动组;试验组(n=15)为运动组,分别采集-21,-7,0,7和30 d晨饲前静脉采血10 mL,分离血清检测生化指标、NEFA、BHBA和免疫指标,用SPSS 22.0的One-way ANOVA单因素方差分析。结果显示:运动组ALT在-7,0,7,30 d及AST在7,30 d和ALP在0,7,30 d显著(P<0.05)高于非运动组。运动组GLB、A/G和TP在-7,0,7和30 d和非运动相比差异极显著(P<0.01),GLB和TP显著高于非运动组。非运动组和运动组NEFA在分娩当天升高进而下降,非运动组NEFA趋势变化曲线高于运动组,分娩当天达到峰值且差异显著(P<0.05)。运动组与非运动相比Ca分娩当天和产后30 d组差异显著升高(P<0.05)。运动组分娩当天IgG、产后7 d TNF-α和产后30 d IgG和TNF-α显著(P<0.05)高于非运动组。综上表明,围产期奶牛分娩前适量的运动有助于维护围产期奶牛肝脏功能,提高GLB和TP的水平,维持产后Ca、IgG和TNF-α稳定,有利于维持机体免疫功能稳定。     

一头死于酮病奶牛的部分血液生化指标分析

奶牛酮病(ketosis)是规模化奶牛场泌乳牛泌乳早期的高发性疾病,是高产奶牛产后由于体内碳水化合物及挥发性脂肪酸代谢紊乱所引起的一种全身性功能失调的营养代谢性疾病,临床症状表现为精神沉郁、呆滞,食欲减退,消化机能紊乱,体重减轻,产奶量下降,个别牛出现神经症状,奶牛呼出气体以及乳汁带有丙酮气味等[1].临床血液生化表现为低血糖、高血酮、尿酮和乳酮.虽然临床酮病病例已有较多报道,但对死于自然临床酮病病例的血液生化指标检测的报道极为少见,我们于2007年9～10月期间遇到死于临床酮病奶牛1例,现将病例及其实验室检测情况报道如下,以供同行参考.     

乳房炎奶牛部分血液生化指标的变化

随机选取21头临床健康荷斯坦奶牛(CMT检测呈阴性)、19头隐性乳房炎奶牛(CMT检测呈阳性)、33头临床型乳房炎奶牛,分别于颈静脉采血,分离血清,测定总蛋白(TP)、白蛋白(ALB)、球蛋白(GLOB)、碱性磷酸酶(ALP)、N-乙酰-β-D-氨基葡萄糖苷酶(NAG)以及免疫球蛋白IgA、IgM、IgG等生化指标.结果表明,临床型乳房炎奶牛血清中碱性磷酸酶、N-乙酰-β-D-氨基葡萄糖苷酶的活性显著高于健康奶牛和隐性乳房炎奶牛(P<0.01或P<0.05),临床型奶牛血清中免疫球蛋白Isa、IgM、IgG的含量显著高于健康奶牛(P<0.01或P<0.05).隐性乳房炎奶牛血清中碱性磷酸酶、N-乙酰-β-D-氨基葡萄糖苷酶的活性和免疫球蛋白IgA、IgM、IgG的含量高于健康奶牛,但差异不显著(P>0.05);3组奶牛血清总蛋白、白蛋白和球蛋白含量均无显著性差异(P>0.05).     

对奶牛血液生化指标及生产性能的影响

用７２头茶斯坦奶牛研究了夏季热应激对血液生化指标及泌乳性能的影响。结果表明：热应激期奶牛血清中γ－球蛋白含量较非热应激期的冬、春、秋季分别降低３９．５１（Ｐ〈０．０１）,３５．８１％（Ｐ〈０．０１）和１６．４８％（Ｐ〉０．０５）;热应激期奶牛血清中抗坏血酸含量较冬、春、秋季分别降低２６．０３％（Ｐ〈０．０１）、１３．３５％（Ｐ〈０．０５）和１５．０１％（Ｐ〈０．０５）;热应激期奶牛血清钙、钾、钠含     

围产期奶牛几种血液生理生化指标监测

为了监测和诊断围产期奶牛常见营养代谢病,分别对产前15d、产前7d、产前1d、产后1d、产后7d、产后15d各10头共计60头围产期奶牛进行血液生理生化指标检测。结果显示,在整个围产期内奶牛血液中白细胞数、红细胞数、血红蛋白含量和红细胞压积差异不显著,不能作为围产期奶牛营养代谢病的监测依据。产前1d奶牛血清游离脂肪酸含量最低,为460.76±268.34μmol/L,与产前15d、产后7d、产后15d比较差异极显著(P<0.01)。产后7d奶牛血清葡萄糖含量最低,为2.12±0.35mmol/L,与其他时间测定值比较差异极显著(P<0.01)。产后1d奶牛血清中门冬氨酸氨基转移酶的含量最高,为15.33±3.24U/L,与产前15d、产前7d比较差异极显著(P<0.01)。产后15d奶牛血清中谷丙转氨酶活性和甘油三酯含量升高,分别为14.10±4.40U/L和0.90±0.14mmol/L,与产前不同时期比较差异极显著(P<0.01)。产后1d血清Ca含量降至最低值,为1.76±0.32mmol/L,血清羟脯氨酸含量和碱性磷酸酶活性升高,分别为25.50±7.90μmol/L和85.13±7.57IU/L,与产前不同时期比较差异极显著(P<0.01)。结果表明,利用血清游离脂肪酸、血清葡萄糖含量和血清门冬氨酸氨基转移酶活性,按公式计算Y值可作为诊断奶牛脂肪肝的依据。奶牛血清钙含量降低,血清羟脯氨酸含量和血清碱性磷酸酶活性升高可作为奶牛骨营养不良的诊断依据。尿酮体监测可作为奶牛酮病的诊断依据。     

热应激期高能饲料对奶牛血液生化指标的影响

[目的]本试验研究了热应激期高能饲料对奶牛血液生化指标的影响及其原因。[方法]选取30头处于热应激期产乳中的荷斯坦奶牛,随机分为三组,每组10头,分别命名为常规组、试验组Ⅰ和Ⅱ,常规组饲喂常规饲料,试验组饲喂高能饲料。[结果]试验组Ⅰ和Ⅱ比常规组的血清总蛋白（TP）和Cl-的含量却明显降低,而过氧化氢酶（CAT）、尿素氮（BUN）、丙二醛（MDA）和K＋含量有很大提高。[结论]在试验组中添加高能饲料,有利于奶牛免疫功能的增强,改善奶牛机体酸碱平衡,满足奶牛机体能量需求和提高奶牛机体抗氧化能力,因此,高能饲料能够缓解热应激影响,是降低奶牛热应激的原因之一。     

关节滑膜炎奶牛血液部分生化指标的变化

对6头患有关节滑膜炎牛在治疗前、1个疗程和2个疗程分别采血处理,探讨血液部分生化指标变化情况.结果表明,试验组血液中总蛋白（TP）、白蛋白（A）、球蛋白（G）、肌酐（CRE）的含量比对照组低,差异显著（P＜0.05）,血糖含量,试验组是对照组的1.79倍,差异极显著（P＜0.01）.碱性磷酸酶（AKP）的活性试验组比对照组增强,差异极显著（P＜0.01）.所测其它酶的活性变化不明显,药物治疗后,治疗一两个疗程后,血中总蛋白（TP）,球蛋白（G）的含量明显比治疗前高,差异极显著（P＜0.01）,白蛋白（A）的含量才治疗2个疗程后显著高于治疗前的含量（P＜0.05）.而血糖含量有下降趋势,肌酐（CRE）含量增加,均不明显（P＞0.05）;肌酸激酶（CK）、碱性磷酸酶（AKP）治疗1个疗程后活性减弱,而治疗2个疗程后活性增强.CK的含量明显高于治疗前（P＜0.05）,谷丙转氨酶（GPT）的活性减弱、谷草转氨酶（GOT）的活性增强差异不显著（P＞0.05）.     

一胎奶牛与经产奶牛围产期血液生化指标对比研究

本试验旨在通过对围产期一胎奶牛与经产奶牛血液进行生化指标检测,反映出一胎奶牛与经产奶牛血液生化指标的差异以及变化规律,为规模化奶牛场围产期一胎奶牛与经产奶牛的饲养管理与产后护理提供理论依据。选择年龄、体况相近的一胎次奶牛5头,经产奶牛5头作为试验动物,在产前7(-7d),4(-4d),1d(-1d)、分娩当天(0d)和产后1,3,5,7,9,11,14,17,20d时尾静脉采血10mL,分离血清进行血液生化指标葡萄糖(GLU)、钙(Ca)、磷(P)、镁(Mg)、β-羟丁酸(BHBA)、游离脂肪酸(NEFA)、总蛋白(TP)、白蛋白(ALB)、球蛋白(GLO)、甘油三酯(TG)的检测。结果显示,GLU浓度一胎牛在-7,-4d时极显著高于经产牛(P0.01),在0,3,5,7,9,11,14,17,20d时显著高于经产牛(P0.05);且0dGLU浓度最高。Ca浓度一胎牛在0,1d时极显著高于经产牛(P0.01),在-4和-1d时显著高于经产牛(P0.05),且分娩当天最低。P浓度一胎牛在0d时极显著高于经产牛(P0.01),一胎牛血清P浓度整体高于经产牛。Mg浓度一胎牛在1d时显著低于经产牛(P0.05)。BHBA、NEFA、TG、TP、ALB、GLO一胎牛与经产牛各采血时间点之间差异不显著(P0.05),且经产牛产后血液生化指标BHBA、NEFA、TP、ALB、GLO略微的高于一胎牛。结果表明,本试验一胎牛在能量代谢指标与Ca、P、Mg指标上优于经产牛,经产牛产后发生营养代谢病的风险高于一胎牛,建议牧场管理者应重视奶牛围产期的饲养管理工作,最好做到一胎牛与经产牛的分群饲养,加强对经产牛的产后保健护理工作。     

Blood sugar in dairy cows

Glycemia was found in 1270 cows and high-pregnant heifers fed summer feed rations and in 1981 cows fed winter feed rations, with the known levels of energy-yielding nutrients in feed rations for cows in the first (I) and in the second (II) lactation phases and cows and heifers in the eighth to ninth and a half month of pregnancy (III). The levels of glycemia were significantly lower after the summer feed rations than after the winter feed rations, both in the whole population and in all groups. The basic type of feed rations has a stronger influence on the level of glycemia than the phase of the reproduction cycle. In all groups, hypoglycemic deviations prevail over hyperglycemic ones. Hypoglycemia is most expressive in group I, least expressive in group III. The coefficient of glycemia variability is high (26.5 to 34.6); it is higher after the winter feed rations. Covering of the nutrient need is significantly higher in the summer period than in the winter period, the narrow calorie-protein ratio prevails over the increased ratio and is most obvious in groups II and III. Gaussian character of the glycemia distribution curves suggests a large number of independently acting factors, none of them prevailing over the others; the effects of these factors are mostly additive. This phenomenon limits strongly the employment of glycemic values as indicators of the energy balance in the organism. Glycemia is to be judged within the framework of the metabolic profile and nutritive indicators. Further study of glycemia should be performed by means of multivariate statistical methods.     

Annual dynamics of acid-base equilibrium indices in dairy cows

Annual dynamics of the indices of acid-base homeostasis of blood was studied in dairy cows in two production regions, the corn production region and the potato-grain production region; venous blood was examined gasometrically by the Astrup apparatus. The examinations were performed eight times during the year and pH, pCO2, BE, PB, SB, AB and tCO2 were studied. In dairy cows from the corn production region lower values of the studied parameters were obtained than in dairy cows oriented to similar milk production in the potato-grain production region. In the corn production region besides the normal values also the lower values of the indices of acid-base balance were found, indicating the incidence of latent metabolic acidosis. A particularly critical situation occurred in the herd from the corn production region in September when the average value of blood pH was 7.35 logmolc and the following disorders were observed: clinical symptoms of metabolic acidosis, drop of milk yield, drop of milk fat content, hypomagnesemia and hypocalcemia as disorders of the mineral metabolism.     

Insulin resistance: Relationship between indices during late gestation in dairy cows and effects on newborn metabolism

To investigate the relationship between insulin resistance indices [“Revised quantitative insulin sensitivity check index” (RQUICKI; RQ), “Revised quantitative insulin sensitivity check index ‐ β‐hydroxybutyrate” (RQUICKI_BHB; RQ_BHB), and “Homeostasis model assessment‐insulin resistance” (HOMA‐IR; HR)], and metabolic parameters in dams during late gestation, and their newborn calves. Blood was sampled twice weekly during the experimental period in 30 dry Holstein cows. In calves, blood sampling and body weight measurements were performed immediately after birth, and in 1‐week‐old male calves, liver and muscle biopsy samples were obtained for determining metabolic factor mRNA levels. RQ and RQ_BHB were negatively correlated with insulin, nonesterified fatty acid, BHB, and albumin and were positively correlated with leptin levels in blood during late gestation (p < .05). RQ, rather than RQ_BHB, reflected metabolism of dams, while stronger positive correlations were present between HR and blood insulin concentrations than other parameters, and calves of dams with high HR had low body weight, and high liver and muscle expression of growth hormone and insulin receptor mRNA (p < .05). RQ and HR of dams during late gestation could serve as indicators of dam metabolism and predictors of metabolism in newborn calves respectively.     

甘露寡糖对围产期奶牛瘤胃微生物区系的影响

试验旨在研究饲粮中添加不同水平的甘露寡糖(MOS)对荷斯坦奶牛围产后期瘤胃微生物区系的影响.选取60头荷斯坦奶牛,随机分4组,每组15头.对照组饲喂基础饲粮,低、中、高剂量组分别在基础饲粮基础上添加5、10、15 g/(头·d)MOS.结果 显示,随着MOS添加量的增加,奶牛产后21 d瘤胃液中微生物蛋白含量、总挥发性...     

Liver function of dairy cows in late pregnancy and early lactation

The possibility that alterations in liver function may occur during late pregnancy as well as after calving has been investigated in healthy dairy cows and the results compared with those from non-pregnant non-lactating cows. There were significant alterations in plasma total bilirubin, glucose, total ketone body and urea concentrations, in bromsulphthalein clearance and in plasma aspartate aminotransferase and creatine kinase activities in periparturient cows compared with non-pregnant non-lactating cows. Of these, only the alterations in glucose, ketone bodies and urea concentrations and bromsulphthalein half-time and retention were markedly different before calving. The degree of fatty infiltration of the liver was significant two weeks before as well as two weeks after calving which differed from previous reports. It seems likely that the changes in the liver in dairy cows are functional and reversible and related to the metabolic demands of late pregnancy and early lactation. The results suggest that such changes in the liver occur well before calving.     

Oxidative status during late pregnancy and early lactation in dairy cows

In the last few years, the detection of free radical damage and the body's defences against it have become increasingly important in clinical medicine as a complementary tool in the evaluation of metabolic status. The aim of this study was to evaluate, under field conditions, the anti-oxidant status of healthy cows during late pregnancy and lactation onset using two parameters: (1) plasma levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), a degradation product of lipid peroxidation, and (2) total antioxidant status (TAS). Results were compared with those obtained in another group of cows with lesser metabolic demands. We also investigated possible relationships between antioxidant status markers and other relevant blood parameters. Our results confirmed the characteristic metabolic changes associated with late pregnancy and early lactation. MDA and TAS provided an accurate reflection of the internal physiological status of the animal. The data indicated increased lipid peroxidation around parturition, but with wide individual variations that may be attributable not only to the physiological stage but also to unknown factors that will have to be further considered in future studies.