外泌体调控猪脂肪间充质干细胞向脂肪源神经干细胞诱导分化的研究

为探讨猪脂肪间充质干细胞(adipose-derived stem cells, ADSCs)来源外泌体对脂肪源神经干细胞(neural stem cells, NSCs)诱导的调控作用，采用含20 ng/mL表皮生长因子(epidermal growth factor, EGF)、20 ng/mL碱性成纤维细胞生长因子(basic fibroblast growth factor, bFGF)和2%B27的无血清DMEM/F12培养基，将ADSCs诱导成细胞球，通过免疫荧光技术检测神经干细胞标记蛋白巢蛋白(Nestin)和神经干细胞RNA结合蛋白(Musashi1)的表达，提取ADSCs外泌体，通过纳米粒径跟踪分析(NTA)和透射电镜技术对外泌体进行检测，PKH67染色后荧光显微镜观察ADSCs对外泌体的摄取情况，外泌体与ADSCs共培养作为试验组，不加外泌体作为对照组，qPCR检测外泌体对Nestin和Musashi1基因表达的影响。结果显示：ADSCs经诱导培养获得细胞球，免疫荧光检测显示所获得的细胞球Nestin和Musashi1抗体阳性，表明为诱导形成了神经干细胞；提取的AD...     

多浪绵羊骨骼肌卫星细胞的分离培养、鉴定及成肌诱导分化

为了在体外细胞水平模拟多浪绵羊肌肉生长发育过程,本研究以多浪绵羊为试验动物,采用胶原酶和胰酶两步酶消化法分离多浪绵羊骨骼肌卫星细胞（satellite cells,SCs）,并利用差速贴壁的方法纯化分离得到的SCs。利用免疫荧光技术检测SCs标记基因Desmin、Pax7和MyoD1的表达情况,鉴定分离得到的SCs。采用血清撤离的方法诱导SCs向成肌方向分化。通过显微镜观察和成肌分化标记基因肌球蛋白重链（myosin heavy chain,MHC）的免疫荧光,检测肌管的形成情况。通过对SCs标记基因Desmin、Pax7和MyoD1的免疫荧光鉴定,确认本研究成功分离得到多浪绵羊SCs。采用血清撤离的方法诱导SCs成肌分化,显微镜观察和MHC免疫荧光可以明显观察和检测到肌管的形成。本研究对多浪绵羊SCs成功地进行了分离和鉴定,并建立了体外培养条件下多浪绵羊SCs的成肌诱导分化。     

抑制BET蛋白对水牛支持细胞自噬的影响

旨在探究抑制水牛BET(bromodomain and extra terminal, BET)蛋白对支持细胞自噬调控的影响。以水牛支持细胞(sertoli cells, SCs)为研究对象,首先从睾丸中分离纯化得到高纯度的SCs,通过免疫荧光法及RT-PCR法检测出水牛SCs的标记基因均正常表达。结果显示,BET蛋白被抑制后,水牛SCs形态和数量发生显著变化,细胞的体积变大,数量减少,折光性减弱,免疫荧光分析和MDC分析也证实其生物学功能受到影响。超微结构分析发现,水牛SCs中产生大量自噬体、自噬溶酶体以及自噬空泡,且自噬相关标记基因的表达量显著提升。说明抑制BET蛋白可引起水牛SCs活性和自噬活性降低,并导致自噬体增多。结果表明,本试验为BET蛋白调控雄性生殖机制的研究提供了依据。     

小鼠骨骼肌卫星细胞的分离培养及鉴定

为了探讨并完善小鼠骨骼肌卫星细胞(satellite cells,SCs)的原代分离培养技术,试验通过对SCs的取材、分离、消化、培养等步骤的改进获得SCs,并应用差速贴壁法进行纯化,从形态学、生长曲线、克隆形成能力、冻存复苏活力、SCs表面标记物的检测、成肌细胞分化能力及RT-PCR鉴定等方面对SCs进行研究。结果表明:分离获得的小鼠骨骼肌SCs呈梭形或纺锤形,细胞饱满且折光性强,生长曲线呈标准的"S"型,克隆形成率高达(56.11±1.73)%,冻存复苏后细胞活率为(96.67±0.87)%,表达desmin、c-Met、Myf5、Myo D等SCs表面特异性标记物,成肌细胞诱导分化后能形成多核肌管并表达成肌细胞表面特异性标记物Mylpf。说明小鼠骨骼肌SCs体外培养获得成功。     

妊娠中期猪胎儿神经干细胞分离培养及分化

从妊娠中期猪胎儿(胎龄60 d)脑组织分离培养神经干细胞并诱导其贴壁分化,采用RT-PCR技术检测干细胞及其分化细胞的表面标志.结果显示,神经干细胞中DCX、Hes1、Oct4、CD-90、Nanog、Sox2和Nestin表达阳性;体外诱导的神经干细胞可以分化为星形胶质细胞(表达GFAP)、少突胶质细胞(表达GalC)和神经元细胞(表达NF、NSE和MAP2).结果表明,从妊娠中期猪胎儿脑组织可以分离神经干细胞,神经干细胞具有自我更新和分化潜能.     

猪胎儿神经干细胞的分离培养和分化

本研究旨在从猪胎儿脑组织中分离培养神经干细胞,观察神经干细胞生长特性和体外增殖、分化特点.利用神经干细胞培养体系,从胎龄30 d的猪胎儿脑组织中分离培养神经干细胞并诱导神经干细胞贴壁分化,采用RT-PCR技术检测干细胞和分化细胞表面标志或相关基因.结果成功分离培养出神经干细胞,神经干细胞具有分化潜能.神经干细胞中Nestin表达强阳性,β-actin、DCX、Hesl、Oct4、Desmin、CD-90、Nanog和Sox2表达阳性;体外诱导的神经干细胞可以分化为星形胶质细胞(表达GFAP)、少突胶质细胞(表达GalC)和神经元细胞(表达NF、NSE和MAP2).结果提示,从猪胎儿脑组织分离神经干细胞具有可行性和有效性,神经干细胞具有自我更新、增殖和分化潜能.     

DMSO在诱导绵羊脐带间充质干细胞为成肌细胞中的作用

为了探明二甲基亚砜(DMSO)在绵羊脐带间充质干细胞(MSCs)分化为成肌细胞的作用,研究将绵羊MSCs用含有DMSO的F12/DMEM合成培养基进行诱导培养后观察其细胞形态、免疫荧光并利用流式细胞仪检测成肌细胞特异因子,如肌分化因子(Myo D)、肌间线蛋白(Desmin)、肌细胞生成素(Myo G)等的表达及RT-PCR检测成肌细胞特异因子的相对表达量。结果表明:与对照组(不含DMSO的F12/DMEM培养基)细胞形态不发生变化相比,用含DMSO的F12/DMEM培养基诱导培养21 d后,其细胞由长梭形变为具有成肌细胞特点的细长管状;在开始诱导培养后的第16天进行成肌细胞标志性蛋白Myo D、Desmin、Myo G抗体免疫荧光检测,与对照组呈现阴性相比,所诱导细胞呈阳性。用流式细胞仪的检测结果显示,诱导细胞的表达成肌细胞特异因子Myo D、Desmin、Myo G的阳性细胞率分别为99.3%、99.5%、86.6%;RT-PCR的检测结果显示,与对照组(表达量为1)相比,诱导细胞的Myo D、Myo G、Desmin相对表达量均升高,分别为(3.71±0.01)倍、(1.86±0.01)倍、(5.27±0.01)倍。表明DMSO具有诱导绵羊MSCs分化为成肌细胞的功效。     

南阳牛骨髓间充质干细胞的分离培养及多向分化

本研究旨在建立南阳牛骨髓间充质干细胞(bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells,BMSCs)体外分离培养方法,在此基础上研究其生物学特性和多向分化的能力。采用骨髓穿刺法取3月龄小牛的肋骨骨髓,分离培养BMSCs,传代培养并测定其生长曲线,RT-PCR检测Oct4、Nanog、Sox2基因的表达,然后取P3 BMSCs分别向神经和脂肪细胞进行诱导分化,并利用组织学染色技术和RT-PCR技术进行鉴定。结果表明,分离得到的BMSCs大小均匀,多呈梭形的成纤维细胞样生长;RT-PCR可检测到干细胞因子Oct4、Nanog、Sox2的表达;不同代次细胞生长曲线呈S型,一般在第3天时进入指数生长期,第7天后进入平台期;成神经诱导后,甲苯胺蓝染色可见明显的尼氏体结构,RT-PCR检测ENO2和GFAP基因表达呈阳性;成脂肪诱导后,油红O染色后可见大量的脂滴存在,RT-PCR检测Leptin和PPAR基因表达呈阳性。试验证明,成功分离得到了南阳牛BMSCs,且其具有多向诱导分化潜能。     

体外诱导牛骨髓间充质干细胞向乳腺样上皮细胞分化的初步研究

为培育转基因肉牛提供种子细胞及进一步丰富牛骨髓间充质干细胞(bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells,BMSC)的多向分化潜能,本试验利用细胞免疫荧光染色方法和分子生物学方法初步探讨在表皮生长因子、胰岛素、催产素和孕酮等条件下,体外诱导牛BMSC向乳腺样上皮细胞分化的可能性。利用不同浓度的诱导液对纯化稳定的P4、P8和P12代牛BMSC进行体外诱导,并对诱导后的细胞进行细胞免疫荧光观察和RT-PCR鉴定。结果显示,诱导后部分BMSC细胞呈多角形,而不再呈明显的梭形和纺锤形,经细胞角蛋白18免疫荧光染色后出现明显的荧光。P4代牛BMSC在诱导液Ⅱ的诱导作用下分化效果显著。RT-PCR结果显示,诱导分化后细胞角蛋白19基因、β-酪蛋白基因及αs1-酪蛋白基因在细胞中表达。因此,在体外,多因子联合诱导可使牛BMSC初步分化为乳腺样上皮细胞并且在诱导液Ⅱ的联合诱导下分化作用最明显。     

ISL1基因腺病毒过表达载体的构建及其诱导犬ADSCs向胰岛样细胞分化

构建腺病毒重组表达载体pADTrack-ISL1-AdEasy,经293A细胞的包装和扩增,获得具有感染性的重组腺病毒,将其按感染复数(MOI)=100感染犬脂肪间充质干细胞(adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells,ADSCs),观察感染后4,7,10,13,16 d绿色荧光蛋白表达情况、细胞形态变化和胰岛β细胞发育相关基因的mRNA表达情况。结果显示,含ISL1基因的重组腺病毒感染犬ADSCs 48 h后,绿色荧光蛋白开始表达;13 d后犬ADSCs出现细胞形态变化,由梭形变为神经细胞样;qRT-PCR分析表明在犬ADSCs中过表达ISL1基因提高了PDX1、NGN3、MNX1、MAFA和NKX6.1基因的内源性表达。结果表明,含ISL1基因的重组腺病毒成功感染犬ADSCs,并可促进其向胰岛样前体细胞分化,具有进一步诱导形成胰岛样细胞的可能。     

Of stem cells and germ cells

Stem cells have an intrinsic capacity to self-renew and can differentiate to at least one specialized cell type. Different types of stem cells exist that can be cultured in vitro. The identity of the stem cells is marked by their origin and differentiation potential. Germ cells have similarities with pluripotent stem cells but are of a special order: They do not self-renew and are already differentiated, but they have the capacity to form a complete new organism after fertilization. This review focuses on pluripotent stem cells and discusses possibilities of generating pluripotent stem cells from germ cell precursors and possibilities of generating germ cells from stem cells. As it accompanies a plenary lecture at the 15th annual ESDAR Conference 2011, the overview is focused on stem cells from farm animal species and on results from my own research group.     

Weismann's potentially immortal single cells are mortally self-cloning cells

The theory of Weismann (A. F. L. Weismann, 1834-1914) is reviewed in the light of recent genetic experiments and considerations.     

Antibody-containing cells and specialised epithelial cells in the bovine teat

Tissue from the ends of teats of dry, periparturient and lactating cows were studied using light and electron microscopy. Accumulations of infiltrating leucocytes mainly in the folds of the distal rosette of the teat cistern (Furstenberg's rosette) were detected; plasma cells predominated. The latter were classified by the type of immunoglobulin (Ig) which they synthesised. Plasma cells synthesising IgG1 were found to be the major antibody producing cell type of the teat. Neither the number of stromal plasma cells present nor the class of Ig which they synthesised was significantly altered by changes in mammary gland secretory activity. Scanning electron microscopy revealed areas of epithelium of Furstenberg's rosette that contained cells differing in surface characteristics from epithelial cells of adjacent areas of the teat cistern.     

Generation of canine dendritic cells from peripheral blood mononuclear cells

Dendritic cells (DCs) are the most potent antigen-presenting cells that are expected to be therapeutic agents for tumor immunotherapy. In this study, we generated DCs of sufficient number for DC-based immunotherapy from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) in dogs. PBMC were cultured in the presence of phytohemagglutinin (PHA). On day 6, large adherent cells with dendrite-like projections were seen, and the number of these large cells with projections increased on day 8. These cells were positive for esterase staining. They expressed MHC class II, CD11b, CD8 and weakly CD4 on their surface. They tended to make contact with lymphocytes under culture conditions. We obtained about 2-5 x 10(6) of DCs from 10 ml of peripheral blood. These DCs phagocytosed HEK-293 cells by overnight co-culturing. These cells generated from PBMC are possible canine DCs and are applicable to clinical trials of DC-based whole tumor cell immunotherapy in dogs.     

Bovine colostral CD8-positive cells are potent IFN-gamma-producing cells

IFN-gamma plays an important role in cellular immunity contributing to microorganism elimination. We have previously reported that bovine colostrum contains high levels of IFN-gamma as well as immunoglobulin. Lymphocytes are potent producers of IFN-gamma, so establishing the lymphocyte population in colostrum will help to identify the source of colostral cytokines. In this study, we used flow cytometric analysis to quantify the population of three types of lymphocytes found in colostrum; namely, CD4 (Th) cells, CD8 (cytotoxic T) cells, and gammadelta-T cells. We also quantified the concentration of colostral IFN-gamma using ELISA. IFN-gamma concentrations were measured in colostrum obtained from 96 healthy Holstein cows; the levels tended to decrease on the first day post-parturition. Flow cytometric analysis showed that many gammadelta-T- and CD8-positive cells were present in the colostrum, and that the CD4/CD8 ratio was low. The ratios of CD8- and gammadelta-T-positive cells to cells of other types decreased during the 5 days after parturition, but that of CD4-positive cells showed no change during the observation period. To identify IFN-gamma-expressing colostral lymphocytes, we used magnetic separation technology to separate the lymphocytes (CD4, CD8 and gammadelta-T) from colostral cells, then examined them for IFN-gamma mRNA expression with real-time PCR (RT-PCR). RT-PCR analysis revealed potent expression of the IFN-gamma gene in CD8-positive cells, reaching higher levels than in CD4- or gammadelta-T-positive cells. These results suggest that the CD8-positive T cells in colostrum play a role as producers of IFN-gamma.     

Azoospermia of dogs with apoptotic germ cells and Leydig cells

Apoptotic cell death in the testes of 4 dogs with azoospermia was examined. Blood plasma luteinizing hormone (LH), testosterone (T), and estradiol-17beta (E2) concentrations, and testicular transferrin (Tf) concentration as a marker of Sertoli cell function were measured in the 4 azoospermic dogs and in 5 normal dogs. The spermatids in 2 of the 4 azoospermic dogs and the Leydig cells in 3 of them exhibited apoptotic cell death. Mean LH, E2, and Tf concentrations in the 4 azoospermic dogs were significantly higher than in the normal dogs (P<0.01). These findings suggested that the azoospermia in all 4 dogs might has been caused by abnormal functions of Sertoli cells as well as Leydig cells.     

Cell-mediated cytotoxicity of bovine mononuclear cells to IBRV-infected cells: dependence on Sephadex G-10 adherent cells

Following intranasal inoculation of cattle with infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus (IBRV) mononuclear cells that produced a genetically unrestricted cytotoxic response against IBRV-infected, but not against uninfected cells, were present in peripheral blood. Cytotoxicity was detected between 6 and 14 days after primary infection in a 20 h, but not in a 5 h, 51Cr-release assay. Cytotoxic activity was present in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from infected and subsequently hyperimmunized cattle for a considerably longer time. Neither natural cytotoxicity, antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity, nor antibody produced during the assay was responsible for the cytotoxicity. However, cytotoxicity was dependent upon an adherent mononuclear cell that was partially removed by passage over nylon wool and completely removed by passage over Sephadex G-10.     

Mast cells and IgE-bearing cells in lungs of RAO-affected horses

Recurrent airway obstruction (RAO) is a common condition in stabled horses characterised by small airway inflammation and obstruction following exposure of susceptible horses to mouldy hay and straw. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether lung tissue from horses with RAO contains higher numbers of IgE-protein positive (+) cells and mast cells compared to controls after mouldy hay challenge. Furthermore, mast cell subtypes in lung tissue were investigated. IgE+ cells were detected in most lung tissue samples but no significant differences between RAO-affected and control horses were found. In the wall of the bronchi and bronchioli of both RAO-affected and control horses, mainly chymase+ mast cells (MC(C)) were present (85% in the bronchial wall and 77% in the wall of the bronchioli), while 73% of the mast cells (MC) around blood vessels were tryptase+ mast cells (MC(T)). No double stained MCs were detected. RAO-affected horses had significantly more MC(C) than controls in the wall of the bronchi (median=7.6 and 1.7 cell/mm(2), respectively, P< or =0.05). They also showed a tendency for more MC(C) in the wall of the bronchioli than controls (median=21 and 2.9 cells/mm(2), respectively, P=0.07) but there were no differences in MC(T) numbers. The data suggest an involvement of MC(C) in the pathogenesis of RAO. Independently of the clinical diagnosis, there was a significant relationship between high MC(C) numbers in the bronchial wall and lung fibrosis, suggesting that these MC(C) may be involved in tissue remodelling. Furthermore, high MC(C) numbers were also associated with increased infiltration with lymphocytes and neutrophils.     

牦牛输卵管上皮细胞和卵泡颗粒细胞的培养

从牦牛输卵管壶腹部获取上皮细胞,用抽吸法从牦牛卵泡中获取颗粒细胞,对牦牛输卵管上皮细胞和卵泡颗粒细胞进行体外培养和传代的培养,观察培养过程中2种细胞原代和传代培养的生长方式及形态特点。两者培养144~216 h可形成融合的单层细胞,其传代密度保持105~106/mL为宜。