不同营养水平代乳料对奶公犊生长性能及血液生化指标的影响

选用40头健康、体质量及出生日期相近的荷斯坦奶公犊,按体质量随机分为4组(每组10头),进行为期120d的生长育肥试验。不同处理组代乳料的营养水平为:Ⅰ组(22.00%CP,16.00 MJ/kg DE),Ⅱ组(20.00%CP,16.00 MJ/kg DE),Ⅲ组(22.00%CP,15.00 MJ/kg DE),Ⅳ组(20.00%CP,15.00 MJ/kg DE)。结果表明,Ⅰ组犊牛的日增重显著高于其他3组,比Ⅱ组、Ⅲ组和Ⅳ组分别提高了11.63%(P0.01),6.67%(P0.01)和5.49%(P0.01)。代乳料的蛋白水平对犊牛试验末体质量和日增重影响显著,蛋白质水平为22.00%的代乳料组试验牛的试验末体质量和日增重比20.00%代乳料组分别提高了3.29%(P0.05)和5.62%(P0.01)。代乳料的消化能(DE)水平显著影响犊牛的干物质采食量(DMI),随DE水平的提高而显著降低,与15 MJ/kg DE水平代乳料组相比,16 MJ/kg DE水平代乳料组犊牛的DMI降低了2.90%(P0.01);代乳料的蛋白水平对奶公犊60d和120d粗蛋白质和粗脂肪的消化率影响显著(P0.05),蛋白质水平为22.00%的代乳料组犊牛60d和120d粗蛋白质的消化率比20.00%代乳料组分别提高了3.49%(P0.05)和4.57%(P0.05),粗脂肪的消化率分别提高了6.67%(P0.05)和3.80%(P0.05);蛋白质水平为22.00%的代乳料组试验牛120d血清中BUN、TP和T3的含量比20.00%代乳料组分别提高了21.61%(P0.05),4.36%(P0.05)和5.79%(P0.05)。综上所述,在本试验条件下,Ⅰ组犊牛的日增重、试验末体质量和营养物质消化率最高,建议0~4月龄奶公犊日粮适宜的DE为16.00 MJ/kg,CP为22.00%。     

营养水平对肉犊牛营养物质消化率和血清指标的影响

研究不同能量、蛋白质水平的代乳品对南方地区哺乳期肉用犊牛营养物质消化和血清指标的影响,进而确立代乳品能量和蛋白质参数,为南方地区肉犊牛的饲料配制提供数据支持。采用2×2因子设计,犊牛代乳品的能量水平为16、14 MJ/kg,粗蛋白水平为25%、22%,共计4种。选取新生犊牛40头,21日龄断母乳并根据日龄和体重一致原则分为4个处理组,每组10头犊牛,分别饲喂上述4种代乳品,于77~85日龄进行消化试验并静脉采集血液。结果显示相同能量水平,犊牛对代乳品中粗脂肪和钙的表观消化率随粗蛋白水平的升高而提高(P0.05);较低粗蛋白水平代乳品,随其能量水平的升高,粗蛋白消化率显著提升(P0.05);低能低蛋白组(DE:14 MJ/kg,CP:22%)营养物质消化率略小于其它各组。饲喂低能量水平代乳品时,随其粗蛋白水平的升高,犊牛血清中尿素氮含量显著降低(P0.05);而饲喂高能量水平代乳品时,随其粗蛋白水平的升高,犊牛血清谷草转氨酶含量显著提高(P0.05);代乳品能量和粗蛋白水平对犊牛其它血清指标均无显著影响(P0.05)。高能量水平(DE:16 MJ/kg)有助于犊牛粗蛋白质消化吸收,高蛋白水平(CP:25%)有助于犊牛对粗脂肪和钙的利用,低能低蛋白水平(DE:14 MJ/kg,CP:22%)日粮不利于犊牛营养物质消化吸收。     

不同代乳品及饲喂方式对荷斯坦奶公犊生产犊牛白肉影响的研究

为研究代乳粉(主要含乳类制品)液态饲喂和代乳料(主要含植物类饲料等)干喂对荷斯坦奶公犊生产犊牛白肉的影响,试验选用20头健康无病、体重和出生日期相近的荷斯坦奶公犊,随机分为2组,每组10头,进行了120 d的生长育肥试验。Ⅰ组饲喂市售的代乳粉(粗蛋白质22%,粗脂肪16%);Ⅱ组饲喂配制的代乳料(粗蛋白质22%,消化能16 MJ/kg)。结果表明:①Ⅱ组犊牛0~90 d平均日增重高于Ⅰ组犊牛,91~120 d平均日增重显著低于Ⅰ组犊牛(P< 0.05),但两组犊牛0~120 d平均日增重和试验末重均无显著差异(P> 0.05)。②不同代乳品及饲喂方式对奶公犊营养物质表观消化率均无显著影响(P> 0.05)。③Ⅰ组犊牛的胴体重、屠宰率和眼肌面积均显著高于Ⅱ组犊牛(P< 0.05),分别比Ⅱ组高11.88%、11.04%和8.12%,但两组间的胴体产肉率无显著差异(P> 0.05);两组犊牛背最长肌的pH、剪切力、蒸煮损失和肉色均无显著差异(P> 0.05),但Ⅰ组犊牛的失水率比Ⅱ组犊牛高20.83%(P< 0.01);Ⅰ组犊牛背最长肌中粗脂肪含量极显著高于Ⅱ组犊牛(P< 0.01),但两组犊牛背最长肌中水分、粗蛋白质、粗灰分、钙、磷和铁的含量均无显著差异(P> 0.05)。④Ⅱ组犊牛的饲养成本比Ⅰ组降低45.38%。综上所述,饲喂代乳料的犊牛可获得与饲喂代乳粉犊牛相似的生长性能和肉品质,显著降低饲养成本。     

精料补充料能量水平对早期断奶犊牦牛生产性能和营养物质表观消化率的影响

本试验旨在研究精料补充料能量水平对早期断奶犊牦牛生产性能、血清生化指标和营养物质表观消化率的影响。选取体况良好、平均体重为(56.27±4.70)kg的3月龄犊牦牛18头,随机分为3组,每组3个重复,每个重复2头牛。饲喂粗蛋白质水平为17.00%,增重净能分别为5.60、6.50、7.40 MJ/kg的3种精料补充料。试验共39 d,其中预试期7 d,饲养试验28 d,消化试验4 d。结果表明:1)6.50、7.40 MJ/kg组犊牦牛平均日增重显著高于5.60 MJ/kg组(P<0.05);5.60 MJ/kg组料重比显著高于其他2组(P<0.05)。2)6.50 MJ/kg组犊牦牛血清葡萄糖、甘油三酯含量显著高于5.60 MJ/kg组(P<0.05),与7.40 MJ/kg组差异不显著(P>0.05)。3)6.50 MJ/kg组犊牦牛干物质、有机物、总能表观消化率显著高于5.60 MJ/kg组(P<0.05)。随能量水平升高,钙(P=0.06)、磷(P=0.10)表观消化率有降低的趋势。综上所述,牦牛可在3月龄断奶舍饲饲养,精料补充料增重净能为6.50 MJ/kg时,更有利于舍饲的3月龄断奶犊牦牛的营养物质消化,促进生长。     

日粮能量水平对文昌鸡生产性能的影响

选择刚出雏健康文昌鸡900只(公母各半),随机分为3组:低能组(Ⅰ组),对照组(Ⅱ组)、和高能组(Ⅲ组),每组设5个重复,每个重复30只.试验分为0～2周龄、3～8周龄、9～14周龄3个阶段.试验结果表明:0～2周龄母鸡降低能量水平可以提高日增重和降低料肉比,在Ⅰ组和Ⅲ组间差异显著(P＜0.05),3～14周龄母鸡各组间日增重和料肉比差异不显著(P＞0.05);0～2周龄公鸡提高能量水平可以提高日增重和降低料肉比,且Ⅰ组与Ⅱ、Ⅲ组间差异显著(P＜0.05),3～8周龄公鸡Ⅱ组日增重和料肉比显著优于Ⅰ组和Ⅲ组(P＜0.05),9～14周龄公鸡Ⅰ组日增重和料肉比显著优于Ⅱ组和Ⅲ组(P＜0.05);能量水平对母鸡腿肌率影响显著.推荐文昌鸡0～2周龄代谢能需要量为11.50～12.12MJ/kg;3～8周为11.70MJ/kg;9～14周为10.7～11.87MJ/kg.     

代乳品能量和蛋白质水平对肉犊牛生产性能和瘤胃发酵的影响

本试验旨在筛选夏南牛与德国黄牛杂交肉犊牛适宜能量和蛋白质水平的代乳品。选取夏南牛与德国黄牛杂交新生犊牛40头,按日龄和体重相近的原则随机分为4组,每组10头犊牛,21日龄断母乳并饲喂4种不同能量和蛋白质水平的代乳品,分别为高能量高蛋白质组(HEHP组,消化能16 MJ/kg,粗蛋白质25%)、高能量低蛋白质组(HELP组,消化能16 MJ/kg,粗蛋白质22%)、低能量高蛋白质组(LEHP组,消化能14 MJ/kg,粗蛋白质25%)、低能量低蛋白质组(LELP组,消化能14 MJ/kg,粗蛋白质22%)。90日龄断代乳品,试验结束。结果发现:1)代乳品能量和蛋白质水平对犊牛(21~90日龄)的日增重有显著影响(P0.05),HEHP组(524.12 g)显著高于LELP组(432.48 g)(P0.05);2)代乳品能量和蛋白质水平对体尺的影响主要体现在胸围的发育,77和90日龄LELP组胸围显著小于HEHP组(P0.05);3)各组瘤胃液p H,乙酸、丙酸、丁酸、戊酸含量和乙酸/丙酸未出现显著性差异(P0.05),氨态氮浓度LEHP组显著高于LELP组和HELP组(P0.05),HELP组和LEHP组异丁酸含量显著高于LELP组(P0.05),LELP组异戊酸含量显著小于其他各组(P0.05)。综合得出,高能量水平(消化能16 MJ/kg)代乳品有助于肉用犊牛生长性能发挥和瘤胃发酵,高蛋白质水平(粗蛋白质25%)代乳品能为犊牛提供充足蛋白质供其吸收利用,低能量低蛋白质水平(粗蛋白质22%,消化能14 M J/kg)的代乳品不利于犊牛生长发育。     

饲粮不同能量水平对崂山奶山羊泌乳性能和血清生化指标的影响

试验旨在研究饲粮不同能量水平对崂山奶山羊泌乳性能和血清生化指标的影响。选择体重(53.80±1.62)kg、产奶量(1.80±0.19)kg/d、体况相近并处于泌乳期2胎健康崂山奶山羊30只,采用单因素随机分组设计,随机分成3组,每组10只,每只羊为1个重复。分别饲喂钙、磷和蛋白质水平一致,消化能水平分别为9.7、10.8及11.6 MJ/kg的3种饲粮。正试期60d。结果表明:1)9.7 MJ/kg组有最低的产奶量,且料奶比显著高于10.8 MJ/kg组、11.6 MJ/kg组(P0.05),10.8 MJ/kg组、11.6 MJ/kg组之间差异不显著(P0.05)。2)9.7 MJ/kg组乳中有最大的乳脂率,显著高于10.8 MJ/kg组、11.6 MJ/kg组(P0.05),3组其他乳成分含量差异不显著(P0.05)。3)10.80 MJ/kg组血清尿素氮含量显著高于9.7 MJ/kg组、11.6 MJ/kg组(P0.05);11.6 MJ/kg组谷草转氨酶活性和白蛋白、甘油三酯及总胆固醇含量显著或极显著高于9.7 MJ/kg组(P0.05或P0.01),不同能量水平对血清总蛋白、球蛋白含量及谷丙转氨酶活性无显著影响(P0.05)。由以上结果并考虑饲养成本得出,奶山羊获得最佳泌乳性能的饲粮消化能水平为10.8 MJ/kg。     

日粮能量水平对八眉三元杂交猪生长性能、屠宰性能及肉质性状的影响

为了研究不同能量水平日粮对生长育肥期八眉三元猪生长性能、屠宰性能和肉质性状的影响,以确定其适宜的日粮能量水平试验设计3个试验组,即低能量组(G1, 11.70 MJ/kg)、中能量组(G2, 12.95 MJ/kg)和高能量组(G3, 14.23 MJ/kg),试验期为117 d。结果显示:随能量水平增加,猪的平均日增重显著上升(P0.05),料肉比显著下降(P0.05);体斜长及眼肌面积随能量水平增加而减小(P0.05),平均背膘厚增加(P0.05);能量水平的变化对脏器的生长无明显影响(P0.05),但对内脏脂肪的沉积有促进作用;各组肉色、大理石花纹评分、肌苷酸含量、pH_(45min)及熟肉率等指标均无明显差异(P0.05);肌肉的系水力随能量水平的增加而增加(P0.05)。试验结果表明,中能量水平日粮组能够获得与高能量日粮组相近的生长性能、屠宰性能及肉品质,是三元猪的最适能量选择。     

鲁禽优质肉鸡能量和蛋白质需要的研究

为了研究鲁禽优质肉鸡的最佳营养需要,选用1日龄健康雏鸡1080羽(公母各半),按营养水平随机分成9个处理组,每组公母鸡各3个重复共120羽。试验分为一期(0~5周龄)、二期(6~10周龄)和三期(11~13周),对不同营养水平下日增重与料肉比进行差异性分析,结果各期最佳营养水平为:一期公鸡能量12.14 MJ/kg,粗蛋白21%;母鸡能量11.72 MJ/kg,粗蛋白21%;二期公鸡能量12.55 MJ/kg,粗蛋白19%,母鸡能量11.72 MJ/kg,粗蛋白17.5%;三期公鸡能量13.40 MJ/kg,粗蛋白17%,母鸡能量12.55 MJ/kg,粗蛋白17%。     

早期断奶对巴音布鲁克羊羔羊增重及血清中部分生长类激素水平的影响

选择巴音布鲁克羊健康羔羊20只,分别在40和60日龄实施早期断奶,同时饲喂2种不同粗蛋白质水平(20%、22%)的代乳料,测定血清中生长类激素水平,研究早期断奶对羔羊生长的影响。试验分为4个试验组(A、B、C、D组,2种断奶日龄分别对应2种粗蛋白质水平代乳料)和1个对照组(哺乳羔羊)。结果表明:①平均日增重,试验组羔羊均高于对照组,其中饲喂22%CP代乳料的2种断奶日龄组显著高于对照组(P0.05);22%CP的2组平均日增重显著高于20%CP的2组(P0.05);同一营养水平的代乳料,2种断奶日龄间平均日增重无显著差异。②血清中4种生长类激素的水平,试验组羔羊血清中IGF-Ⅰ、INS水平均高于对照组,其中B组(40日龄断奶,22%CP)IGF-Ⅰ显著高于对照组(P0.05);B、D组(22%CP)INS显著高于对照组(P0.05);B组IGF-Ⅰ显著高于A、C、D组(P0.05)。试验组羔羊血清中T3、T4浓度与对照组无显著差异(P0.05)。因此,本试验条件下,巴音布鲁克羊羔羊40和60日龄断奶可行,且以饲喂粗蛋白质水平为22%的代乳料效果较好。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

Evaluation of serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism and results of radiography as indicators of severity of osteochondrosis in foals

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism can, in conjunction with radiographic evaluation, indicate severity of osteochondrosis in developing horses. ANIMALS: 43 Dutch Warmblood foals with varying severity of osteochondrosis. PROCEDURE: 24 foals were monitored for 5 months and 19 foals were monitored for 11 months. Monthly radiographs of femoropatellar-femorotibial and tibio-tarsal joints were graded for osteochondral abnormalities. Serial blood samples were assayed for 8 cartilage and bone biomarkers. At the end of the monitoring period, foals were examined for macroscopic osteochondrosis lesions. RESULTS: Temporal relationships were evident between certain serum biomarkers and osteochondrosis severity in foals during their first year. Biomarkers of collagen degradation (collagenase-generated neoepitopes of type-II collagen fragments, type-I and -II collagen fragments [COL2-3/4C(short)], and cross-linked telopeptide fragments of type-I collagen) and bone mineralization (osteocalcin) were positive indicators of osteochondrosis severity at 5 months of age. In foals with lesions at 11 months of age, osteochondrosis severity correlated negatively with COL2-3/4C(short) and osteocalcin and positively with C-propeptide of type-II procollagen (CPII), a collagen synthesis marker. Radiographic grading of osteochondrosis lesions significantly correlated with macroscopic osteochondrosis severity score at both ages and was strongest when combined with osteocalcin at 5 months and CPII at 11 months. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The ability of serum biomarkers to indicate osteochondrosis severity appears to depend on stage of disease and is strengthened with radiography. In older foals with more permanent lesions, osteochondrosis severity is significantly related to biomarker concentrations of decreased bone formation and increased cartilage synthesis.