狄斯瓦螨的研究进展与防治

狄斯瓦螨是目前危害世界养蜂业最大的病害虫,给养蜂生产带来巨大挑战。它从原始寄主东方蜜蜂经过寄主转移到西方蜜蜂体上寄生,除对蜜蜂幼虫、蛹、成蜂造成直接危害外,还携带并传播蜜蜂病毒,造成蜂群崩溃。本文从狄斯瓦螨的生物学特性、狄斯瓦螨的危害和狄斯瓦螨的防治三个方面对近年来狄斯瓦螨的研究概况进行介绍。     

中国狄斯瓦螨(Varroa destructor,大蜂螨)研究进展(续)

蜜蜂的血淋巴是蜜蜂机体的内环境，血淋巴中含有蜜蜂生理活动所必需的一切物质，具有复杂的组分及特性，担负着多种生理功能。而大蜂螨是靠吸食蜜蜂的血淋巴生存的。试验证实：大蜂螨体内缺乏很多种生命活动所必需的物质，对螨而言，简便的办法是直接利用寄主的营养物质。比如，螨繁殖时直接利用意蜂的血淋巴蛋白，使卵子迅速发育，从而增加繁殖的有效性。另外螨是卵胎生的生物，若螨出壳时需要蜜蜂血淋巴中的某些成分来转化成一种外激素。因此推测，蜜蜂血淋巴中某些物质的存在、缺失和含量，与大蜂螨的寄生有直接的关系。     

侵染西方蜜蜂的瓦螨种类鉴定

狄斯瓦螨(Varroa destructor)是一种寄生于蜜蜂成蜂及幼虫体上的外寄生螨,以寄主血淋巴为食,是危害世界养蜂业最为严重的虫害。论文对25份来自阿根廷的西方蜜蜂群的瓦螨样品进行了mtDNA CO1基因序列分析和限制性内切酶酶切分析,结果表明所有样品均为狄斯瓦螨朝鲜基因型。     

家蝇幼虫血淋巴粗提物的抑菌活性分析

试验对家蝇幼虫血淋巴的抑菌活性进行了测定。结果显示,家蝇幼虫血淋巴对革兰阴性菌大肠杆菌、沙门菌和革兰阳性菌金黄色葡萄球菌均有抑杀作用,对于革兰阴性菌的抑杀作用大于革兰阳性菌,0.8mg/mL的血淋巴粗提物可达到约50%的抑杀率。     

瓦螨主要取食蜜蜂的脂肪体组织而不是血淋巴

瓦蛾是西方蜜蜂的主要敌害,充分了解瓦疇的取食行为对有效防治瓦喊非常关键。之前大家一致认为瓦嚇主要吸食蜜蜂的血淋巴,但是近期发表在美国科学院院报PM4S上的一项研究发现瓦蟻并不取食蜜蜂的血淋巴而是取食蜜蜂的脂肪体。该研究用不同荧光分子分别标记蜜蜂的血淋巴和脂肪体,结果发现瓦蟻食道中发出的荧光与标记蜜蜂脂肪体的荧光相同,与标记血淋巴的荧光不同。     

蜜蜂外寄生螨的主要种类和恩氏瓦螨(Varroaunderwoodi)在中国的首次发现

本文综述了全世界12种蜜蜂外寄生螨及1种附生螨的分类地位、形态和危害特点,报道了2002年恩氏瓦螨在中国云南省中华蜜蜂雄蜂房中的首次发现.     

球孢白僵菌侵染对桑天牛幼虫血淋巴游离氨基酸含量的影响

为了探讨球孢白僵菌对桑天牛的致病机制,用高效液相色谱仪对感染球孢白僵菌后的桑天牛幼虫血淋巴游离氨基酸含量变化进行了测定与分析。在用球孢白僵菌处理后不同时间段的桑天牛幼虫血淋巴中,氨基酸含量呈规律性变化:白僵菌侵入1 d,桑天牛幼虫血淋巴中的游离氨基酸总量呈下降趋势,而侵入4~5 d,游离氨基酸总量又逐渐上升;受感染桑天牛幼虫血淋巴中的17种游离氨基酸含量变化不同,其主要氨基酸中的赖氨酸、酪氨酸、精氨酸、丝氨酸和氨基酸总量的变化趋势一样,先下降后上升,即是影响氨基酸总量变化的主要氨基酸种类。     

氟中毒引起的桑蚕幼虫血淋巴PH和钙离子浓度的变化

氟中毒引起的桑蚕幼虫血淋巴ｐＨ和钙离子浓度的变化浙江农业大学臧荣春，吕顺霖昆虫的血淋巴是昆虫生理活动所需的一切物质以及代谢产物的汇聚场所。正常情况昆虫血淋巴的组成成分，代表着经消化道吸入物质与被组织吸收及排泄物质间的一个动态平衡。血淋巴的组成成分及ｐ...     

家蚕血淋巴过氧化物酶活力及其影响因素

应用Worthington法测定,首次证实家蚕血淋巴中也存在着过氧化物酶（POD）,并分析了影响该酶活力的因素。结果表明,家蚕血淋巴POD活力随不同发育时期而呈现动态变化,不同性别间POD活力均以雄性较高,家蚕不同品种间POD活力有较大差异,桑叶育蚕POD活力明显高于人工饲料育主;氟化物添食后,POD活力发生了显著变化。研究认为,家蚕POD活力与蚕的生长发育及体内代谢有关,POD活力大小可以作为反映蚕逆境生理的一个生化指标。     

柞蚕蛹血淋巴多酚氧化酶活性影响因素的研究

柞蚕血淋巴中多酚氧化酶活性的大小对柞蚕丝产量有一定影响,并对柞蚕蛹色起着非常重要的作用。本试验采用分光光度计法对柞蚕蛹血淋巴多酚氧化酶活性大小的影响因素进行了研究。结果表明:柞蚕蛹血淋巴多酚氧化酶的最适pH值为5.0;最适温度为25℃;少量的苯基硫脲对其的抑制作用较为明显;不同化合物对多酚氧化酶的活性影响不同,在相同浓度下,氯化钙和氯化镁对柞蚕蛹血淋巴多酚氧化酶的活性有促进作用,其他化合物(EDTA,维生素C和亚硫酸钠等)则表现为抑制作用。     

Rotenone and oxalic acid as alternative acaricidal treatments for Varroa destructor in honeybee colonies

This experiment assessed the efficacy of rotenone and oxalic acid (OA) in an aqueous sugar solution in controlling the honeybee mite Varroa destructor. Colonies were populated with mite-infested brood combs and worker bees. Three rotenone or OA treatments administered during the period with capped brood on 31 July, 14 and 18 August resulted in an average efficacy of 24.10%. In untreated colonies mite mortality averaged 5.40%. No significant differences (P>0.05) were found between the rotenone and OA treatments. Three OA treatments administered on 9, 12 and 18 September resulted in a 77.93% mite mortality. An increase in mite drop (P<0.05) was observed at 2 and 4 days after each treatment. OA applications in broodless colonies resulted in significantly (P<0.001) higher mite mortality rates (98.65% average) than the three treatments of rotenone or OA in colonies with capped brood. The dynamics of mite mortality after each rotenone or OA treatment are discussed in this study.     

中国狄斯瓦螨(Varroa destructor,大蜂螨)研究进展

狄斯瓦螨（Varroa destructor Anderson ＆ Trueman 2000，通称“大蜂螨”）是对世界养蜂业威胁最大的蜜蜂病虫害。2000年重新命名之前，它一直被称为雅氏瓦螨（Varroa jacobsoni Oudemans1904）。2000年初，澳大利亚安德森（Denis L．Anderson）对采集自亚洲各地东方蜜蜂（蜂螨原始寄主）和世界各地西方蜜蜂的大量大蜂螨样本进行线粒体（mtDNA）测序的综合研究。结果表明：原被归入雅氏瓦螨的东方蜜蜂寄生螨，应划分为2个种，一个是新界定的雅氏瓦螨，主要分布在印尼和马来西亚，已发现9个基因型；另一个是新定名的狄斯瓦螨，分布于亚洲大陆的东方蜜蜂和世界各地的西方蜜蜂，已发现11个基因型。     

The control of Varroa destructor using oxalic acid

Twenty-four honeybee (Apis mellifera) colonies were used to monitor the efficacy of a solution of 2.9% oxalic acid (OA) and 31.9% sugar against the mite Varroa destructor. Mite mortality was established prior to and after OA treatments, which were conducted in August and September. The treatments resulted in 37% mite mortality as opposed to 1.11% in the controls. OA treatment conducted in September on previously untreated colonies resulted in 25% mite mortality. OA treatments in October and November resulted in approximately 97% mite mortality. These results suggest that OA is effective during the broodless period and less effective when applied to colonies with capped broods. The possible use of OA against the Varroa mite in honeybee colonies as an alternative to routine chemical treatments is discussed.     

狄氏瓦螨（Varroa destructor）生物诱杀方法研究

用塑料模具把活动巢框模块化,在巢脾结构上分成可以移动和互相交换的模块雄蜂房;模块化雄蜂巢房经蜂王产卵,制作成瓦螨生物诱杀(捕)器;在雄蜂与瓦螨偏好生活的繁殖区域,机动设伏机关(陷井),实施诱杀;同时收获雄蜂蛹。     

Simulation modelling as a tool for evaluating surveillance programmes for detection of the Asian honeybee mite ( Varroa destructor ) in the South Island of New Zealand

AIM: To use a simulation model of the spread of the Asian honeybee mite (Varroa destructor) amongst apiaries, to evaluate a series of detection surveillance programmes for the South Island of New Zealand. METHODS: Five potential incursion sites into the South Island were selected. A stochastic spatial simulation model, Varroa_ sim, was adapted to simulate spread of the mite from these sites as a series of silent-phase propagating epidemics. The study population comprised all apiaries in the South Island registered in the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry's (MAF's) apiary database in 2003. Six different surveillance programmes were simulated to try and detect the mite. Three of these were the actual multi-stage sampling plans conducted during the autumn (March-May) of 2001, 2002 and 2003, and the other three involved simple random sampling with sampling fractions equivalent to the actual numbers of apiaries tested in each of those years. The relative performances of the different surveillance plans were evaluated in terms of their ability to detect the mite early before it had spread too far and whilst there might still be a chance of eradication. RESULTS: There were 13,798 registered apiaries in the South Island with valid map coordinates in the apiary database at the time of the study. The model generated 50 epidemics against which the various surveillance programmes were evaluated. The actual surveillance programmes conducted during the autumn of 2001 and 2002 generally performed fairly well in detecting the mite. The programme conducted in autumn 2003 detected the mite reasonably well in high-risk areas, but was very poor in low-risk areas. The simple random sampling strategies performed surprisingly well, and their relative rankings were proportional to the sampling fractions employed. CONCLUSIONS: This study showed the value in using a spatial simulation model to generate plausible silent-phase epidemics, against which detection surveillance programmes could be evaluated, in ways that would otherwise not be possible.     

Simulation modelling as a tool for evaluating surveillance programmes for detection of the Asian honeybee mite (Varroa destructor) in the South Island of New Zealand

AIM: To use a simulation model of the spread of the Asian honeybee mite (Varroa destructor) amongst apiaries, to evaluate a series of detection surveillance programmes for the South Island of New Zealand.

METHODS: Five potential incursion sites into the South Island were selected. A stochastic spatial simulation model, Varroa_sim, was adapted to simulate spread of the mite from these sites as a series of silent-phase propagating epidemics. The study population comprised all apiaries in the South Island registered in the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry's (MAF's) apiary database in 2003. Six different surveillance programmes were simulated to try and detect the mite. Three of these were the actual multi-stage sampling plans conducted during the autumn (March–May) of 2001, 2002 and 2003, and the other three involved simple random sampling with sampling fractions equivalent to the actual numbers of apiaries tested in each of those years. The relative performances of the different surveillance plans were evaluated in terms of their ability to detect the mite early before it had spread too far and whilst there might still be a chance of eradication.

RESULTS: There were 13,798 registered apiaries in the South Island with valid map coordinates in the apiary database at the time of the study. The model generated 50 epidemics against which the various surveillance programmes were evaluated. The actual surveillance programmes conducted during the autumn of 2001 and 2002 generally performed fairly well in detecting the mite. The programme conducted in autumn 2003 detected the mite reasonably well in high-risk areas, but was very poor in low-risk areas. The simple random sampling strategies performed surprisingly well, and their relative rankings were proportional to the sampling fractions employed.

CONCLUSIONS: This study showed the value in using a spatial simulation model to generate plausible silent-phase epidemics, against which detection surveillance programmes could be evaluated, in ways that would otherwise not be possible.     

滇南地区大、小蜂螨的治理方法比较

为了比较滇南地区大小蜂螨治理方法及效果的差异,采取1∶500的双甲脒溶液喷杀大蜂螨及以相同浓度双甲脒溶液配伍升华硫涂杀小蜂螨的手段对红河蜜蜂试验站整体西蜂场治螨,观察治螨效果和蜂群表现。结果显示,该方法能杀灭90%的蜂螨,但对封盖内和巢房底部的蜂螨毒杀效果不理想,蜂群表现为焦躁、易蜇人,对蜂王及采集影响不大。双甲脒及其配伍升华硫对滇南地区的大小蜂螨防治效果明显,可为在该地区的养蜂者提供参考。     

Spatial epidemiology of the Asian honey bee mite (Varroa destructor) in the North Island of New Zealand

We describe the spatial epidemiology of Varroa destructor infestation among honey bee apiaries in the greater Auckland area of the North Island of New Zealand. The study population was comprised of 641 apiaries located within the boundaries of the study area on 11 April 2000. Cases were those members of the study population declared Varroa-infested on the basis of testing conducted between April and June 2000. The odds of Varroa was highest in apiaries in the area surrounding transport and storage facilities in the vicinity of Auckland International Airport. A mixed-effects geostatistical model, accounting for spatial extra-binomial variation in Varroa prevalence, showed a 17% reduction in the odds of an apiary being Varroa infested for each kilometre increase in the squared distance from the likely site of incursion (95% Bayesian credible interval 7–28%). The pattern of spatially autocorrelated risk that remained after controlling for the effect of distance from the likely incursion site identified areas thought to be ‘secondary’ foci of Varroa infestation initiated by beekeeper-assisted movement of infested bees. Targeted investigations within these identified areas indicated that the maximum rate of local spread of Varroa was in the order of 12 km/year (interquartile range 10–15 km/year).     

蜂王幼虫、工蜂幼虫和雄蜂蛹的新用途

一、蜂王幼虫、工蜂幼虫和雄蜂蛹营养丰富刚取出的蜂王幼虫表面粘附着少量蜂王浆,其体内含有丰富的蛋白质、多种氨基酸和维生素、脂肪、激素(保幼激素和蜕皮激素)以及其它活性物质,所以是高级天然营养品。