益生菌及其联合新城疫疫苗免疫雏鸡局部黏膜组织IL-2mRNA表达的变化

以艾维因肉雏鸡为研究对象,应用实时荧光定量PCR方法,通过IL-2 mRNA表达的检测,较全面系统的研究了益生菌及其联合新城疫(ND)疫苗免疫雏鸡后,其十二指肠、回肠、哈德尔氏腺和盲肠扁桃体IL-2 mRNA表达的动态变化。结果发现,雏鸡应用益生菌后,其上述局部黏膜免疫组织IL-2 mRNA表达均不同程度高于对照雏鸡,并于4⁷ d差异显著或极显著(P<0.05或P<0.01);益生菌联合ND疫苗免疫雏鸡,上述被检组织的IL-2 mRNA表达虽然高于ND疫苗单独免疫雏鸡,但未见统计学差异(P>0.05)。表明益生菌不但能够增强机体的免疫功能,而且与疫苗联合应用后,能够提高疫苗的免疫应答。     

益生菌对新城疫疫苗免疫雏鸡淋巴细胞增殖能力的影响

本试验以1日龄雏鸡为研究对象,采用细胞培养和MTT检测技术,通过T、B淋巴细胞增殖能力的测定,研究了益生菌对新城疫疫苗免疫雏鸡外周血液和免疫器官T、B淋巴细胞对ConA或PMA增殖能力的影响。结果表明,雏鸡ND疫苗免疫后,益生菌应用雏鸡和ND疫苗免疫雏鸡外周血液和免疫器官中淋巴细胞增殖能力均不同程度高于对照雏鸡,且益生菌联合ND疫苗免疫雏鸡较ND疫苗单独免疫雏鸡,其淋巴细胞增殖能力显著增强。NDV强毒攻击后,无论是益生菌联合ND疫苗免疫雏鸡还是ND疫苗单独免疫雏鸡外周血液和免疫器官T、B淋巴细胞增殖能力均不同程度高于对照雏鸡,而益生菌联合ND疫苗免疫雏鸡淋巴细胞增殖能力又强于ND疫苗单独免疫雏鸡。且益生菌联合ND疫苗免疫雏鸡保护率为100%,ND疫苗单独免疫雏鸡为80%,对照雏鸡发生典型新城疫病全部死亡,表明益生菌可增强ND疫苗的免疫效应,提高ND疫苗免疫雏鸡对NDV强毒攻击的免疫保护力。     

益生菌联合新城疫疫苗应用雏鸡消化道局部黏膜组织CD4~+CD8~+T细胞数量变化

100只艾维因肉雏鸡随机分为益生菌组、新城疫(ND)疫苗组、益生菌联合ND疫苗组和对照组。采用组织石蜡切片及免疫组织化学法分别测定ND疫苗免疫后第0天、7天、14天、28天和第42天盲肠扁桃体、十二指肠和回肠派伊尔结CD4+、CD8+T细胞数量的变化。结果表明,益生菌联合ND免疫雏鸡、ND疫苗单独免疫雏鸡上述免疫组织的CD4+T和CD8+T细胞数量分别于免疫后第14天和第7~14天明显高于对照雏鸡和益生菌雏鸡(P0.05或P0.01),表明益生菌作为免疫增强剂,与疫苗联合应用可显著增强机体消化道局部黏膜免疫组织对ND疫苗的细胞免疫应答。     

益生素雏鸡新城疫疫苗免疫后局部黏膜组织T淋巴细胞数量变化

100只艾维因雏鸡随机分成益生素组、新城疫(ND)疫苗免疫组、益生素ND疫苗组和对照组,采用组织石蜡切片及酸性a-醋酸萘酯酶(acid nonspecifica-naphthyl acetate esterase,ANAE)染色法分别测定ND疫苗首次免疫后第0、7、14、28天和第42天各组雏鸡盲肠扁桃体、哈德尔氏腺、十二指肠和回肠派伊尔结T淋巴细胞数量的动态变化,结果发现:益生素ND疫苗免疫雏鸡,ND疫苗单独免疫雏鸡上述免疫组织T淋巴细胞数量于ND疫苗免疫后14d明显高于未免疫的对照雏鸡和益生素雏鸡;益生素ND疫苗免疫雏鸡又不同程度高于ND疫苗单独免疫雏鸡;益生素单独应用雏鸡上述被检指标高于对照雏鸡.表明益生素可增强雏鸡消化道和呼吸道局部黏膜组织的细胞免疫及对ND疫苗的免疫应答.     

感染鸡贫血病毒雏鸡接种新城疫疫苗后免疫功能和免疫调节的变化

雏鸡1日龄感染鸡贫血病毒，8日龄接种Lasota疫苗，以未感染免疫雏鸡为对照，于免疫后7、14、28d检测血清免疫球蛋白IgG、IgM、IgA,在凝抑制抗体（HI）滴度；胸腺、法氏囊、脾脏T细胞、IgG^ 、IgM^ 、IgA^ ,抗体生成细胞数量及T、B细胞增殖反应；胸腺、脾脏细胞因子IL－2、IFN活性的变化。结果发现，感染CAV雏鸡Lasota疫苗免疫后，其血清IgG、IgM、IgA免疫球蛋白含量明显减少，HI抗体滴度降低；胸腺、法氏囊、脾脏T细胞、抗体生成细胞数量降低及T、B细胞增殖反应减弱，胸腺、脾脏IL－2及TNF诱生活性降低，表明其细胞免疫和体流免疫功能以及细胞因子免疫调节作用均未感染免疫雏鸡明显减弱。     

类脂作为佐剂对新城疫灭活疫苗免疫效果的影响

对免疫新城疫(ND)类脂灭活疫苗的雏鸡分别于免疫后2、7、14、21、28、35和42 d进行法氏囊、脾脏、胸腺指数测定,以注射生理盐水、ND抗原、类脂的鸡只为对照.结果表明,免疫后2～14 d,各组指数差异不显著,14 d以后,疫苗组与其他组比较差异显著,与类脂组差异不显著.表明,类脂作为佐剂用于制备ND疫苗,具有较强的免疫增强作用.     

益生菌转化无机锌对蛋雏鸡免疫功能的影响

本文旨在研究益生菌转化无机锌制备的富锌益生素对蛋雏鸡免疫功能的影响。通过益生菌转化无机锌制备成富锌益生素;选取1周龄海蓝褐蛋鸡80只,随机分为对照(Ⅰ)组、试验(Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ)组,试验组分别按照基础日粮的0.1%、0.15%、0.2%比例添加富锌益生素,研究其对蛋雏鸡免疫器官指数、抗体效价、补体含量、淋巴细胞增殖活性、干扰素-γ、细胞因子IL-2的活性等免疫功能的影响,试验时间为55 d,其中预试期5 d。试验结果表明,蛋鸡日粮添加0.2%富锌益生素能显著提高蛋雏鸡脾脏指数、腔上囊指数、胸腺指数(P<0.05),显著提高血清补体C3、IL-2及IFN-γ的含量(P<0.05),显著提高外周血T淋巴细胞转化率和ND抗体水平(P<0.05)。由此可知,富锌益生菌能够提高蛋雏鸡免疫功能,以0.2%富锌益生素添加组效果最佳。     

参芪口服液对ND疫苗免疫雏鸡血清IL-2含量的影响

将120只1日龄健康罗曼褐雏鸡随机分为对照组（C）、疫苗组（Ⅰ）和口服液＋疫苗组（Ⅱ）,每组40只。从3日龄开始,给Ⅱ组口服1.0mL/只参芪口服液,每日1次,连续服用3d;在7日龄时,分别对Ⅰ组和Ⅱ组进行ND疫苗（Lasota,Ⅳ系）免疫接种,对照组不作任何处理。分别在7、14、21、28和35日龄测定各组雏鸡血清中白介素-2（IL-2）的含量。结果表明：服用参芪口服液的免疫接种雏鸡,其血清IL-2含量在整个试验期间均不同程度的高于单独接种ND疫苗的雏鸡,并且在7、14和21日龄时差异显著（P〈0.05）,说明参芪口服液可以明显提高雏鸡在ND疫苗免疫初期及中期的血清IL-2含量,从而能够显著增强ND疫苗免疫雏鸡在该时期的免疫应答水平。     

饲喂益生素雏鸡新城疫疫苗免疫后外周血液的体液免疫变化

为了研究益生素与疫苗的体液免疫增强联合效应,应用免疫SPA菌体花环法、间接ELISA法对饲喂益生素雏鸡ND疫苗免疫后,其外周血液B淋巴细胞数量、IgG、IgM和IgA含量的动态变化进行了较全面系统地研究。结果发现,应用益生素的雏鸡ND疫苗免疫后7d内,其上述被检指标显著高于ND疫苗单独免疫雏鸡(p0.05),表明益生素可提高雏鸡外周血液对ND疫苗的体液免疫应答能力。益生素Ⅰ组雏鸡外周血液的体液免疫指标又略高于益生素Ⅱ组雏鸡,说明益生素Ⅰ的疫苗免疫增强效果优于益生素Ⅱ。     

AIV感染雏鸡免疫器官T细胞免疫功能及IL-2诱生活性变化

应用组织培养技术及MTT法,对鹅源H5N1型AIV感染雏鸡胸腺、脾脏T细胞增殖功能及IL-2诱生活性进行检测,结果发现:雏鸡感染AIV后,免疫器官T细胞增殖功能和IL-2诱生活性在感染初期较对照雏鸡明显降低,后期有所恢复,表明AIV感染雏鸡细胞免疫受到抑制,中枢与外周免疫器官分子免疫调节功能障碍.7和21日龄AIV感染雏鸡均发病,但21日龄感染雏鸡上述指标的下降时间较7日龄感染雏鸡短且相对滞后,死亡率也较低,表明21日龄雏鸡免疫能力较强,具有一定的抗AIV感染能力.     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

中华人民共和国农业部公告 第267号

为贯彻落实《兽药生产质量管理规范》(简称《兽药GMP》),进一步推动兽药GMP实施进程,我部制定了《兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法》,现予公告。本公告自2003年6月1日起施行。附件:兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法二○○三年四月十日第一章 总则 第一条 为推动《兽药生产质量管理规范》(以下简称兽药GMP)的实施,规范兽药GMP检查验收工作,制定本办法。 第二条 农业部负责全国兽药GMP管理和检查验收工作;负责制修订兽药GMP检查验收管理规定;负责兽药GMP检查员队伍建设和监督管理工作,负责国际兽药贸易中GMP互认工作。 …     

鸡败血支原体垂直传播模式及其阻断方法

以国际标准强毒Ｒ株人工感染非免疫产蛋鸡,定时扑杀,分别从鼻窦、眶下孔、气管、肺、气囊、卵巢和输卵管分离ＭＧ,并收集感染鸡所产蛋分离ＭＧ。结果表明,人工感染４８小时后上、下呼吸道及肺已被全面感染,９６小时气囊已被感染,１２０小时输卵管已能分离到ＭＧ,卵巢始终分离不到ＭＧ。人工感染鸡自１４４小时便能在其所产蛋中分离出ＭＧ。药物治疗能在７２小时内消除感染,油乳剂苗则需２４天后逐渐降低蛋内ＭＧ分离率,药物卵内注射、种蛋药浴、高温处理均能杀死卵内ＭＧ,但以研制的种蛋浸泡剂药浴效果为最好。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.