动物源性蛋白在配合饲料中的开发利用研究

蛋白质饲料是家畜家禽的主要营养源之一,蛋白质质量好坏对畜禽机体正常生长以及繁殖有着重要影响。氨基酸含量均衡的动物源性蛋白质作为配合饲料中的蛋白源,可为畜禽提供生长与繁殖所需的氨基酸。目前,配合饲料中开发使用的动物源性蛋白质有鱼粉、肉骨粉、血粉、羽毛粉等。但动物源性蛋白质远不能满足饲料工业发展的需求。研究动物源性蛋白质的开发利用,拓展动物源性蛋白质饲料资源,对满足畜禽业发展需要,促进配合饲料工业发展具有重要意义。     

饲料氨基酸释放动态对猪氮素利用影响的研究进展

当前,在饲料中添加单体氨基酸来保证动物营养均衡已被广泛应用,但单体氨基酸的添加量及饲料蛋白源选择会影响动物的氮素利用。不同来源的蛋白质在动物体内的氨基酸释放情况不同,均衡释放氨基酸的日粮有利于体内蛋白质的合成以及减少氨基酸过度氧化造成的浪费。本文就不同蛋白源日粮的氨基酸释放动态及对猪氮素利用的影响进行综述,为饲粮优化配制、蛋白质的选择、养殖业的氮素减排以及动物精准营养的供应提供参考。     

东方对虾饲料不同蛋白源的比较研究

本试验以鱼粉(F)、豆饼(S)和棉籽饼(C)作为东方对虾饲料的主要蛋白源。为适应实际生产的需要,还设计了以混合蛋白源(M)组成的饲料。每种蛋白源的饲料设计了两个粗蛋白水平:前期46%和后期44%。用8种饲料(M-46、F-46、S-46、C-46、M-44、F-44、S-44和 C-44)饲喂初重为6.1g 的东方对虾,观察不同蛋白源对试验对虾的成活率、生长性能和饲料转化率的影响。本试验还以 Cr_2O_3为指示剂,测定东方对虾对不同蛋白源的粗蛋白和主要氨基酸的消化率。为期42天的试验结果表明,不同蛋白源对所观察指标有显著影响。     

配合饲料用芝麻饼作蛋白源需添加氨基酸

芝麻饼用作鱼饲料蛋白源的养殖效果进行8周的投饵试验。试验用鲮鱼种平均体重382ｇ。芝麻饼用乳酸菌发酵以降低或消除抗营养因子丹宁酸和植酸,尔后代替30%、40%和50%的鱼粉。饲料1～3不添加氨基酸,饲料4～6添加赖氨酸,饲料7～9添加蛋氨酸和胱氨酸,饲料10～12添加赖氨酸、蛋氨酸和胱氨酸混合物,添加量分别为饲料蛋白质的57%和31%。结果表明:投喂不添加任何氨基酸饲料的鱼增重和特定生长率显著降低,投喂添加赖氨酸、蛋氨酸和胱氨酸混合物饲料的鱼显著提高了鱼体增重。可见配合饲料用芝麻饼作蛋白源需添加氨基酸配合饲料用芝麻饼作蛋白源需添加…     

酵母源生物饲料在动物营养中的应用

(一)作为优质蛋白原饲料酵母作为优质蛋白源,广泛用于替代鱼粉和蛋白的蛋白质饲料。目前研究较少。国内外常研究直接添加或替代鱼粉的效果,同时还有部分对消化率的报道。饲料酵母氨基酸的含量很高,将中国饲料数据库中标准的"啤酒酵母""、秘鲁鱼粉"及"国产鱼粉"的粗蛋白质、氨基酸含量进行比较表明,"啤酒酵母"     

饲料中添加蛋氨酸铜和硫酸铜对斑节对虾生长和存活的影响

研究了以酪蛋白为主要蛋白源的基础饲料中添加两种不同形式的Cu盐(CuMet和CuSO4)对斑节对虾生长和存活的影响。结果表明,基础饲料中添加两种不同形式的铜都能促进斑节对虾生长,但斑节对虾对氨基酸螯合态的微量元素的利用率比无机态的要高得多。本研究还表明,以酪蛋白为蛋白源的基础饲料中添加15mg/kg氨基酸螯合态的Cu(CuMet)足以满足斑节对虾生长的需要。但若以CuSO4·5H2O为铜源,需要量在30mg/kg以上。因此,饲料中使用氨基酸螯合态的Cu既有利于减少环境污染,同时也能促进动物生长,减少元素之间的拮抗作用。     

烘干蝇蛆的营养成分评价及其应用前景

试验对烘干蝇蛆的蛋白质、氨基酸和脂肪酸含量进行了测定。结果表明烘干蝇蛆蛋白含量与鱼粉相近,氨基酸质量比豆粕高接近于鱼粉。说明蝇蛆可以作为饲料中的豆粕、肉骨粉和鱼粉等蛋白源的替代物。由蝇蛆成本与来源分析发现其应用前景理想。     

鱼用动物蛋白源饲料

鱼用动物蛋白源饲料,是将马面鲀鱼或其它鱼废弃物绞碎后,加一定量的酸或糖蜜制成的液状鱼蛋白。该饲料各种氨基酸含量丰富,畜、禽、鱼、虾生长发育所需养分齐     

鱼类必需氨基酸营养研究进展

文章就鱼类饲料中必需氨基酸的营养和生理功能需求量及影响因素等国内外研究进展,以及氨基酸饲料资源的开发和利用等问题进行综述。以期为鱼饲料中蛋白源的开发和氨基酸的利用提供参考。     

蚯蚓饲料化开发利用进展

综述了蚯蚓的营养成分含量以及蚯蚓在饲料蛋白源、蚯蚓液、蚯蚓氨基酸金属螯合物方面的开发应用进展,并讨论了蚯蚓在饲料化开发、利用中存在的问题及注意事项。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

Evaluation of serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism and results of radiography as indicators of severity of osteochondrosis in foals

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism can, in conjunction with radiographic evaluation, indicate severity of osteochondrosis in developing horses. ANIMALS: 43 Dutch Warmblood foals with varying severity of osteochondrosis. PROCEDURE: 24 foals were monitored for 5 months and 19 foals were monitored for 11 months. Monthly radiographs of femoropatellar-femorotibial and tibio-tarsal joints were graded for osteochondral abnormalities. Serial blood samples were assayed for 8 cartilage and bone biomarkers. At the end of the monitoring period, foals were examined for macroscopic osteochondrosis lesions. RESULTS: Temporal relationships were evident between certain serum biomarkers and osteochondrosis severity in foals during their first year. Biomarkers of collagen degradation (collagenase-generated neoepitopes of type-II collagen fragments, type-I and -II collagen fragments [COL2-3/4C(short)], and cross-linked telopeptide fragments of type-I collagen) and bone mineralization (osteocalcin) were positive indicators of osteochondrosis severity at 5 months of age. In foals with lesions at 11 months of age, osteochondrosis severity correlated negatively with COL2-3/4C(short) and osteocalcin and positively with C-propeptide of type-II procollagen (CPII), a collagen synthesis marker. Radiographic grading of osteochondrosis lesions significantly correlated with macroscopic osteochondrosis severity score at both ages and was strongest when combined with osteocalcin at 5 months and CPII at 11 months. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The ability of serum biomarkers to indicate osteochondrosis severity appears to depend on stage of disease and is strengthened with radiography. In older foals with more permanent lesions, osteochondrosis severity is significantly related to biomarker concentrations of decreased bone formation and increased cartilage synthesis.