茎直黄芪内生真菌分离鉴定及其多样性分析

为探明茎直黄芪(Astragalus strictus)不同组织部位内生真菌种群分布及其物种多样性,对采自西藏工布江达县的茎直黄芪样品,运用形态学和rDNA-ITS序列分析技术鉴定其种属,并计算多样性指数。结果表明:从茎直黄芪424个组织块中分离到内生真菌336株,分属7纲、9目、10科、13属,其中Alternaria tenuissima分离率最高为32.14%,是优势种属,其次是Undifilum oxytropis,分离率为19.05%;多样性指数显示,茎直黄芪不同组织部位内生真菌多样性指数不同,花中内生真菌香农-维纳指数(2.16)及辛普森指数(0.154)及均匀度指数(0.80)均最高,表明其多样性最高,叶次之,茎最低。表明茎直黄芪不同组织内生真菌的数量、种属组成及多样性存在明显差异,花是内生真菌定植的主要部位,且其多样性最高。     

甘肃棘豆内生真菌种群多样性

将采集于青海省祁连县甘肃棘豆的茎和叶部表面消毒后分别置于黑暗和光照条件以及PDA和BDA 2种培养基上进行内生真菌分离纯化,采用形态学和分子生物学分析技术鉴定种属,并计算多样性指数。结果显示,629块植物样品中共分离到内生真菌433株,分属9个科15个属28种,不同的培养条件下优势菌属不同;多样性指数计算结果显示,香农-维纳指数（H）为1.99,均匀度指数（E）为0.60,辛普森指数（D）为0.257。结果表明,采集于青海省祁连县的甘肃棘豆内生真菌多样性比较丰富,可为今后深入探讨甘肃棘豆内生真菌遗传多样性奠定基础,并为产苦马豆素目标菌株的筛选,提供丰富的内生真菌后备菌株。     

疯草内生真菌Undifilum oxytropis次级代谢产物分析

为阐明疯草内生真菌Undifilum oxytropis次级代谢产物的化学组成,为其生物活性研究和开发利用提供依据,以本实验室保存的疯草内生真菌Undifilum oxytropis为研究菌株,采用察氏液体培养基对该菌发酵培养30d,收集菌丝体和发酵液,按照植物化学成分传统预试方法进行预试。在此基础上用不同极性有机溶剂梯度萃取得到菌丝体和发酵液石油醚相、氯仿相、乙酸乙酯相和正丁醇相,经薄层色谱检测及气相检测方法对其次级代谢产物进行初步分析。系统预试表明,Undifilum oxytropis发酵产物中含有生物碱、蛋白质、酚类与鞣质、黄酮类、醌类、挥发油和油脂等物质;薄层色谱检测发现,Undifilum oxytropis发酵产物中至少含有5种化合物,且菌丝体和发酵液正丁醇相均有苦马豆素及其类似物存在;气相色谱分析Undifilum oxytropis发酵液中苦马豆素含量为5.17×10~(-3)g/L。疯草内生真菌Undifilum oxytropis发酵产物含有苦马豆素等多种次级代谢产物。     

酿酒葡萄‘赤霞珠’叶内生真菌多样性研究

为探讨酿酒葡萄‘赤霞珠’叶片内生真菌群落结构和分布特征,本文采用贴片法对采自4个不同生境的 ‘赤霞珠’叶片可培养内生真菌进行分离,并通过分子生物学方法对分离的内生真菌进行鉴定。结果从采自四个生境的600个‘赤霞珠’叶片中共分离到内生真菌583株,归属于42个种22个属,其中链格孢属和黑孢属为优势属。德钦和石河子两地内生真菌分离率比较高, 大于1。而丘北的内生真菌多样性指数较其他生境高,为2.20。三种叶片中嫩叶的内生真菌的分离率和多样性指数明显低于成熟叶和老叶的。对不同生境‘赤霞珠’叶片的内生真菌的多样性指数及相似性分析结果表明,酿酒葡萄‘赤霞珠’叶片内生真菌菌群丰富存在一定的宿主专一性, 但多样性偏低。     

产苦马豆素疯草内生真菌Undifilum oxytropis原生质体的制备和再生

以产苦马豆素内生真菌Undifilum oxytropis NX-FEL001为供试菌株,研究了培养方式、菌龄、酶解时间和酶解温度等,对U.oxytropis原生质体制备和再生的影响。结果表明,U.oxytropis菌丝在质量分数为10g/L纤维素酶+10g/L蜗牛酶+1g/L溶壁酶组成的复合酶溶液,35℃恒温,80r/min振荡孵育3h左右,原生质体释放量最高;原生质体在YCM培养基上,22℃培养9d可以再生形成菌落,培养15d其再生率可达8.5%;原生质体在YCM培养基上再生后其菌落颜色与野生型U.oxytropis不一致,呈现白色;菌丝形态与野生型U.oxytropis相一致,经检测再生后菌丝仍然能够产生苦马豆素。U.oxytropis原生质体的制备,将为进行疯草内生真菌的遗传转化和基因操作研究提供重要工具,为进一步开展疯草内生真菌合成苦马豆素的分子调控机制奠定了基础。     

利用亚硝基胍诱变和高通量测序技术分析疯草内生真菌产SW生物合成通路

阐明产苦马豆素(swainsonine,SW)疯草内生真菌Alternaria Section Undifilum oxytropis中SW的生物合成通路,可以为生物发酵获得大量SW用于抗肿瘤应用和疯草的脱毒育种奠定理论基础和技术支撑。采用不同作用剂量的化学诱变剂亚硝基胍,在28℃,120r·min^-1与Alternaria Section Undifilum oxytropis孢子悬液分别作用5、10、15、20、25、30min,选取生长良好的菌株接种PDA培养基,连续培养发酵24d,应用α-甘露糖苷酶活性分析法检测菌丝及发酵液中SW含量,评价其传代及产SW稳定性。联合使用玻璃珠、液氮破壁法预处理菌丝,选用真菌基因组提取试剂盒提取原始菌株和突变株D4基因组DNA,经纯化、酶切、构建菌株DNA文库,并应用荧光定量PCR法检测评价文库构建质量,利用Ion torrent PGM^TM测序平台进行突变株和原始株高通量全基因组测序。结果表明,经化学诱变成功获得1株突变株D4,利用MIRA软件对高通量测序序列拼接、组装,分别获得突变株D4和原始株相关基因组片段19、21条,经BLAST、GO分析,注释到AlternariaSection Undifilum oxytropis生物合成SW的关键基因SwnK、SwnH2、SwnH1、SwnR和关键酶putative amino acid transporter、pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase、formate/glycerate dehydrogenase catalytic、saccharopine reductase-like protein,并结合KEGG数据库,预测了AlternariaSection Undifilum oxytropis产SW可能的生物合成通路。本研究为揭示AlternariaSection Undifilum oxytropis生物合成SW机制作出了新的探索尝试。     

直立黄芪中产苦马豆素真菌的分离与鉴定

为了确定直立黄芪中是否存在能产生苦马豆素的真菌及该类真菌与链格孢属波状芽管孢组疯草内生真菌的遗传进化关系,对直立黄芪植物组织中的真菌进行了分离,应用ɑ-甘露糖苷酶抑制法和超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法对分离菌株菌丝中的苦马豆素进行分析,筛选能够产生苦马豆素的菌株。PCR法扩增产苦马豆素真菌的内部转录间隔区(ITS)、甘油醛-3-磷酸脱氢酶(GPD)和β-酮脂酰合酶(β-ketoacyl synthase,KS)基因,测定其序列,进行序列一致性比对。基于ITS和GPD序列构建系统发育树,根据遗传进化分析结果和形态特征,对直立黄芪中的产苦马豆素真菌进行种属分类和命名。结果显示:从直立黄芪中共分离到43株真菌,其中有13株菌丝中含有苦马豆素,序列一致性和系统发育分析结果表明,该类真菌与已报道的直立黄芪病原真菌甘肃链格孢(Alternaria gansuense)和产苦马豆素疯草内生真菌(Alternaria Section Undifilum sp.)的亲缘关系最近。直立黄芪中存在能产生苦马豆素的真菌,根据形态特点和遗传进化分析结果,本研究将从直立黄芪中分离的产苦马豆素真菌划分到链格孢属波状芽管孢组中,并命名为甘肃波状芽管孢(Alternaria Section Undifilum gansuense)。     

土壤丛枝菌根真菌与宁夏主要草原类型植被群落分布间的相互关系研究

为揭示宁夏不同草原类型土壤丛枝菌根（AM）真菌分布特征及其差异机制,以长期围封的荒漠草原（白草+甘草、短花针茅+牛枝子+猪毛蒿、黑沙蒿、短花针茅）和干草原（长芒草+赖草+甘肃蒿）植被群落为研究对象,利用脂肪酸指纹图谱和Illumina高通量测序的方法,研究了土壤AM真菌多样性、组成与草地植被群落特征、土壤环境因子间的相互关系。结果表明：干草原样地以16：1ω5c中性脂表征的土壤AM真菌生物量与荒漠草原4种植被群落样地间均有极显著差异（P<0.01）。长芒草+赖草+甘肃蒿群落草地土壤AM真菌的香农-维纳指数、辛普森指数、Chao1丰富度指数、Pielou均匀度指数均显著高于荒漠草原4种植被群落样地（P<0.05）。荒漠草原、干草原的5种植被群落下土壤AM真菌分属1门、3纲、4目、7科、8属、50种,球囊霉属（Glomus）、类球囊霉属（Paraglomus）是优势属。不同AM真菌分类水平下,干草原与荒漠草原土壤有11类AM真菌的相对丰度有显著性差异。非度量多维尺度（NMDS）分析表明,干草原与荒漠草原土壤AM真菌群落空间分布距离较远,AM真菌群落间相似性较低（Stress=0.17,P=0.001）。Pearson相关分析显示,AM真菌群落香农-维纳多样性指数、Chao1丰富度指数与对应草地植被群落香农-维纳指数、群落物种数、总生物量、群落重要值呈显著或极显著正相关（P<0.05或P<0.01）。AM真菌的幼套球囊霉属（Claroideoglomus）、类球囊霉属相对丰度与土壤全氮、全磷、碱解氮、有机质、速效钾含量呈显著或极显著正相关。降水量、海拔导致对应植被群落土壤理化性质、植被群落特征差异是驱动荒漠草原和干草原土壤AM真菌多样性及优势属相对丰度显著变化的主要因素。     

野生型斜茎黄芪内生真菌分离鉴定及苦马豆素分析

为探明青海野生型斜茎黄芪(Astragalus adsurgens)是否存在产苦马豆素内生真菌,本试验采用植物组织表面消毒法对斜茎黄芪内生真菌进行分离培养,运用形态学观察和内部转录间隔区(Internal transcribed spacer,ITS)序列分析鉴定分离获得的内生真菌种属,并构建系统发育树,应用薄层层析法对斜茎黄芪和优势菌发酵液中的苦马豆素进行检测。结果显示,从斜茎黄芪中共分离出26株菌株,分属于5纲、5目、7科、7属,4株未定属。其中由根中分离的链格孢菌属(Alternaria sp.)是斜茎黄芪的优势菌属,分离率为23.08%。从薄层层析结果可以看出,斜茎黄芪和优势菌发酵液中均未检测到苦马豆素。上述结果表明,野生型斜茎黄芪不属于疯草类有毒植物,这为该植物的后续资源化利用提供重要理论依据。     

宁夏白芨滩国家级自然保护区苦豆子内生真菌多样性及生态分布

为探索宁夏干旱荒漠区苦豆子（Sophora alopecuroides L.）内生真菌的多样性及区系组成,为苦豆子内生真菌的合理开发和利用提供理论依据。从宁夏白芨滩国家级自然保护区不同植被和土壤类型的6个样区采集苦豆子样品30份,采用组织匀浆法从植株的根、茎、叶和种子中分离内生真菌,根据培养性状、菌落、孢子等形态特征,结合rDNA-ITS序列分析对菌株进行鉴定;根据内生真菌的相对频率、物种多样性指数、丰富度指数和相似性系数分析其区系组成特点。结果表明,从30份样品中共分离得到内生真菌213株,分别属于19个属,其中镰刀菌属（Fusarium）、链格孢属（Alternaria）和茎点霉属（Phoma）为优势属。苦豆子内生真菌的分布具有一定的组织特异性,根部的内生真菌数量高于其他部位,茎部内生真菌多样性指数最高。植被类型中,沙生植被草原（样区Ⅴ）分离的内生真菌物种多样性指数最高,而荒漠草原（样区Ⅲ）最低。荒漠草原（样区Ⅰ）和沙生植被草原（样区Ⅴ）内生真菌群落有密切的相似性。可见,苦豆子蕴含丰富的内生真菌资源,其内生真菌具有很高的宿主特异性,且分布受生境影响。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

Evaluation of serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism and results of radiography as indicators of severity of osteochondrosis in foals

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism can, in conjunction with radiographic evaluation, indicate severity of osteochondrosis in developing horses. ANIMALS: 43 Dutch Warmblood foals with varying severity of osteochondrosis. PROCEDURE: 24 foals were monitored for 5 months and 19 foals were monitored for 11 months. Monthly radiographs of femoropatellar-femorotibial and tibio-tarsal joints were graded for osteochondral abnormalities. Serial blood samples were assayed for 8 cartilage and bone biomarkers. At the end of the monitoring period, foals were examined for macroscopic osteochondrosis lesions. RESULTS: Temporal relationships were evident between certain serum biomarkers and osteochondrosis severity in foals during their first year. Biomarkers of collagen degradation (collagenase-generated neoepitopes of type-II collagen fragments, type-I and -II collagen fragments [COL2-3/4C(short)], and cross-linked telopeptide fragments of type-I collagen) and bone mineralization (osteocalcin) were positive indicators of osteochondrosis severity at 5 months of age. In foals with lesions at 11 months of age, osteochondrosis severity correlated negatively with COL2-3/4C(short) and osteocalcin and positively with C-propeptide of type-II procollagen (CPII), a collagen synthesis marker. Radiographic grading of osteochondrosis lesions significantly correlated with macroscopic osteochondrosis severity score at both ages and was strongest when combined with osteocalcin at 5 months and CPII at 11 months. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The ability of serum biomarkers to indicate osteochondrosis severity appears to depend on stage of disease and is strengthened with radiography. In older foals with more permanent lesions, osteochondrosis severity is significantly related to biomarker concentrations of decreased bone formation and increased cartilage synthesis.