不同铜源化合物在水溶液或细胞培养液中铜离子价态研究

本试验旨在研究硫酸铜、微米氧化铜和纳米氧化铜在水溶液或细胞培养液中解离出的铜离子价态,为进一步研究纳米氧化铜在体内消化道的吸收转运方式提供理论基础。配制铜水平为8 mg/L的硫酸铜、微米氧化铜、纳米氧化铜的超纯水溶液为超纯水对照组,在超纯水对照组基础上分别添加2倍铜摩尔含量的一价铜离子络合剂(BCS)或0.5倍铜摩尔含量的二价铜离子络合剂(EDTO);不同铜源化合物的细胞培养液配制及BCS和EDTO添加方式同超纯水溶液试验,分别于15、30、60、120、240、480 min检测超滤液中铜含量。结果表明:在纳米氧化铜水溶液或细胞培养液中分别添加EDTO、BCS,超滤液中铜含量均分别小于对照组(P0.05),在微米氧化铜、硫酸铜水溶液中或细胞培养液中分别添加EDTO,超滤液中铜含量均分别小于对照组(P0.05);在微米氧化铜、硫酸铜水溶液中或细胞培养液中分别添加BCS,超滤液中铜含量与对照组差异不显著(P0.05)。在水溶液中和细胞培养液中,超滤液中最终解离出的铜离子含量均为硫酸铜组纳米氧化铜组微米氧化铜组(P0.05)。由此可见,在水溶液或细胞培养液中,硫酸铜、微米氧化铜解离产生Cu2+、纳米氧化铜解离产生Cu2+和Cu+。     

纳米氧化铜对雏鸡全血和肝脏铜含量及肝脏铜蓝蛋白mRNA表达的影响

选取1日龄SPF白莱航蛋用公雏63只,随机分为7组,1组受试鸡饲喂基础日粮;2～4组受试鸡分别饲喂以硫酸铜、氧化铜和纳米氧化铜的形式添加铜8mg/kg的饲料;5～7组受试鸡分别饲喂以硫酸铜、氧化铜和纳米氧化铜的形式添加铜175mg/kg的饲料。结果显示,日粮中添加铜8mg/kg或175mg/kg时,纳米氧化铜组受试鸡全血、肝脏铜含量显著高于氧化铜组、硫酸铜组和对照组(P<0.05);纳米氧化铜组受试鸡肝脏血浆铜蓝蛋白(CP)mRNA表达量显著高于硫酸铜组和氧化铜组(P<0.05)。试验至30d,日粮添加铜8mg/kg或175mg/kg时,纳米氧化铜组受试鸡血浆CP活性显著高于硫酸铜组和氧化铜组(P<0.05)。表明纳米氧化铜通过提高脏器组织铜沉积、上调铜酶或铜蛋白的基因表达来提高铜酶活性,从而发挥其生物学作用。     

不同铜源对鸡嗉囊ATP7A和ATP7B基因和蛋白表达的影响

为研究不同水平的硫酸铜、微米氧化铜和纳米氧化铜对鸡嗉囊铜转运蛋白基因ATP7A和ATP7B mRNA相对表达量及蛋白表达量的影响,将105只1日龄的SPF蛋鸡随机分为7组,每组15只。第1组为对照组,饲喂低铜半纯化日粮;第2组~第4组,在基础日粮中分别以硫酸铜、微米氧化铜和纳米氧化铜的形式添加铜8 mg/kg;第5组~第7组,在基础日粮中分别以硫酸铜、微米氧化铜和纳米氧化铜的形式添加铜160 mg/kg,试验期30 d。结果表明,日粮中添加硫酸铜和纳米氧化铜显著提高雏鸡嗉囊铜含量(P0.05),微米氧化铜没有明显变化。与硫酸铜和微米氧化铜相比,纳米氧化铜显著提高雏鸡嗉囊ATP7A和ATP7B mRNA和蛋白表达量(P0.05)。由此可见,嗉囊ATP7A和ATP7B对纳米氧化铜的转运发挥重要作用。     

纳米氧化铜对小白鼠铜表观消化率的影响

选40只20 g左右的健康昆明种小白鼠,随机分为4组.1组饲喂基础日粮;2组在基础日粮中以硫酸铜的形式添加铜10mg/kg;3组在基础日粮中以氧化铜的形式添加铜10mg/kg;4组在基础日粮中以纳米氧化铜的形式添加铜10mg/kg.采用全收粪法,研究纳米氧化铜对小白鼠铜表观消化率的影响.结果显示,硫酸铜组、氧化铜组、纳米氧化铜组小白鼠铜的表观消化率分别为54.74%、48.30%、71.88%,纳米氧化铜组铜的表观消化率显著高于硫酸铜组(P<0.05),极显著高于氧化铜组(P<0.01).试验表明,与添加硫酸铜和氧化铜相比,日粮中添加纳米氧化铜能提高小白鼠铜的表观消化率.     

纳米氧化铜对小白鼠铜表观消化率的影响

选40只20 g左右的健康昆明种小白鼠,随机分为4组。1组饲喂基础日粮;2组在基础日粮中以硫酸铜的形式添加铜10mg/kg;3组在基础日粮中以氧化铜的形式添加铜10mg/kg;4组在基础日粮中以纳米氧化铜的形式添加铜10mg/kg。采用全收粪法,研究纳米氧化铜对小白鼠铜表观消化率的影响。结果显示,硫酸铜组、氧化铜组、纳米氧化铜组小白鼠铜的表观消化率分别为54.74%、48.30%、71.88%,纳米氧化铜组铜的表观消化率显著高于硫酸铜组（P〈0.05）,极显著高于氧化铜组（P〈0.01）。试验表明,与添加硫酸铜和氧化铜相比,日粮中添加纳米氧化铜能提高小白鼠铜的表观消化率。     

纳米氧化铜对SPF鸡组织中铜和锌沉积的影响

<正>高原等报道,高铜日粮能显著降低血清中锌的含量。闫素梅等报道,日粮中锌的缺乏或过量会引起铁与铜代谢的紊乱。纳米氧化铜在肠道是以离子还是粒子形式吸收,尚需研究证明。通过比较研究纳米氧化铜、硫酸铜和氧化铜对SPF鸡脏器组织铜和锌沉积的影响,探讨纳米氧化铜在动物体内的吸收代谢机制。     

不同铜源在蛋鸡腺胃吸收的药物代谢动力学和纳米氧化铜在腺胃肝脏的分布

本试验旨在比较不同铜源在鸡腺胃吸收的药物代谢动力学的特点和纳米氧化铜在腺胃和肝脏的分布状态。将20只8周龄海蓝蛋鸡随机分为4组,每组5只。第1组为对照组,第2～4组为试验组,通过微创外科手术分别向腺胃注射Cu 100 mg/kg·bw剂量的硫酸铜、微米氧化铜、纳米氧化铜,试验期36 h。结果显示,硫酸铜、微米氧化铜和纳米氧化铜经腺胃给药后的药-时浓度曲线趋势类似,均先升高后降低。纳米氧化铜组在试验期内全血铜浓度显著高于对照组(P0.05)。纳米氧化铜组的达峰时间(T_(max))显著低于硫酸铜组和微米氧化铜组(P0.05);纳米氧化铜组的达峰浓度(C_(max))显著高于微米氧化铜组(P0.05)。纳米氧化铜组腺胃和肝脏的肝脏铜含量均显著高于对照组(P0.05),且纳米氧化铜组腺胃铜含量显著高于微米氧化铜组(P0.05)。纳米氧化铜组腺胃组织通过TEM-EDS检测发现了含铜颗粒的存在。由此可见,纳米氧化铜颗粒以内吞途径进入腺胃,其在腺胃内的吸收速率显著高于硫酸铜、微米氧化铜组。     

纳米氧化铜对小白鼠血浆抗氧化机能的影响

选144只20g左右的健康昆明种小白鼠,随机分为6组,每组设4个重复。1组饲喂基础日粮;2组在基础日粮中以硫酸铜的形式添加铜10mg/kg;3组在基础日粮中以氧化铜的形式添加铜10mg/kg;4～6组在基础日粮中以纳米氧化铜的形式分别添加铜5、10、20mg/kg。研究不同剂量纳米氧化铜对小白鼠血浆抗氧化能力的影响,试验期30d。结果表明,添加纳米氧化铜显著提高小白鼠血浆铜蓝蛋白活力(P<0.05),显著提高小白鼠血浆细胞色素C氧化酶活性(P<0.05),显著降低30d小白鼠血浆丙二醛含量(P<0.05)。     

不同剂量纳米氧化铜对肉鸡免疫功能的影响

将180只1日龄健康AA肉仔鸡随机分为6组,每组设3个重复,第1、2、4、6组分别以硫酸铜、氧化铜、纳米氧化铜、纳米铜的形式在基础日粮中添加铜8mg/kg,3组和5组以纳米氧化铜形式在基础日粮中分别添加铜4mg/kg和16mg/kg,研究不同剂量纳米氧化铜对肉鸡免疫功能的影响.结果表明,与硫酸铜、氧化铜组相比,在饲料中以纳米氧化铜形式添加铜8mg/kg和16mg/kg,显著提高肉鸡免疫器官指数、新城疫抗体效价、淋巴细胞转化率和白细胞介素-2(IL-2)活性,以纳米氧化铜形式添加铜4mg/kg未引起机体免疫低下.由此可见,与硫酸铜相比,日粮中添加纳米氧化铜可提高肉鸡免疫功能.     

纳米氧化铜对小鼠全血及组织中铜和锌沉积的影响

选取240只体质量约22g健康的昆明种小白鼠,随机分为6组,每组设4个重复.1组饲喂基础日粮,2组在基础日粮中以硫酸铜的形式添加铜10mg/kg,3组在基础日粮中以氧化铜的形式添加铜10mg/kg,4～6组在基础日粮中以纳米氧化铜的形式分别添加铜5、10和20mg/kg.研究不同剂量纳米氧化铜对小白鼠全血和组织中铜及锌含量的影响.试验期30 d.结果表明,试验至15 d,添加纳米氧化铜显著提高小白鼠全血铜含量,显著降低小白鼠肝脏及胫骨锌含量;试验至30 d,添加纳米氧化铜显著提高小白鼠胫骨铜含量.     

Comparisons of Angus, Charolais, Galloway, Hereford, Longhorn, Nellore, Piedmontese, Salers, and Shorthorn breeds for weight, weight adjusted for condition score, height, and condition score of cows

Breed differences for weight (CW), height (CH), and condition score (CS) were estimated from records (n = 12,188) of 2- to 6-yr-old cows (n = 744) from Cycle IV of the U.S. Meat Animal Research Center's Germplasm Evaluation (GPE) Program. Cows were produced from mating Angus and Hereford dams to Angus, Hereford, Charolais, Shorthorn, Galloway, Longhorn, Nellore, Piedmontese, and Salers sires. Samples of Angus and Hereford sires were 1) reference sires born from 1962 through 1970 and 2) 1980s sires born in 1980 through 1987. The mixed model included cow age, season of measurement and their interactions, year of birth, pregnancy-lactation code (PL), and breedgroup as fixed effects for CW and CS. Analyses of weight adjusted for condition score included CS as a linear covariate. The model for CH excluded PL. Random effects were additive genetic and permanent environmental effects associated with the cow. Differences among breed groups were significant (P < 0.05) for all traits and were maintained through maturity with few interchanges in ranking. The order of F1 cows for weight was as follows: Charolais (506 to 635 kg for different ages), Shorthorn and Salers, reciprocal Hereford-Angus (HA) with 1980s sires, Nellore, HA with reference sires, Galloway, Piedmontese, and Longhorn (412 to 525 kg for different ages). Order for height was as follows: Nellore (136 to 140 cm), Charolais, Shorthorn, Salers, HA with 1980s sires, Piedmontese, Longhorn, Galloway and HA with reference sires (126 to 128 cm). Hereford and Angus cows with reference sires were generally lighter than those with 1980s sires. In general, breed differences for height followed those for weight except that F1 Nellore cows were tallest, which may in part be due to Bos taurus-Bos indicus heterosis for size.     

Supplementation of broodmares with copper, zinc, iron, manganese, cobalt, iodine, and selenium

In experiment 1, 6 pregnant mares received a concentrate that contained a trace mineral premix that provided 14.3 mg Cu, 40 mg Zn, 28 mg Fe, 28 mg Mn, 0.08 mg Co, 0.16 mg I, and 0.16 mg Se/kg concentrate (group A). Seven mares received the same concentrate plus 502 mg Zn and 127 mg Cu once daily (group B). No differences (P > .05) in foal growth data, or Cu, Zn, and Fe concentrations of mare milk, mare serum, or foal serum were observed. In experiment 2, 6 pregnant mares received the same concentrate as group A (group C), and 8 mares received the same concentrate fortified with 4× the trace mineral premix (group D). Group C mares had higher serum Zn concentration at 1 day (P < 0.01) and 56 days (P < 0.04). Group C mares had higher milk Fe concentration at 28 days (P < .01), and group D mares had higher milk Cu concentration at 56 days (P < .01). Group C foals had higher serum Cu concentration at 14 days (P < .03). The results from this study provide no evidence to indicate that supplementing late gestating and lactating mares with higher dietary trace mineral levels than those recommended currently by NRC has any influence on foal growth and development, or on the Cu, Zn, and Fe concentrations of the mare milk, mare serum, or foal serum.     

Concentrations of strontium,barium, cadmium,copper, zinc,manganese, chromium,antimony, selenium,and lead in the liver and kidneys of dogs according to age,gender, and the occurrence of chronic kidney disease

This study was conducted to measure the concentrations of strontium (Sr), barium (Ba), cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), chromium (Cr), antimony (Sb), selenium (Se), and lead (Pb) in canine liver, renal cortex, and renal medulla, and the association of these concentrations with age, gender, and occurrence of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Tissues from 50 dogs were analyzed using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Cu, Zn, and Mn levels were highest in the liver followed by the renal cortex and renal medulla. The highest Sr, Cd, and Se concentrations were measured in the renal cortex while lower levels were found in the renal medulla and liver. Female dogs had higher tissue concentrations of Sr (liver and renal medulla), Cd (liver), Zn (liver and renal cortex), Cr (liver, renal cortex, and renal medulla), and Pb (liver) than male animals. Except for Mn and Sb, age-dependent variations were observed for all element concentrations in the canine tissues. Hepatic Cd and Cr concentrations were higher in dogs with CKD. In conclusion, the present results provide new knowledge about the storage of specific elements in canine liver and kidneys, and can be considered important reference data for diagnostic methods and further investigations.     

电感耦合等离子-质谱法测定饲料中钠、镁、铬、锰、铁、铜、锌、砷、硒、镉和铅

应用电感耦合等离子-质谱技术(ICP-MS),建立饲料中钠、镁、铬、锰、铁、铜、锌、砷、硒、镉和铅等元素的测定方法。对饲料样品的前处理方法、仪器工作参数和11种元素标准曲线进行优化;并以加标回收、分析方法比对和重复测试说明方法的准确性和精密性。方法在0～1 000 ng/ml范围内线性良好,仪器检出限为0.557 7～5.072 ng/ml,具有良好的精密度,其回收率在88.1%～104.4%之间,相对标准偏差小于5.0%。同时与原子吸收和原子荧光方法进行比对,测定结果相近。所建立的方法简单、快速,可替代原子吸收和原子荧光方法测定饲料中的11种金属元素,为饲料的质量控制提供理想的元素分析方法。     

Granulocyte isolation from whole blood of goat, sheep, cattle, horse, dog, pig, and man

A simple two step procedure for the isolation of caprine, ovine, bovine, equine, canine, porcine and human peripheral blood granulocytes is described. After enrichment of granulocytes by centrifugation, contaminating erythrocytes are lysed hypotonically. Recovery, purity, and viability of the granulocyte suspensions are determined. FACScan analysis of the cell suspensions measuring cellular size by forward and sideward light scatter is compared with the corresponding analysis of whole blood leukocytes. Constituencies of the isolated cell suspensions and loss of granulocyte subpopulations through isolation procedure is discussed with regard to granulocyte function assays.     

Department of Clinical Veterinary Practices, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Dublin, Trinity College, Ballsbridge, Dublin 4

Circular excised skin wounds in the thoracic and metatarsal regions of the dog were studied. A similar sequence of events took place in the two regions although differences did occur due to the different reactions of the tissues which surrounded the wounds. None of the wound cavities became filled with exudate during the early stages of healing. In the thoracic wounds the cavities were largely filled by the swelling and inward movement of adipose tissue. Epithelium first grew on the wound surface in the sector of the wound that was situated in the direction of hair flow. The average time to complete epithelization was similar in both sets of wounds. A zone of alopecia developed around the wounds.