Balb/c小鼠肺组织一氧化氮及一氧化氮合酶的动态变化

为探讨Balb/c小鼠正常生理状况下肺组织中一氧化氮自由基含量以及一氧化氮合酶活性的动态变化,采用电子自旋共振法直接测定了一氧化氮自由基含量,采用分光光度计法测定了一氧化氮合酶的活性.结果表明:在第3,6,7,12天Balb/c小鼠肺组织的一氧化氮自由基含量、一氧化氮合酶活性均无显著性差异(P＞0.05).说明生理状态下,Balb/c小鼠肺组织一氧化氮自由基的产生维持动态平衡.     

内皮素-1对肉鸡腹水综合征发生发展的影响

利用放射免疫分析方法，分别测定了35日龄正常组、轻度腹水组、重度腹水组肉鸡血浆内皮素-1（ET-1）、心钠素（ANP）的含量以及心、肝、肺、肾等组织ET-1的含量，并测定了腹水心脏指数（AHI）、平均右心室压（mRVP）和平均肺动脉压（mPAP）；同时还用硝酸还原酶法测定了血清中一氧化氮（NO）的水平。结果发现，随腹水程度的加深，mRVP、mPAP、AHI极显著（P〈0．01）升高，肉鸡血浆ET-1、ANP和组织中ET-1的含量以及血清NO浓度也显著（P〈0．05）或极显著（P〈0．01）升高，且重度腹水组高于轻度腹水组；另外还发现，血浆ET-1、ANP与mPAP、AHI以及心脏ET-1含量之间相关性显著（P〈0．05），而血清NO含量与上述指标之间无明显的相关性（P〉0．05）。结果表明ET-1、ANP、NO均参与了肉鸡AS的发生和发展过程并在其中起着重要作用，其中ET-1、ANP与肉鸡发生腹水的程度有密切的关系。     

Lactate dehydrogenase and its isoenzymes in the tissues and sera of clinically normal dogs

The total activity of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and the percentage distribution of its isoenzymes in the tissues and sera of clinically normal adult dogs are presented. Total LDH activity was greatest in skeletal muscle followed by heart muscle, kidney, small intestinal mucosa, liver, lung, pancreas and bone. Each tissue had a unique isoenzyme pattern and the proportions of the isoenzymes in serum suggested that liver is the source of normal serum LDH. The tissue isoenzyme patterns were similar to those obtained by other authors in human beings, horses, cattle, sheep and cats although in liver, differences between ruminants and monogastric animals including dogs were evident. The data presented provide a basis for the interpretation of serum LDH isoenzyme patterns in canine disease.     

猪和绵羊组织器官乳酸脱氢酶同工酶酶谱比较

应用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳法对猪和绵羊的心、肝、脾、肺、肾、胰、小肠７种组织器官及血清的乳酸脱氢酶同工酶酶谱进行比较研究，结果发现：①猪和绵羊各组织器官中ＬＤＨ同工酶共有５种区带，猪的ＬＤＨ３同工酶还可分为两条亚带；②猪和绵羊的肺、肾、小肠、胰、血清中ＬＤＨ区带数相同，其它组织器官各不相同；③猪和绵羊ＬＤＨ１同工酶的泳动速度最快，迁移率分别为５３．６４％、４１．８２％；ＬＤＨ５同工酶的泳动速度最慢，迁     

Expression of neuronal nitric oxide synthase in the pancreas of the sheep

In numerous mammals, nitric oxide (NO) influences the activity of the exocrine and endocrine pancreas. In this study, immunocytochemistry was utilized to investigate the expression of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) in the pancreas of sheep. In double immunocytochemical staining, the co-localization of nNOS with vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), neuropeptide Y (NPY) or substance P (SP) was studied. The presence of nNOS was confined to the intrapancreatic neurones (9.6 +/- 1.3%) as well as to nerve fibres of the endocrine pancreas and intrapancreatic ganglia. nNOS-immunoreactive (IR) neurones were round and oval in shape and predominantly (83.3 +/- 2.6%) belonged to the middle-size group (25-50 mum). Numerous, fine islets supplying nNOS-IR nerve terminals were devoid of VIP, SP or NPY. Moderately numerous, non-varicose nNOS-IR nerve fibres of intrapancreatic ganglia frequently expressed VIP or NPY, but not SP; 2.2 +/- 0.6% of nNOS-IR intrapancreatic neurones displayed lack of VIP, whereas 7.5 +/- 0.8% were VIP-IR. All nNOS-IR neurones were devoid of SP. The frequencies of nNOS-IR/NPY-IR and nNOS-IR/NPY-negative intrapancreatic neurones were 2.2 +/- 0.4% and 6.1 +/- 1.1%, respectively. Comparison with other mammals indicated that nitrergic innervation of the ovine pancreas is species-determined and may be a reflection of the ruminants' digestion specificity. The possible origin of nNOS-IR nerve fibres and functional significance of NO in the pancreas of sheep were discussed.     

防御素基因在乌金猪与约大乌猪组织中的表达及东亚飞蝗抗菌活性物质对防御素基因表达的调节作用

本试验旨在检测β防御素-1(p BD-1)、β防御素-2(p BD-2)和β防御素-3(p BD-3)基因在乌金猪和具有乌金猪血缘的约大乌猪不同组织中的表达,并探讨东亚飞蝗抗菌活性物质(LAAS)对猪胎儿皮肤成纤维细胞(PFSF)免疫应激参数和防御素(p BDs)基因表达的调节作用。采用实时荧光定量PCR方法检测2月龄乌金猪与约大乌猪心脏、肝脏、肺脏、肾脏、空肠、回肠、十二指肠、皮肤、肌肉、胰腺、睾丸或卵巢这12种组织中p BD-1、p BD-2和p BD-3基因的表达差异;采用培养至第4~5代的PFSF,通过脂多糖(LPS)诱导建立免疫应激模型,在DMEM/F12培养液中添加不同浓度(0、75、150、300、600和1 200μg/m L)的LAAS,考察LAAS对PFSF免疫应激参数和p BD-1、p BD-2、p BD-3基因表达的影响。结果表明:1)乌金猪血清溶菌酶(LSZ)活性、免疫球蛋白G(Ig G)含量显著高于约大乌猪(P0.05),血清一氧化氮(NO)含量极显著低于约大乌猪(P0.01)。2)约大乌猪大多数组织中p BD-1、p BD-2和p BD-3基因的表达量高于乌金猪;2个品种猪的p BD-1和p BD-3基因均在皮肤和卵巢中表达量较高,p BD-2基因在肝脏和肾脏中表达量较高。3)300μg/m L LAAS极显著降低了培养液中乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)活性(P0.01);LAAS极显著增加了培养液中NO含量(除75μg/m L组正常细胞外)(P0.01),正常细胞和应激细胞均在LAAS浓度为600μg/m L时达到最高;LAAS浓度为0、75和150μg/m L时应激细胞一氧化氮合酶(NOS)活性显著或极显著高于正常细胞(P0.05或P0.01);添加1 200μg/m L LAAS可极显著降低培养液中的LSZ活性(P0.01),LAAS浓度为150、300、600和1 200μg/m L时应激细胞与正常细胞中LSZ活性差异显著或极显著(P0.05或P0.01)。4)应激细胞p BD-1、p BD-2和p BD-3基因的表达量均高于正常细胞;当LAAS浓度为150μg/m L时,p BD-1、p BD-2和p BD-3基因的表达量最高。结果提示,乌金猪和约大乌猪防御素基因的表达存在明显的品种差异性和组织特异性,适宜浓度的LAAS能够降低PFSF中LDH活性,提高NO含量及NOS、LSZ活性,上调应激细胞与正常细胞防御素的表达量。     

转化生长因子βⅠ型受体基因在敖汉细毛羊不同组织及发情时期卵巢中的表达分析

试验旨在探究转化生长因子βⅠ型受体（transforming growth factor-beta receptorⅠ,TGF-βRⅠ）基因在敖汉细毛羊中的组织表达情况,以及在不同发情时期卵巢中表达量的变化规律,为探讨其与绵羊发情的关系奠定基础。以24只季节性发情的敖汉细毛羊为研究对象,分为乏情期、发情间期、发情前期和发情期4组,每组6只。首先利用实时荧光定量PCR检测其发情期甲状腺、下丘脑、垂体、卵巢、肾上腺、心脏、肝脏、脾脏、肺脏、肾脏、胰腺、肌肉12个组织中TGF-βRⅠ基因的表达情况,其次对4个不同发情时期卵巢TGF-βRⅠ基因的表达量变化进行研究。结果显示,TGF-βR Ⅰ在各组织中均有表达,在卵巢和甲状腺中表达量最高,极显著高于其他组织（P<0.01）;在下丘脑、垂体、胰腺、肾上腺、脾脏和肺脏组织表达量较高,显著高于心脏、肝脏、肾脏和肌肉组织（P<0.05）。卵巢中TGF-βRⅠ基因在发情前期表达量最高,极显著高于其他3个时期（P<0.01）,发情间期表达量最低,极显著低于其他3个时期（P<0.01）。综上所述,卵巢组织中TGF-βRⅠ基因在发情前期时可能对排卵前卵泡的成熟起促进作用。     

番鸭呼肠孤病毒弱毒株在免疫番鸭体内的分布及排毒规律

番鸭呼肠孤病毒(Muscovy duck reovirus,DRV)B37弱毒株经肌内免疫1日龄雏鸭,应用RT-PCR检测病毒核酸,以阐明病毒在体内分布及排毒规律。结果表明,B37株免疫雏鸭后4h,即可在血液、心、肝、脾组织中检出DRV RNA;接种后8h,血液、心、肝、脾、肺、肾、胰腺均可检测到DRV RNA;接种后3d,喉头和泄殖腔棉拭子可检出DRV RNA;接种后14d,喉头和泄殖腔棉拭子已不能检出DRV RNA;接种后28d,肺、肾和胰腺均已不能检出DRV RNA;接种后42d,血和心脏已不能检出DRV RNA;接种后49d,所有组织均已不能检出DRV RNA。因此,DRV弱毒在血液、心脏中分布时间为接种后4h～35d,在肝、脾组织中分布时间为4h～42d;肺、肾和胰腺的分布时间为8h～25d;向外界排毒时间为3～14d。     

内皮素对哈萨克公羊生理生化指标的影响

为探究内皮素(ET)对羊生理生化指标的影响,选取5只新疆哈萨克公羊,采用不完全拉丁方试验设计,每只羊一次性静脉注射0.7nmol/kg ET-1或ET-3,对照组注射1g/L BSA生理盐水。结果显示,注射ET-1或ET-3后同对照组比,心率降低21%~36%(P0.01),红细胞总数增加10%~14%(P0.01),血红蛋白含量增加14%~17%(P0.05),红细胞比容增加14%~16%(P0.05);血糖含量增高27%~53%(P0.05),而且从这些指标改变的幅度和持续时间看,ET-1比ET-3作用强。在整个试验过程中未观察到羊呼吸频率、白细胞总数及分类计数和血浆蛋白浓度的影响(P0.05)。研究结果提示,ET可调控反刍动物心血管活动、红细胞比容,并参与血糖稳态调节,而且这些作用可能主要是通过内皮素A受体(ET-A)介导的。     

Lactate dehydrogenase isoenzyme distribution and patterns in chicken organs

Unlike most mammals, chicken lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes cannot be separated using the 'Titan-Gel' electrophoresis. However, using isoelectric focusing at a pH range of 3.0 to 9.0, a good and clear separation of all five isoenzymes was achieved. Generally, three characteristic groups were seen: (a) those having a cathodic domination (breast muscle and serum) with mainly lactate dehydrogenase-5 (b) those having an anodic domination (heart, muscle, liver, pancreas, kidney, erythrocytes) of mainly lactate dehydrogenase - 1 and 2 and (c) those with a more uniform distribution (spleen, lung, and brain).The total lactate dehydrogenase activity was the highest in the breast muscle, followed by the heart muscle, liver and serum with the lowest activities in the lung and pancreas.     

鸽实验性感染鹅副黏病毒的病理学研究

对人工感染鹅副黏病毒病鸽的病理变化进行了观察研究。结果表明,病鸽各种组织器官均有明显的组织损伤,但较集中于消化系统、神经系统和免疫系统。主要肉眼病变为肺瘀血、水肿,胰腺、脾脏局灶性坏死,肠黏膜水肿、增厚或有出血、坏死,脑充血、出血;主要组织学变化为腺胃、肠道黏膜上皮坏死、脱落或伴有严重出血,肝、肾、心脏等器官实质细胞变性、坏死,胸腺、脾脏、法氏囊等免疫器官淋巴细胞坏死,淋巴组织萎缩。     

The Expression Characteristics of MYNN Gene in Different Tissues and Muscles of Pig

This study was aimed to investigate the expression characteristics of myoneurin (MYNN) gene in different tissues and its developmental expression in muscles (longissimus dorsi, biceps femoris and psoas major), cerebellum, liver, pancreas, kidney, stomach, spleen and lung tissues of pigs. The expression characteristics of MYNN mRNA in 11 different tissues including heart, liver, spleen, lung, kidney, cerebellum, small intestine, pancreas, stomach, biceps femoris and fat of Large White pigs and Mashen pigs at the age of 90 days and the developmental expression patterns in muscle, cerebellum, liver, pancreas, kidney, stomach, spleen at three strages (1, 90, 180 days) of Large White pigs and Mashen pigs were studied by Real-time PCR. The results showed that MYNN was widely expressed in various tissues of pigs, and there was significant difference among the tissues(P < 0.05; P < 0.01); The expression of MYNN in muscle, liver, pancreas, cerebellum, kidney, stomach, spleen, lung tissues were significant difference at three development stages of Large White pigs and Mashen pigs(P < 0.05; P < 0.01), and also had a specific rule, which indicated that it may play an important role in these pig tissues. The expression of MYNN gene could related to the tissue, age and the genetic background of breeds. The results of this study provided a better understanding of the biological functions of pig MYNN. Further studies are required to determine its molecular mechanisms, especially in the regulation of skeletal muscle development.     

MYNN基因在猪不同组织及肌肉中的表达规律

试验旨在研究myoneurin（MYNN）基因在猪不同组织中的表达特征及其在肌肉（背最长肌、股二头肌和腰大肌）、小脑、肝脏、胰脏、肾脏、胃、脾脏、肺脏组织中的发育性表达规律。采用实时荧光定量PCR技术研究猪MYNN mRNA在90日龄大白猪和马身猪的心脏、肝脏、脾脏、肺脏、肾脏、小脑、小肠、胰脏、胃、股二头肌及脂肪共11个组织中的表达谱,以及在大白猪和马身猪1、90、180日龄3个发育阶段的肌肉、小脑、肝脏、胰脏、肾脏、胃、脾脏、肺脏组织中的发育性表达规律。结果表明,MYNN在猪的各种组织中广泛表达,且各组织间表达差异显著或极显著（P < 0.05;P < 0.01）;MYNN在大白猪和马身猪的肌肉、小脑、肝脏、胰脏、肾脏、胃、脾脏、肺脏组织中的不同发育阶段表达差异显著或极显著（P < 0.05;P < 0.01）,并具有特定规律,由此推测其可能在猪的这几种组织中发挥重要作用。MYNN基因的表达与组织、日龄及品种的遗传背景有关。本试验为研究猪MYNN基因的生物学功能提供了依据,但还需要深入的研究来探索其作用的具体机制,尤其是在骨骼肌发育中的调节机制。     

Alkaline phosphatase and its isoenzymes in the tissues and sera of normal dogs

The total alkaline phosphatase (AP) activity and the pattern of its isoenzymes were studied in the tissues and sera of normal adult dogs. Small intestine mucosa showed the greatest total AP activity followed by kidney, bone, pancreas, liver, lung, skeletal muscle and heart muscle. After separation by agarose gel electrophoresis, each tissue showed only one isoenzyme except lung which showed two. The tissue isoenzymes, in decreasing order of migration distance towards the anode, were as follows: fast lung isoenzyme, liver or slow lung isoenzyme, the group consisting of skeletal muscle, bone, small intestine and pancreas isoenzymes and, finally, the kidney isoenzyme. Two isoenzymes occurred in serum. The major band corresponded to liver and the slow lung isoenzyme, while the minor band was considered to be the corticosteroid-induced isoenzyme, previously thought to be absent from normal serum. The AP isoenzyme patterns in lung and skeletal muscle and the presence of an isoenzyme migrating an identical distance to the corticosteroid-induced isoenzyme do not appear to have been reported before in normal dogs.     

Alkaline phosphatase and its isoenzymes in the tissues and sera of normal dogs

The total alkaline phosphatase (AP) activity and the pattern of its isoenzymes were studied in the tissues and sera of normal adult dogs. Small intestine mucosa showed the greatest total AP activity followed by kidney, bone, pancreas, liver, lung, skeletal muscle and heart muscle. After separation by agarose gel electrophoresis, each tissue showed only one isoenzyme except lung which showed two. The tissue isoenzymes, in decreasing order of migration distance towards the anode, were as follows: fast lung isoenzyme, liver or slow lung isoenzyme, the group consisting of skeletal muscle, bone, small intestine and pancreas isoenzymes and, finally, the kidney isoenzyme. Two isoenzymes occurred in serum. The major band corresponded to liver and the slow lung isoenzyme, while the minor band was considered to be the corticosteroid-induced isoenzyme, previously thought to be absent from normal serum.The AP isoenzyme patterns in lung and skeletal muscle and the presence of an isoenzyme migrating an identical distance to the corticosteroid-induced isoenzyme do not appear to have been reported before in normal dogs.     

Suspected citrus pulp toxicosis in dairy cattle.

Thirteen lactating dairy cows from a herd of 650 died over a 6-week period. Most animals were down in milk production at 1 milking and were found dead at the next milking. Two cows had elevated heart rate and enlarged mandibular lymph nodes. Two others had azotemia, elevated heart rate, hyperglycemia, and weight loss. Necropsy of 10 cows revealed hemorrhages on the intestinal serosa and epicardium, lymphadenopathy, interstitial nephritis, small intestinal hemorrhage, and interstitial pneumonia. Histopathology showed lymphocytic to lymphogranulomatous inflammation in the heart, spleen, kidney, lymph nodes, liver, lung, pancreas, and adrenal gland. Phlebitis was present in 2 livers. The lesions resembled those of hairy vetch toxicosis, but no vetch was being fed. Similar lesions have been reported with the feeding of citrus pulp. Citrus pulp was being fed to the lactating cows and had been added to the diet 6 weeks before the first death. The syndrome resolved with elimination of citrus pulp from the diet.     

Vitamin E concentrations in blood plasma of sheep and in sheep tissues after a single intraruminal or intraperitoneal administration of DL-alpha-tocopheryl acetate

Twenty-five yearling wethers, weighing 40 to 45 kg were used in a trial designed to compare the effect of the route of administration of vitamin E upon plasma and tissue vitamin E status. Five control sheep without vitamin E administration were killed at the beginning of the trial. Of the remaining 20 sheep, 10 were given DL-alpha-tocopheryl acetate intraruminally and 10 by intraperitoneal injection. Of these, 10 wethers were killed three days after dosing (five from each treatment, IR3 and IP3) and the remaining wethers were killed eight days after dosing (IR8 and IP8). Blood samples were taken throughout the trial from sheep on the IR8 and IP8 treatments. Samples of whole adrenal gland, heart, liver, kidney, brachiocephalicus muscle, lung, pancreas and spleen were taken from all sheep at slaughter and were analysed for their vitamin E content. The blood plasma results showed that the most important index of vitamin E bioavailability, the area under the plasma concentration versus time curve, was greater in the intraperitoneally than intraruminally dosed sheep. There was a higher concentration of vitamin E in the tissues from the intraperitoneal group than the intraruminal group three days after the intraperitoneal injections. The results suggest that the greatest responses in vitamin E concentration in plasma and the tissues were recorded in sheep following intraperitoneal rather than intraruminal dosing with DL-alpha-tocopheryl acetate.     

Expression of nitric oxide synthase 2 and cyclooxygenase-2 in swine experimentally infected with Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae

The expression of inflammatory mediators was examined in pigs experimentally infected with Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae. The activity of nitric oxide synthase 2 (NOS2) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) was determined by measuring nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in response to A. pleuropneumoniae in vivo. By in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry, both NOS2 and COX-2 enzymes were detected in neutrophils and macrophages that had infiltrated into alveolar spaces. The sharp increase in PGE2 concentration preceded the increase in the concentrations of NO. NO levels were highly correlated with PGE2 level (rs=0.7218, P <0.05). The NO levels were positively correlated with lung lesion scores (rs=0.9087, P <0.05) until 24 hours postinoculation (hpi) as were the lung lesion scores and PGE2 levels (rs=0.925, P <0.01). High levels of PGE2 produced by COX-2 are generated in early infection (6 hpi). However, in later stages of infection (12-36 hpi), there is participation of NO and PGE2 accompanied by coinduction of both NOS2 and COX-2.     

Studies on the Haematology and Trace Element Status of Adult Bactrian Camels (Camelus bactrianus) in China

Reference values were established for some haematological and serum biochemical constituents in Bactrian camels (Camelus bactrianus) in China. The contents of seven trace elements in the blood, hair, liver, kidney, heart, spleen, lung, cerebrum, cerebellum, rib, ovary, pancreas and gluteal muscle of Bactrian camels were also measured. Some of these values are reported for the first time for Bactrian camels in China. Most haematological and serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, yaks, sheep and dromedary camels, but the mean serum albumin concentration and the albumim/globulin ratio were significantly higher than those in other ruminants and the mean thyroxine concentration was half that in dromedary camels. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, zinc, manganese and iron, and the renal cortex contained the highest concentration of selenium. The concentrations of selenium, cobalt, zinc, manganese and molybdenum in the tissues were within the reference ranges for other ruminants, but the mean iron and copper concentrations in the liver were significantly higher than those in other ruminants.     

Orally administered rutin inhibits the gene expression of Th2 cytokines in the gut and lung in aged mice

Rutin is one of the flavonoids derived from plants such as buckwheat and is well known as a powerful antioxidant. To determine whether dietary rutin could modulate mucosal immunity, we examined the gene expression of Th1/Th2 cytokines and the receptors in the gut and lung. Aged (18 months old, 18 M) C3H/HeN female mice were orally administered rutin for 10 days. The small intestine and lung were taken and analyzed by real-time PCR for gene expression. Interleukin (IL)-13 and IL-13Rα2 gene expression was significantly low (P<0.05 respectively) in the small intestine of aged rutin-fed mice. Meanwhile, there was no change in interferon γ gene expression between control and rutin-fed mice. IL-13 gene expression was also downregulated in the lung. To examine the mechanism of the inhibitory effect of rutin on Th2 cytokines in aged mice, intestinal nitric oxide synthase (NOS) expression was evaluated. Rutin inhibited inducible NOS (NOS2) gene expression, but not neuronal NOS and endothelial NOS. Gene analysis of cells collected from the small intestine by laser capture dissection revealed that NOS2 expression was significantly inhibited in crypt regions. Thus, rutin might be effective against a Th2-dominant profile through NOS2 inhibition in aged mice.