几种药剂防治水稻灰飞虱试验

试验结果表明,5%氟虫腈悬浮剂(锐劲特)对灰飞虱有较好的防治效果,其中5%氟虫腈悬浮剂(锐劲特)80mL/667m2 7d后的校正防效为98.8%;5%氟虫腈悬浮剂(锐劲特)20mL/667m27d的校正防效也在90%以上,均显著高于50%敌敌畏乳油250mL/667m2、25%硫丹.氰乳油(快杀灵)50mL/667m2和10%吡虫啉可湿性粉剂各处理的防效。     

浙西北单季稻区稻飞虱药剂防控效果

对6种药剂防控稻飞虱试验结果表明,30%混灭.噻乳油80mL/667m2、18%吡.噻可湿性粉剂50g/667m2、25%噻嗪酮可湿性粉剂50g/667m2、10%吡虫啉可湿性粉剂50g/667m2、40%毒死蜱乳油100mL/667m2药后7d对单季稻五(3)代稻飞虱均有较好的总体防治效果,分别为97%、95%、96%、93%、90%,5%氟虫腈悬浮剂40mL/667m2的防效仅为63%,极显著低于其他药剂防效;其中,各处理对白背飞虱校正防效分别达97%、96%、97%、96%、90%、59%,以氟虫腈处理效果为显著低;对褐飞虱校正防效分别达97%、94%、96%、70%、92%、91%,以吡虫啉处理防效为显著差。在稻田以白背飞虱为主发生时,以选用混灭.噻、噻嗪酮、吡.噻、吡虫啉、毒死蜱处理为好,以褐飞虱为主发生时,则以选用混灭.噻、噻嗪酮、吡.噻、毒死蜱、氟虫腈处理为好,不宜使用吡虫啉处理。并且噻嗪酮、混灭.噻、吡.噻、吡虫啉处理区蜘蛛量相对较高,对稻飞虱的持续控制发挥了一定的作用。     

不同药剂防治稻纵卷叶螟高龄幼虫的防治效果

试验结果表明,15%三唑磷微乳剂与5%氟虫腈悬浮剂(锐劲特)混合使用对稻纵卷叶螟高龄幼虫有较好的防治效果,其中以15%三唑磷微乳剂125mL/667m2 5%氟虫腈悬浮剂(锐劲特)10mL/667m2校正防效为76.3%～97.7%;15%三唑磷微乳剂100mL/667m2 5%氟虫腈悬浮剂(锐劲特)10mL/667m25d的校正防效也在90%以上,均显著高于对照药剂40%毒死蜱乳油(新农宝)75mL/667m2的防效(67.1%)。     

不同类型药剂对水稻褐飞虱的活性及复配增效作用

采用稻茎浸渍法测定了18种杀虫剂对褐飞虱的毒力,选活性较好的药剂进行复配,筛选出具有较高活性的混剂,测定不同类型增效剂的增效作用与复合增效作用,并研究混剂与复合增效剂的最佳增效配伍。结果表明,18种药剂对褐飞虱的毒力大小次序为:氟虫腈噻嗪酮烯啶虫胺氟铃脲噻虫嗪甲维盐吡蚜酮阿维菌素丁醚脲毒死蜱速灭威啶虫脒异丙威联苯菊酯吡虫啉高效氯氟氰菊酯三唑磷马拉硫磷,其中氟虫腈的活性最高,是吡虫啉的128.38倍。不同药剂复配中,烯啶虫胺与噻嗪酮(30∶70)复配的共毒系数最高,为246.02。6种增效剂与药剂混配增效作用,以氮酮、有机硅最好,增效比在2.69~2.85之间,并且将两者按40∶60配比后,其联合增效作用有显著提高。     

4种杀虫剂对甜菜龟叶甲幼虫毒杀效果初探

采用棉棒涂抹药液法对甜菜龟叶甲幼虫进行了室内触杀试验,调查了吡虫啉、高效氯氟氰菊酯、啶虫脒和虱螨脲4种杀虫剂对甜菜龟叶甲幼虫的毒杀效果。结果表明,高效氯氟氰菊酯的毒杀效果最好,致死中浓度LC_(50)为5.87μL/mL,吡虫啉、啶虫脒、虱螨脲的LC_(50)分别为5.93、23.55、57.94μL/mL。防治藜麦田甜菜龟叶甲幼虫可考虑选用高效氯氟氰菊酯。     

广西果园柑橘木虱对毒死蜱等6种农药的抗药性监测

为探明柑橘木虱对毒死蜱、毗虫啉、高效氯氰菊酯,高效氟氯氰菊酯、丁硫克百威、虫螨腈的抗药性,用药膜法测定了取自广西桂林常规施药果园和未喷药果园的柑橘木虱成虫的LC50和LC95,计算抗性倍数.结果表明,柑橘木虱对毒死蜱、高效氯氰菊酯、吡虫啉已产生抗药性;对丁琉克百威、高效氟氯氰菊酯处于敏感性下降阶段;对虫螨腈处于敏感阶段.     

氟虫腈等7种杀虫剂对鲫鱼的毒性及安全性试验研究

本文研究了氟虫腈等杀虫剂对鲫鱼的急性毒性作用。室内毒力测定结果表明:溴氰菊酯、高效氯氟氰菊酯对鲫鱼的毒性最高,毒死蜱、三唑磷毒性较高,氟虫腈、阿维菌素较安全,杀虫双对鲫鱼最安全。大田实验结果与室内实验结果基本一致,只是溴氰菊酯在稻田环境下,对鲫鱼的急性毒性大幅度下降。     

不同性别家蝇对药剂的敏感性比较

在室内用点滴法测定了杀虫剂高效氯氟氰菊酯、甲基嘧啶磷、虫螨腈和灭多威对家蝇雌雄成虫的毒力,并对毒力进行了比较。结果表明,高效氯氟氰菊酯、甲基嘧啶磷、虫螨腈和灭多威对雄性家蝇的毒力分别是雌性家蝇毒力的4．63、2．41、3．11、1．73倍。     

毒死蜱·氟虫腈16%乳油防治水稻害虫田间药效试验

试验结果表明,毒死蜱·氟虫腈16%乳油杀虫谱广,是水稻害虫总体防治的理想药剂.毒死蜱·氟虫腈16%乳油100mL/667m2对稻纵卷叶螟的杀虫效果达97.2%,保叶效果达95.9%,显著优于氟虫腈;对二化螟的杀虫效果达95.8%,保穗效果达93.3%,与氟虫腈相当;毒死蜱·氟虫腈16%乳油80mL/667m2,对褐飞虱的防治效果在70%以上,持效期达15d,显著优于氟虫腈.     

哒螨灵对三种害虫的毒力比较及其应用潜力评价

为明确杀螨剂哒螨灵对B型烟粉虱、水稻灰飞虱和黄曲条跳甲等3种害虫的毒力和扩大其使用范围,采用玻管药膜法测定了哒螨灵等药剂对B型烟粉虱和水稻灰飞虱成虫的毒力,用浸渍法测定了哒螨灵等对B型烟粉虱若虫和黄曲条跳甲的毒力.结果显示,哒螨灵对烟粉虱成虫和水稻灰飞虱成虫的毒力最高,触杀LC50分别为0.952 mg/L和0.252 mg/L;哒螨灵对B型烟粉虱若虫的触杀LC50为43.148 mg/L,其毒力较啶虫眯和吡虫啉低,与烯啶虫胺毒力相当,但较吡丙醚毒力高近1倍;哒螨灵对黄曲条跳甲的LC50为195.123 mg/L,其毒力低于毒死蜱,但高于啶虫脒和吡虫啉.表明哒螨灵不仅对B型烟粉虱和水稻灰飞虱成虫毒力高,对烟粉虱若虫和黄曲条跳甲的毒力也较高,有进一步开发应用的潜力.     

枯草芽胞杆菌对离体荔枝果实霜疫霉病、炭疽病的防治效果

为了进一步明确从土壤中筛选得到的拮抗细菌OR-1、OR-2、OR-3、ON-6的分类地位和生防效果,采用形态学观察、理化特性结合分子生物学方法,鉴定这4株细菌皆为枯草芽胞杆菌Bacillussubitilis.拮抗菌对荔枝霜疫霉菌、炭疽菌菌丝生长均具有明显抑制作用,ON-6菌株的发酵液对菌丝生长的抑制率最高,分别为92.34％和70.36％,其次是OR-1菌株.拮抗菌处理组褐变指数均小于对照组以及杀菌剂处理组,且差异达显著水平(P＜0.05),OR-1菌株防褐变效果最好.常温下,拮抗菌发酵液对离体鲜果病害防治效果优于对照组和杀菌剂处理组,其中ON-6菌株的防治效果最佳;4℃低温储藏处理40天后,拮抗菌发酵液处理组的防治效果高于对照和杀菌剂处理组,且差异显著(P＜0.05),以ON-6和ON-3菌株的防治效果最佳.表明拮抗菌发酵液对荔枝鲜果上的霜疫霉菌和炭疽病菌有一定的抑制作用.     

Effects of a lectin-like protein isolated from Acacia farnesiana seeds on phytopathogenic bacterial strains and root-knot nematode

Acacia farnesiana lectin-like protein (AFAL) showed bacterioestatic effects against Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. passiflorae (Gram-negative) and Clavibacter michiganensis michiganensis (Gram-positive), with the latter being more sensitive. This effect is probably due to the ability of AFAL to interact with the bacterial cell wall where we observed that AFAL induced macroscopic change. The maximum bacterial growth inhibition was approximately 78% when incubated with Gram-negative strains, and as high as 92% percent for the Gram-positive one. The antibacterial effect of flavonoids (rutin, quercetin and morin) was also observed using low concentrations against both bacterial strains. Prior incubation of both with AFAL at high concentrations increases the inhibitory effect of flavonoids on bacterial growth. The potential use of AFAL as a control agent against the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita was investigated as well, showing anti-nematode properties involving both egg hatching and motility. In the juvenile second-stage, AFAL showed reduction in larval mobility when measured against a control group. The results suggest that AFAL is effective against M. incognita and could be used as a component of integrated pest management programs. These data also suggest that lectins probably play a role in plant defense not only against invertebrate phytopathogens, herbivores and fungi but also against bacteria.     

苏云金杆菌亚致死浓度对美国白蛾及其寄生蜂生长发育的影响

为阐明苏云金杆菌Bacillus thuringiensis(Bt)与白蛾周氏啮小蜂Chouioia cunea Yang的协同作用,分别用103~108孢子/m L的6个Bt浓度处理美国白蛾Hyphantria cunea 2龄幼虫后,通过室内试验测定了Bt对其致死、亚致死效应,及亚致死浓度Bt对寄生蜂子代出蜂的影响。结果表明,浓度106孢子/m L处理组美国白蛾均未能化蛹;而106孢子/m L处理组均能化蛹并羽化,且幼虫发育历期随Bt浓度的增加而延长,平均蛹重在74.92~92.18 mg之间,均高于对照的68.66 mg,但蛹重不呈线性规律变化。当Bt对美国白蛾平均校正死亡率低于17.17%时,幼虫发育历期延迟不明显,但平均蛹重为101.11~124.34 mg,均高于对照;接蜂后能够正常出蜂,出蜂率为33.13%~51.25%,每蛹出蜂量为117.43~143.42头,均显著高于对照。表明用平均校正死亡率低于20%的Bt处理对白蛾周氏啮小蜂的寄生有利,2种生防措施协同作用存在增效潜力。     

Analysis of two acetylcholinesterase genes in Bombyx mori

Two acetylcholinesterases (AChE, EC 3.1.1.7) cDNAs were identified and cloned from silkworm, Bombyx mori. One of those, BmAChE-o cDNA, is comprised of 3197 nucleotides which encode 638 amino acids, having an amino acid sequence homology of 72% with Drosophila melanogaster Ace-orthologous AChE (AO-AChE). In some species, another AChE group based on the sequence, Drosophila Ace-paralogous AChE (AP-AChE) has been recognized in relation to organophosphate- or carbamate-resistance, but there have been few reports of AP-AChE among lepidopteran species. However, we isolated the AP-AChE from lepidopteran silkworm, and cloned full ORF as BmAChE-p, which cDNA consisted of 2465 nucleotides that encode 683 amino acids. The homologies with other AP-AChEs were over 60% when compared. Although silkworm is not a target of pesticides, the genomic information obtained in this study will contribute to insecticide-resistance study on lepidopteran pest species.     

溴氰虫酰胺和氯虫苯甲酰胺对三种鳞翅目害虫的毒力作用比较

为比较溴氰虫酰胺和氯虫苯甲酰胺对甜菜夜蛾、玉米螟和小地老虎的作用差异,采用浸卵法、浸叶法、饲喂毒营养液法等测定了溴氰虫酰胺和氯虫苯甲酰胺对3种害虫的卵、3龄幼虫和成虫的毒力,以及对其3龄幼虫的拒食活性。结果表明,溴氰虫酰胺和氯虫苯甲酰胺均无杀卵作用,但能降低初孵幼虫存活率。溴氰虫酰胺对甜菜夜蛾、玉米螟和小地老虎3龄幼虫的LC₅₀值分别为0.11、0.05和0.13 mg/L,相对毒力分别是氯虫苯甲酰胺的2.8、2.7和5.1倍。溴氰虫酰胺对3种害虫成虫的LC₅₀值分别为0.11、0.09和0.22 mg/L,相对毒力分别是氯虫苯甲酰胺的3.9、3.8和2.7倍。溴氰虫酰胺在亚致死浓度0.10、0.05和0.14 mg/L的剂量下分别对甜菜夜蛾、玉米螟和小地老虎3龄幼虫表现出较强的拒食作用,处理48 h后达到最高,拒食率分别为85.58%、81.91%和86.11%。药剂处理试虫虫体皱缩,体节缩短,体重增加率明显低于对照处理。表明溴氰虫酰胺对3种鳞翅目害虫的毒力作用比氯虫苯甲酰胺好,可作为氯虫苯甲酰胺的替代药品。     

Biological and biochemical responses of Biomphalaria alexandrina to some extracts of the plants Solanum siniacum and Artemisia judaica L.

The molluscicidal activity of cold water, boiled water, methanol, ethanol, acetone and chloroform extracts of Solanum siniacum and Artemisia judaica L. plants against Biomphalaria alexandrina snails was carried out. The tests revealed plant’s ethanol extract was more toxic to the snails than the other tested extracts. Therefore, it was tested against snails’ fecundity (M_x), reproduction rate (R₀) and their infection with Schistosoma mansoni miracidia. In addition, biochemical parameters and the activities of some enzymes in tissues of snails treated with the two tested plants were determined. As well, glucose concentration in snails’ hemolymph was evaluated. Exposure of B. alexandrina snails to plant’s ethanol extract led to a significant reduction in their survival and snails’ fecundity, reproduction rate. In addition, it caused a considerable reduction in the infectivity of S. mansoni miracidia to the snails. Also, it caused a reduction in number of cercariae per snail during the patent period and in the period of cercarial shedding. The results revealed that the glucose concentration in hemolymph and Lactate level in soft tissues of treated snails were increased (P < 0.001) while glycogen, total protein, the lipid content and the pyruvate level in snail’s tissues decreased (P < 0.001). The activities of lactic dehydrogenase (LDH), pyruvatekinase (PK) and cytochrome oxidase (CY) enzymes in homogenate of snail’s tissues were reduced (P < 0.001) in response to treatment with the two tested plants while protease (PR) activity increased (P < 0.001). It is concluded that the application of LC₂₅ of ethanol extract of S. siniacum and A. judaica L. may be helpful in snail control as it interferes with the snails’ biology and physiology.     

The effects of Artemisia annua L. and Achillea millefolium L. crude leaf extracts on the toxicity, development, feeding efficiency and chemical activities of small cabbage Pieris rapae L. (Lepidoptera: Pieridae)

The biological effects of two important medicinal plants, Artemisia annua L. and Achillea millefolium (L.) (viz, mortality, growth, and feeding indices as well as enzyme and non-enzymatic activities) were studied on small white Pieris rapae L a deleterious pest of cruciferous plants under controlled conditions (16:8 h L:D at 25 ± 1 °C and 65 ± 5% RH). The LC₅₀ and LC₂₅ values were 9.387% and 3.645% for A. annua L. and 4.19% and 1.69% for A. millefolium (L.), respectively. At the lowest concentration (0.625%), the deterrency was 29.826% and 44.185% for A. annua L. and A. millefolium (L.), respectively. Feeding indices were variously affected with changes in a number of parameters and an increase in larval and pupal duration. The activity level of alkaline phosphatase increased sharply while alanin and aspartate aminotransferases showed a sharp decrease. For non-enzymatic compounds, the amount of glucose and uric acid increased, but total protein and cholesterol decreased. These results indicate that these two medicinal plants might possess potential secondary metabolites that may be useful for controlling potential insect pests.     

两株棒束孢菌的鉴定及其对茶卷叶蛾和茶小卷叶蛾的致病力

为明确分离自茶卷叶蛾和中华大刀螳僵虫的2株虫生真菌的归属及生防潜力,采用形态学特征和rDNA-ITS序列分析其分类地位,测定了其对茶卷叶蛾和茶小卷叶蛾幼虫的致病力,并初步筛选了其最适培养条件.结果表明:2株真菌均为环链棒束孢Isaria cateniannulata,分别命名为ICBS918和ICTL911.在1.0×10⁸孢子/mL浓度下,ICBS918和ICTL911对茶卷叶蛾幼虫的累计校正死亡率均达100%,LT₅₀分别为3.13 d和3.15 d;对茶小卷叶蛾幼虫的累计校正死亡率分别为100%和95%,LT₅₀分别为3.25 d和3.31 d.接菌后8 d,2菌株对茶卷叶蛾幼虫的LC₅₀分别为0.47×10⁵孢子/mL和1.01×10⁵孢子/mL;对茶小卷叶蛾幼虫的LC₅₀分别为2.20×10⁵孢子/mL和1.34×10⁵孢子/mL.2菌株23 ℃下最适生长培养基均为综合马铃薯培养基,最适产孢培养基均为蛋白胨马铃薯葡萄糖琼脂培养基;在萨氏培养基上,菌株ICBS918和ICTL911分别在24~30 ℃及24 ℃时生长速度最快,在27 ℃和21 ℃时产孢量最大.表明2株环链棒束孢对茶卷叶蛾和茶小卷叶蛾幼虫均具有较好的生防潜力,可作为生防菌进行开发和应用.     

Assessment of Cyfluthrin commercial formulation on growth, photosynthesis and catalase activity of green algae

Aquatic environments of the pampasic region of Argentina are severely affected by agricultural contamination due to an increase in a glyphosate tolerant transgenic variety of soybean crops. The present study is aimed to determine the effects of a commonly used Cyfluthrin commercial formulation (CCF) on growth, some physiological and biochemical parameter of four species of green algae. Significant inhibition of algal growth was observed from 0.1 mg Cyf/l. 96 h IC₅₀ were between 0.92 and 4.85 mg Cyf/l. CCF caused algicidal effects. Photosynthesis was stimulated by 50% in Scenedesmus quadricauda cultures exposed to the lowest concentration (hormesis). Algal photosynthesis inhibition was observed at higher concentrations with IC₅₀ values between 1.7 and 8.9 mg Cyf/l. Similar toxicity endpoints were found as a consequence of applying the traditional methodology of short-term chronic toxicity test of 96 h of exposition and the methodology developed using the Clark type photosynthetic oxygen evolution method. CAT activity was significantly increased between 23% and 33% considering the four species, at a lower concentration than those affecting algal growth and photosynthesis, indicating a potential biomarker. Taking into account that the extent of the soybean crops in the region is about fourteen million hectares, the improvement and extension of environmental tools for early detection of the action of pesticides on this essential group of organisms are discussed.     

Molecular analysis of resistance in a deltamethrin-resistant strain of Musca domestica from China

We investigated the molecular basis of resistance in a strain of house fly (BJD) from Beijing, China. This strain showed 567-fold resistance to commonly used deltamethrin. Flies were 64-fold resistant to deltamethrin synergized by piperonyl butoxide (PBO). The 5′-flanking sequence of the cytochrome P450 gene CYP6D1 in BJD strain had a 15-bp insert as in the LPR strain. Two mutations (kdr, super-kdr) in the voltage sensitive sodium channel (VSSC) were also detected in the BJD strain. Our results showed that a combination of resistance alleles for CYP6D1 and VSSC existed in deltamethrin resistant house flies in China.