油茶皂素抑菌效果研究

用溶剂法提取油茶枯饼中的皂素 ,以油茶皂素为材料对大肠杆菌 ,桔青霉 ,黑曲霉 ,金黄色葡萄球菌 ,和 117产朊假丝酵母进行了抑菌试验。结果表明 :均有抑制作用 ,其中对大肠杆菌和黑曲霉抑制作用较强 ,对金黄色葡萄球菌无抑制作用。对有效菌的最小抑制浓度在 0 .6 2 5 %以下     

箬竹提取物抑菌活性研究

以箬竹(Indocalamus tessellatus)水提取物和丙酮提取物对大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)、枯草芽孢杆菌(Baci-llus subtilis)、金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus aureus)、八叠球菌(Sarcina)、黑曲霉(Aspergillus niger)、青霉(Penicillium)、木霉(Trichoderma)7种菌进行抑菌活性研究,结果表明,2种提取物对细菌都有一定的抑菌效果,丙酮提取物对大肠杆菌的抑菌圈直径达12 mm,水提取物的抑菌圈直径也达到10 mm,但对霉菌的抑菌效果不明显;2种提取物对大肠杆菌的最小抑菌浓度为0.781%,对其它几种细菌的最小抑制浓度也都不超过3.125%,但对霉菌的最小抑制浓度要高于细菌,并且水提取物的最小抑菌浓度普遍高于丙酮提取物;2种提取物对水果和豆腐干均有较好的保鲜效果。     

不同纯度靛蓝提取物的制备及其抑菌活性研究

在建立靛蓝含量分析方法的基础上，构建了一种新型高效方法制备高纯度靛蓝，并研究了不同靛蓝粗提物和高纯度靛蓝的抑菌活性。以马蓝叶为原料，通过水提取、加碱打花、酸中和以及氢氧化钠除杂等步骤得到了3种不同靛蓝质量分数(3.06%、 20.13%、 22.16%)粗提物样品1～样品3;在此基础上，利用单因素试验和Box-Behnken响应面设计法优化葡萄糖还原工艺得到了高纯度靛蓝样品4;最后，采用牛津杯法比较了3种靛蓝粗提物和高纯度靛蓝对黑曲霉、金黄色葡萄球菌和大肠杆菌的抑菌活性。结果表明：葡萄糖还原工艺最佳条件为葡萄糖质量浓度25 g/L、NaOH质量浓度26.9 g/L、反应温度60℃和反应时间30 min;在此最佳工艺条件下，可得到纯度为96.87%的高纯度靛蓝(样品4),并且靛蓝收率高达76.88%。抑菌实验结果表明：3种靛蓝粗提物和高纯度靛蓝均对黑曲霉、金黄色葡萄球菌和大肠杆菌具有抑制效果，且随着样品中靛蓝质量分数的增加，样品对3种菌的抑制效果均增加；其抑菌圈直径、最小抑菌浓度(MIC)、最小杀菌浓度(MBC)和半数抑菌浓度(IC₅₀)分别为9.00～19.69 ...     

银杏叶聚戊烯醇及其衍生物的抑菌活性研究

以银杏叶聚戊烯醇为原料,通过酯化反应合成了聚戊烯基季铵盐、聚戊烯基磷酸钠以及聚戊烯基乙酸酯,并对其结构进行了表征。采用滤纸片法测定了银杏叶聚戊烯醇及其衍生物对于金黄色葡萄球菌(S.aureus)和大肠杆菌(E.coli)的抑菌圈直径,以等倍稀释法测定其最小抑菌浓度(MIC)值,并对其进行抗菌谱测试。结果表明,银杏叶聚戊烯醇衍生物对金黄色葡萄球菌和大肠杆菌的MIC值范围0.062 5～1 g/L,低于银杏叶聚戊烯醇的MIC值范围2～4 g/L,4种样品对于金黄色葡萄球菌和大肠杆菌均有较好的抑制作用,银杏叶聚戊烯醇的抑菌活性较其衍生物略低,4种样品对于枯草芽孢菌和沙门氏菌亦有抑制作用,对于啤酒酵母菌和黑曲霉菌无明显抑菌作用。     

樟树叶及天竺桂叶的精油抑菌活性研究

采用水蒸馏法提取樟树叶、落叶、花及天竺桂叶的精油,用杯碟法测定了2种植物叶精油对大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、青霉和黑曲霉的抑菌活性,并测定了2种精油对应试菌种的最小抑菌浓度(MIC).结果表明;樟树的落叶含精油最高,可达0.52%,天竺桂鲜叶含精油量达0.53%;樟树叶精油对4种供试菌都有较好的抑菌效果,但天竺桂精油对青霉无抑制作用;樟树叶精油对大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、青霉和黑曲霉的最小抑菌浓度(MIC)分别为2.500 μL/mL,2.500 μL/mL,0.625 μL/mL,1.250 μL/mL;天竺桂叶精油对大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和黑曲霉的最小抑菌浓度(MIC)分别为1.25 μLm/L,2.50 μL/mL,5.00 μL/mL.     

含氟脱氢枞胺Schiff碱的合成及抑菌活性

用直接缩合法合成了含氟的取代苯甲醛缩脱氢枞胺Schiff碱,用IR、1HNMR光谱确证其结构。对含氟Schiff碱进行体外抑菌活性试验。结果表明,含氟的取代苯甲醛缩脱氢枞胺Schiff碱对金黄色葡萄球菌和枯草芽孢杆菌等多种细菌有较强的抑制作用。对氟苯甲醛缩脱氢枞胺Schiff碱对金黄色葡萄球菌以及枯草芽孢杆菌的抑制作用最强,抑菌圈直径分别达到1.65和1.30cm;氟的引入对大肠杆菌无效,抑制能力反而降低。     

毛竹叶抑菌活性成分提取工艺研究

研究了毛竹叶活性成分的提取工艺及其抑菌效果.用液体培养基稀释法对金黄色葡萄球菌和大肠杆菌进行了最低抑菌浓度(MIC)测定.结果表明,温度60℃、乙醇体积分数60%、液固比20∶ 1 (mL∶ g)、提取2h条件下毛竹叶提取物对金黄色葡萄球菌和大肠杆菌有很强的抑制作用,对金黄色葡萄球菌的MIC为3.125g/L,对大肠杆菌的MIC为6.25g/L.     

鱼腥草不同部位抑菌作用的研究

以鱼腥草为材料,石油醚为溶剂,设计L9(34)正交实验提取方法,以金黄色葡萄球菌、痢疾杆菌、大肠杆菌、酵母菌、青霉菌为供试菌种,进行抑菌实验,研究鱼腥草抑菌活性成分的最佳提取方法及其不同部位的抑菌作用和最小抑菌浓度。结果表明:最佳提取方法为1∶25的料液比,50℃的提取温度,4 h的提取时间;鱼腥草全株均具有抑菌活性,其中地下茎提取液对金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌、酵母菌的抑制作用最强,最小抑制浓度分别为0.04 g/mL、0.06 g/mL、0.06 g/mL,叶的提取液对痢疾杆菌的抑制作用最强,最小抑制浓度为0.08 g/mL,各提取液对青霉菌的抑制作用均不明显。     

银杏叶聚戊烯醇含氮和含卤素衍生物的抑菌活性研究

利用含氮和含卤素试剂对银杏叶聚戊烯醇末端羟基进行含氮和含卤素的衍生化改性,结果得到5种衍生物,分别为聚戊烯基邻苯二甲酰亚胺(GPH)、氨基聚戊烯醇(GAM)、聚戊烯基季铵盐(GAS)、聚戊烯基三氟乙酰(GTF)和聚戊烯基氯乙酰(GCH),并用~1H NMR分别表征并证实了产物结构。通过比较产物抑菌圈直径和最小抑质量浓度(MIC)来筛选出抗菌作用较强的衍生物,结果显示:GAS对于大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌的抗菌活性均为最高,其抑菌圈为19.1~19.8 mm,MIC均为31.3 mg/L。同时研究了GAS在亚抑菌质量浓度下(15.6 mg/L)对大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌的杀菌曲线,结果显示:GAS对大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌在48 h内具有一定抗菌性;在前8 h内,GAS对于大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌的杀菌作用较强,致使菌群数量迅速下降;8 h以后,两种菌群都有不同程度的再生,抑菌活性减弱。     

指甲花香豆素类成分提取工艺优化及其抑菌活性评价

为优化指甲花（Impatiens balsamina）中香豆素类成分提取工艺,并进一步探究其抑菌活性,在考察提取温度、提取时间、料液比及乙醇浓度对香豆素类成分提取率影响的基础上,通过正交试验优化指甲花香豆素类成分提取工艺,并采用抑菌圈法考察指甲花香豆素类成分对大肠埃希菌（Escherichia coli）、金黄色葡萄球菌（Staphylococcus aureus）的抑菌效果。结果表明,在单因素试验的基础上,通过正交试验优化后的香豆素类成分最佳提取工艺为提取温度60℃,提取时间90 min,料液比1∶40,乙醇浓度70%。在此条件下,香豆素类成分提取率为0.185%。指甲花香豆素类提取液有一定的抑菌活性,在强酸或强碱条件下活性较好;大肠埃希菌的抑菌圈平均直径为11.74 mm,金黄色葡萄球菌的抑菌圈平均直径为13.77 mm。     

Impact of anthocyanin from Malva sylvestris on plasma lipids and free radical

The effects of anthocyanin fromMalva sylvestris on plasma lipids and free radical were investigated by Reagent Kit method and in vitro assay. High fat model was set up with albino rats that were fed with different dosages of anthocyanin fromMalva sylvestris (0.03 g·d⁻¹, 0.04 g·d⁻¹ and 0.05 g·d⁻¹). The results showed that the total cholesterol was decreased by 19.7% at an anthocyanin of 0.04 g·d⁻¹ and triglyceride was decreased by 34.4% at an anthocyanin of 0.05 g·d⁻¹. In vitro assay, some indexes of anthocyanin were measured including the capability of scavenging free radical, reducing force and the capability of anti-lipid peroxidation by orthophenanthroline Fe⁺² oxidation-reduction method. The results indicated that the clearance rate of free radical reached to 43.46% when the content of anthocyanin was 0.20 mg·mL⁻¹ and the inhibition ratio of lipid peroxidation reached 18.82% when the content was 0.5 mg·mL⁻¹. Therefore anthocyanin is a kind of natural and effective free radical remover and antioxidant and can prevent from the formation of the thrombus and reduced the emergence of the cardiovascular disease. Biography: Wang Zhen-yu (1957-), male, Prof. in Forestry College, Northeast Forestry University and Food Science Academy, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, P.R. China. Responsible editor: Zhu Hong     

孟加拉哈提亚地区海岸造林对土壤性质的影响

在孟加拉诺阿卡利地区及相临裸地,对海岸植被(12年和17年生无瓣海桑Sonneratia apetala)进行探索性研究,以便了解海岸造林对土壤特性的影响.在三种不同地带(内陆、中部、海边),在12年生和17年生无瓣海桑林下,土壤深度分别为0-10,10-30和30-40cm,土壤湿度、土壤粒度、有机质、C含量、总N、pH、有效P、K、Na、Ca和Mg含量明显高(p≤0.05,p≤0.01,p≤0.001)于其相临裸地的数据,土壤含盐量明显(p≤0.01)低于其相临裸地的数据.在内陆CharAlim植被,土壤表面的土壤湿度,土壤粒度,有机质,C含量、总N、pH、土壤含盐量、有效P、K、Na、Ca和Mg含量分别为:31.09%、2.24 g·cm-3、2.41%、4.14%、0.58%、7.07、O.09 dS·cm-1、28.06 mg·L-1、O.50 mg·L-1、11.5 mg·L-1、3.30 mg·L-1和2.7 mmol·kg-1;而在相邻的Char Rehania贫瘠地区的相同土壤深度,其相关值分别为:16.69%、1.25g·cm-3、O.43%、0.74%、O.25%、6.57、0.13 dS·cm-1、13.07mg·L-1、O.30mg·L-1、1.4 mg·L-1、O.30 mmol·kG-1和0.50 nag·L-1.然而,在小内陆到海边的植被中,土壤湿度、土壤密度、有机质、C含量、总N、pH、有效P、K、Na和Ca含量逐渐降低,而土壤含盐量、Na和Mg含量却逐渐增加.虽然,在植被与相临裸地的不同土壤深度中土壤质地不同,植被地中砂土份额明显(p≤0.01)低于相临裸地,而粉砂土份额则明显(p≤0.001)高于裸地.在本研究中,所有参数的评价也在为其他地区相关研究得到应用.     

落叶松水浸液对胡桃楸幼苗生长的影响

A study was conducted to detect the effect of water extracts from different parts such as root, bark, branch and leaf, of adult larch, Larix gmelini, trees on growth of Manchurian walnut, Juglans mandshudca, seedlings and the allelopathy between the two tree species. Four concentrations （100 g. kg i, 50 g. kg^-1, 25 g. kg^-1 and 12.5 g. kg^-1） were prepared for each kind of extracts. Result showed that the water extracts with low and moderate concentrations accelerated the growth of collar diameter and increased biomass and root/shoot ratio of walnut seedlings. The water extracts from branches and barks with low and moderate concentrations accelerated the height growth of the seedlings, while those from leaves and roots slightly decreased the height growth of seedlings. The fact that application of water extracts of larch improved the growth of Manchurian walnut attributes possibly to the allelopathy between the two tree species.     

Establishment of cell suspension line of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Populus tomentosa</Emphasis> Carr.

Leaves of fine Populus tomentosa genotype TC152 were used as explants to establish cell suspension lines. The effects of plant growth regulators on callus induction and establishment of cell suspension lines were studied. The callus induction rate was the highest on a MS solid medium supplemented with 1.0 mg·L^-1 2,4-D. A cell suspension line could be obtained by inoculating calli which were not subcultured into a MS liquid medium supplemented with 1.5 mg·L^-1 2,4-D. The best subculture medium was MS ＋ 0.8 mg＇L-1 2,4-D ＋ 30 g·L^-1 sucrose with a subculture cycle of seven days.     

Contamination and browning in tissue culture of Platanus occidentalis L.

Twigs of 2–3-year-old Platanus occidentalis L. were used as experimental material to find the causes for the contamination and browning in the initial stages of tissue cultures. To compare the degree of browning of explants picked off from different growing seasons, the experimental material was excised from trees on each of the first ten days in January, March, May and July, 2006. The results indicated that the contamination and browning rates of the material cut off in January (14.2% and 30.6%, respectively) and March were somewhat lower than those in July. The pretreatment of soaking the explants in different anti-oxidants and absorbents at the same time could diminish some side effects. The pretreatment of using 10 g·L–1 vitamin C reduced the contamination and brown-ing rate effectively. An orthogonal experiment showed that the optimal factor and level arrangement is 0.5 mg·L–1 BA, 2.0 g·L–1 ac-tive carbon and 1.5 g·L–1 PVP which resulted in a browning rate of only 16.5%. In general, sampling period, physical properties and pretreatment of explants are the main factors responsible for the contamination and browning of material in the initial stages of P. occidentalis tissue cultures.     

Soil animals and nitrogen mineralization under sand-fixation plantations in Zhanggutai region,China

The effects of soil animals on soil nitrogen （N） mineralization and its availability were studied by investigating soil animal groups and their amounts of macro-faunas sorted by hand, and middle and microfaunas distinguished with Tullgren and Baermann methods under three Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica Litv. plantations in Zhanggutai sandy land, China. In addition, soil N mineralization rate was also measured with PVC closed-top tube in situ incubation method. The soil animals collected during growing season belonged to 13 orders, 5 groups, 4 phyla, whose average density was 86 249.17 individuals-m^-2. There were significant differences in soil animal species, densities, diversities and evenness among three plantations. Permanent grazing resulted in decrease of soil animal species and diversity. The average ammonification, nitrification and mineralization rates were 0.48 g：m^-2·a^-1, 3.68 g·m^-2·a^-1 and 4.16 g·m^-2·a^-1, respectively. The ammonification rate in near-mature forest was higher than that in middle-age forests, while the order of nitrification and net mineralization rates was： middle-age forest without grazing 〈 middle-age forest with grazing 〈 near-mature forest with grazing （P〈0.05）. Soil N mineralization rate increased with soil animal amounts, but no significant relationship with diversity. The contribution of soil animals to N mineralization was different for different ecosystems due to influences of complex factors including grazing, soil characteristics, the quality and amount of litter on N mineralization.     

Effects of elevated CO2 concentrations on photosynthesis, dark respiration and RuBPcase activity of three species seedlings in Changbai Mountain

Two-year-old seedlings ofPinus koraiensis, Pinus sylvestriformis andFraxinus mandshurica were treated in open-top chambers with elevated CO₂ concentrations (700 μL·L⁻¹, 500 μL·L⁻¹) and ambient CO₂ concentrations (350 μL·L⁻¹) in Changbai Mountain from June to Sept. in 1999 and 2001. The net photosynthetic rate, dark respiration rate, ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxlase (RuBPcase) activity, and chlorophyll content were analyzed. The results indicated the RuBPcase activity of the three species seedlings increased at elevated CO₂ concentrations. The elevated CO₂ concentrations stimulated the net photosynthetic rates of three tree species exceptP. sylvestriformis grown under 500 μL·L⁻¹ CO₂ concentration. The dark respiration rates ofP. koraiensis andP. sylvestriformis increased under concentration of 700 μL·L⁻¹ CO₂, out that ofF. mandshurica decreased under both concentrations 700 μL·L⁻¹ and 500 μL·L⁻¹ CO₂. The seedlings ofF. mandshurica decreased in chlorophyll contents at elevated CO₂ concentrations. Foundation item: This paper was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 30070158). Knowledge Innovation Item of Chinese Academy of Sciences (KZCX2-406) and “Hundred Scientists” Project of Chinese Academy of Sciences. Biography: Zhou Yu-mei (1973-) Ph. Doctor, Assistant Research fellow Institute of Applied Ecology. Chinese Academy of Sciences. Shenyang 110016. P.R. China. Responsible editor: Song Funan     

Optimizing SSR-PCR system of Panax ginseng by orthogonal design

An orthogonal design was used to optimize SSR-PCR amplification system using Panax ginseng genomic DNA as template. Four levels of five factors （DNA template, Taq DNA polymerase, Mg^2＋, primer, and dNTP） and annealing temperature have been tested separately in this system. The results demonstrated the reaction efficiency was affected by these factors. Based on the results, a stable, productive and reproducible PCR system and cycling program for amplifying a ginseng SSR locus were obtained： 20 μL system containing 1.0 U Taq DNA polymerase, 2.0 mmol·L^-1 Mg^2＋, 0.2 mmol·L^-1 dNTPs, 0.3 μmol·L^-1 SSR primer, 60 ng· μla^-1 DNA template, performed with a program of 94℃ for 5 min, 94℃ for 30 s, annealing at 56.3℃ for 30 s, 72℃ for 1 min, 37 cycles, finishing at 72℃ for 7 min, and storing at 4℃.     

Embryo culture and rapid propagation of Syringa

Embryo of lilacs (Syringa L) culture in vitro and the rapid propagation were studied. The orthogonal experiments, including the selection of basal medium, embryo age and other factors such as sugar, benzyladenine (BA), naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) and glutamine (Gln), were carried out. The results indicated that the optimal medium for embryo culture was Monnier medium supplemented with NAA (0.001 mg.L^-1), BA (0.1 mg.L^-1), sugar (50 g.L^-1), and Gin (400 mg.L^-1), with a germination rate of 91.7% at least; the optimal embryo age was 50 d; and Gln had significant effects on the germination rate of embryo.Moreover, the optimal medium for subculture was MS BA (2 mg.L^-1) NAA (0.001 mg.L^-1) Gln (0.5 mg.L^-1), with the propagation coefficient of 3.6 at least.     

Agroforestry in the Bolivian Altiplano: evaluation of tree species and greenhouse growth of wheat on soils treated with tree leaves

Severe environmental problems encountered in the highlands of Bolivia may be remedied through the adoption of agroforestry systems, never before studied adequately in this region. As a first step, seven tree species were tested for growth, survival and health at two elevations in the Bolivian altiplano. Species responded variably with Buddleja coriacea Remy., Pinus radiata D. Don. and Eucalyptus globulus Labill. (at the higher elevation) and E. globulus, Baccharis spp., Robinia pseudoacacia L. and B. coriacea (at the lower elevation), displaying high survival, growth and health. In a related greenhouse study, grain yields of wheat planted in soils amended with incorporated foliage of B. coriacea, P. radiata and E. globulus increased three-fold (0.3 g·plant⁻¹ to >1.0 g·plant⁻¹) over grain yields in unamended soils (B. coriacea > P. radiata = E. globulus). Grain nitrogen (mg·plant⁻¹) increased equally in soils amended with P. radiata and B. coriacea foliage (18 mg N⋅plant⁻¹ to 20 mg·plant⁻¹) but decreased in soils amended with foliage of E. globulus (18 g·plant⁻¹ to 9 g·plant⁻¹). This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.